荷载裂缝和养护龄期对混凝土内氯离子传输影响研究

为了分析实际荷载和氯盐侵蚀环境共同作用下开裂混凝土结构的耐久性能,通过弯曲开裂和预压开裂两种方式制备出两类开裂混凝土构件,采用RCM试验法研究了开裂混凝土构件中氯离子的传输特性,并深入分析了荷载裂缝和养护龄期对氯离子传输过程的影响.研究结果表明,裂缝的存在加剧了氯离子在裂缝位置及其周围10 mm范围混凝土内的传输进程,且裂缝对氯离子传输的影响范围随着裂缝宽度的增大而增大;从受弯开裂构件中得到的弯曲开裂试件,当最大裂缝宽度小于0.3 mm时仍可采用RCM法进行传输性能分析,而预压开裂试件的裂缝宽度大于0.12 mm时,已不宜采用RCM法进行分析;随着养护龄期的增加,预压开裂混凝土试件的氯离子传输能力在裂缝周围略有降低,在离裂缝距离超过10 mm后,氯离子传输能力降低明显.综合现有研究结果得出,利用裂缝宽度w的二次多项式函数表征两类开裂混凝土构件的氯离子扩散系数劣化特性是可行的.     

带裂缝混凝土氯离子扩散及碳化特性试验研究

针对带裂缝混凝土的氯离子扩散作用及碳化特性进行了试验分析,利用无损裂缝制备装置,预制了不同深度、厚度及不同间距的带裂缝混凝土试件,分别进行了氯盐溶液浸泡试验及快速碳化试验,并对二者的耦合作用进行了研究.得到了裂缝宽度、深度、裂缝间距及水灰比等因素对带裂缝混凝土试件氯离子扩散作用和碳化特性的影响,且随着碳化时间的增加,带裂缝混凝土试件的氯离子扩散深度减小,氯离子扩散对混凝土的抗碳化性能起到了一定的提高作用.     

干湿循环作用下混凝土裂缝区域氯离子的传输状态

研究了干湿循环作用下混凝土裂缝区域的氯离子浓度分布和裂缝影响区域.制备了不同宽度横向裂缝的混凝土试件,采用干湿循环加速氯离子对混凝土的侵蚀,定期检测不同侵蚀周期试件破型后裂缝侧面以及试件上表面至钢筋方向的氯离子浓度.试验结果表明:氯离子浓度随着传输深度增加而降低,在20 mm处基本稳定.随着干湿循环的进行,在20个干湿循环周期后,裂缝宽度为0.1~0.5 mm的试件,裂缝侧面30 mm处氯离子浓度都大于0.1%,钢筋在裂缝左右30 mm范围内有锈蚀的危险.并且由于二维传输的互相影响,裂缝宽度越大,相同传输深度氯离子浓度也越高.     

干湿循环与受弯裂缝共同作用下海工砼梁内氯离子侵蚀及耐久性寿命预测

基于受弯裂缝对浪溅区海工混凝土内氯离子输运的影响分析,综合考虑混凝土损伤、混凝土结合氯离子能力、表层对流效应以及时间劣化效应等因素,建立了修正氯离子扩散模型.采用受弯开裂荷载与氯盐干湿循环共同作用试验来模拟浪溅区实际服役状态的海工混凝土梁内氯离子侵蚀过程,从而对上述模型进行验证.基于蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法,应用等效氯离子扩散系数的修正计算模型进行混凝土结构的耐久性寿命预测.研究结果表明,混凝土梁受弯开裂处的等效氯离子扩散系数与裂缝宽度、粉煤灰掺量呈指数函数关系.考虑海工混凝土结构的重要使命,将钢筋脱钝时间作为混凝土结构的耐久性极限,讨论了保护层厚度、粉煤灰掺量以及受弯裂缝宽度对混凝土结构耐久性寿命的影响,相关研究成果可为实际海工混凝土结构耐久性设计及寿命评估提供一定的借鉴.     

开裂混凝土中水分侵入过程的可视化追踪及其特征分析

采用热中子辐射成像技术,对开裂混凝土中的水分侵入过程进行了试验研究与特征分析。结果表明:中子成像能够突破混凝土材料的非透明性局限,实现对开裂混凝土中水分侵入过程的可视化追踪和水分空间分布的定量计算;水分在开裂混凝土中不仅由与水初始接触面沿垂直方向推进,而且还沿裂缝两侧向其水平方向,以及钢筋与水泥基体界面外围方向同时入侵;裂缝区和钢筋与水泥基体界面区成为水分持续侵入的二次水源;水分侵入初期约2h内,根据试验中裂缝宽度为0.35mm试件的中子图像估算的水分侵入量与称量法测得的水分侵入量基本一致。     

改造过程中钢筋混凝土结构综合体梁上裂缝成因分析及处理措施

某商业综合体结构在改造过程中，梁上出现裂缝，分析认为，混凝土施工和养护不当引起干缩裂缝，模板和支撑体系发生局部变形导致混凝土梁开裂。采用裂缝观测仪对梁上裂缝宽度、深度、长度进行详细探测，通过承载力验算，结果表明该区域梁裂缝为非结构性裂缝。对已产生裂缝的梁构件进行安全性鉴定评级，裂缝宽度未达到影响构件安全的程度，提出对混凝土构件进行耐久性裂缝修补加固处理措施。     

玻璃粉对掺矿粉和掺粉煤灰混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性的影响

为了保护环境减少污染,降低二氧化碳排放量,提高混凝土抗氯离子渗透性,展开玻璃粉对掺矿粉与掺粉煤灰混凝土的影响试验研究。对实验中胶凝材料,选用矿物掺合料,分别设计不同的掺合料取代等质量水泥,设计了不同的试验条件,对于水泥取代率、水胶比和龄期差异化试验条件下,对比NEL法测定混凝土的抗氯离子扩散系数。通过对比相关系数,发现玻璃粉、粉煤灰、矿渣粉、煤矸石粉,均有良好火山灰活性,掺入这些优质矿物掺合料,能够有效降低混凝土的氯离子扩散系数,改善混凝土的孔隙结构增强渗透性,在30%取代率时抗氯离子渗透性最优;取代率在40%以内,这几类矿物掺合料等质量取代水泥混凝土,所得抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度密切相关水胶比;表明具有可行性,能够优化混凝土力学性能。     

渗透结晶材料对混凝土裂缝自愈合的影响

通过在纯水泥混凝土和粉煤灰、矿粉混凝土中掺入渗透结晶材料制备不同混凝土,同时制备基准混凝土,分别采用裂缝深度观测、强度恢复测试、抗渗恢复测试研究渗透结晶材料对混凝土裂缝自愈合的影响,并采用SEM-EDS分析愈合产物.试验结果表明,渗透结晶材料可以显著改善混凝土的裂缝自愈合效果,降低开裂混凝土裂缝深度,提高混凝土强度恢复率和抗渗恢复率.对于掺渗透结晶材料的粉煤灰、矿粉混凝土,裂缝自愈合效果更优.渗透结晶材料促进了水化硅铝酸钙在裂缝处的生成和富集,从而起到促进裂缝自愈合的作用.     

高铁用高性能矿物掺合料对混凝土性能的影响

以高速铁路为工程背景,试验研究了高性能矿物掺合料对水泥水化热及混凝土工作性能、力学性能和耐久性能的影响。试验结果表明:高性能矿物掺合料能够显著提高水泥净浆的早期水化热及混凝土试块的抗压强度、抗氯离子渗透性能和抗冻性能。     

干湿交替下表层混凝土中氯离子传输:原理、试验和模拟

在干湿交替下表层混凝土内水分的不同传输机理的基础上,建立了干湿交替下表层混凝土内氯离子传输模型。利用上游加权"预估–校正"有限差分格式求解了对流占优的氯离子对流–扩散问题。进行了混凝土的氯离子吸附试验,并采用分段函数来表达氯离子吸附曲线。进行了为期120d的干湿交替下混凝土内氯离子传输试验研究。利用建立的模型和试验测得的基本材料参数进行了数值计算,计算结果同干湿交替试验中实测的氯离子含量分布吻合较好,证明了干湿交替下表层混凝土内氯离子传输模型的正确性和考虑干湿交替过程水分本身传输的重要性。研究表明:干湿交替下混凝土内氯离子入侵比永久浸没于氯盐溶液中的混凝土要严重得多。同时,由于混凝土对氯离子的强吸附性,干湿交替下混凝土中氯离子传输的影响深度小于水分传输。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.