高气孔率及高强度多孔氧化铝陶瓷的制备

在叔丁醇、丙烯酰胺、氧化铝组成的超低固相含量的浆料体系中,研究了分散剂、pH值等参数对浆料流变学性能的影响规律.采用柠檬酸作为分散剂、pH值约为6时,体积分数为10%的Al2O3浆料具有最低的黏度.利用叔丁醇极易挥发的特点,采用凝胶注模的工艺,制备了高气孔率及高强度的多孔氧化铝陶瓷,研究了固相含量和烧结温度对气孔率和压缩强度的影响规律,当气孔率为74%时,多孔氧化铝陶瓷的压缩强度在8MPa以上.     

叔丁醇基凝胶注模成型制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷

以微米级Al2O3粉料为原料,叔丁醇为溶剂,采用凝胶注模成型工艺制备了氧化铝多孔陶瓷,并研究了Al2O3浆料的固相体积分数(分别为8%、10%、13%和15%)对1 500℃保温2 h烧后氧化铝多孔陶瓷的气孔率、气孔孔径分布、耐压强度、热导率和显微结构的影响.结果表明:当Al2O3浆料的固相体积分数从8%增加到15%时,氧化铝多孔陶瓷烧结体的总气孔率从71.2%逐渐降低至61.2%,气孔平均孔径从1.0 μm逐渐减小至0.78 μm,耐压强度从16.0 MPa逐渐增大至45.6 MPa,而热导率从1.03 W·(m·K)-1逐渐增大至1.83W·(m·K)-1.     

孔径可控微米级氧化铝直通孔陶瓷的制备

采用海藻酸钠自组装法制备不同孔径和气孔率的氧化铝直通孔陶瓷,研究了海藻酸钠种类和陶瓷浆料固相含量对孔径的影响。结果表明:选用高α-L-古罗糖醛酸含量的海藻酸钠,并适当增大固相含量,可制备出小孔径直通孔陶瓷;选用高β-D-甘露糖醛酸含量的海藻酸钠,并适当降低固相含量,可制备出大孔径直通孔陶瓷。通过调节浆料固相含量和海藻酸钠溶胶浓度,制备的直通孔陶瓷孔径分布为25~250μm,最高气孔率为67.0%,抗压强度最高可达212.3MPa。     

凝胶注模技术制备高强度多孔氮化硅陶瓷

采用凝胶注模技术和无压烧结工艺制备高孔隙率、高强度多孔氮化硅陶瓷。研究了浆料固相含量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷坯体相对质量损失和收缩率的影响,测定了材料在烧结前后的物相组成,分析了浆料固相含量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷显微结构、孔隙率、弯曲强度及断裂韧性的影响。结果表明:随浆料固相含量增大,坯体相对质量损失率和收缩率减小,烧结后的多孔氮化硅陶瓷孔隙率由65.24%减小到61.19%;而弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别由93.91MPa和1.48MPa·m1/2提高到100.83MPa和1.58MPa·m1/2。长棒状β-Si3N4晶粒无规律的交错搭接和相互咬合是多孔氮化硅陶瓷在保持高孔隙率的同时具有高强度的主要原因。     

凝胶注模制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷及性能研究

本文采用凝胶注模结合发泡法制备了氧化铝多孔陶瓷.借助NDJ-1型旋转式粘度计、压汞仪、SEM等表征方法,研究了固相含量、pH值对浆料粘度的影响、以及多孔氧化铝陶瓷的孔径分布和断口形貌.在1650 ℃下烧成,制备出了体积密度在1.32～1.82 g/cm3、气孔率在54～67%、耐压强度在19.7～42.9 MPa之间的多孔氧化铝陶瓷.凝胶注模结合发泡法可以制备出性能优异的氧化铝多孔陶瓷.     

莰烯基冷冻浇注成型法制备Al2O3多孔陶瓷

采用莰烯基冷冻浇注成型工艺制备了氧化铝定向贯通直孔结构的多孔陶瓷.借助DNJ-1型旋转式粘度计、扫描电子显微镜、显气孔率容重测试仪等表征方法,研究了固含量对料浆粘度的影响、坯体升华干燥行为随时间变化的影响、固含量与孔隙率的关系以及氧化铝多孔陶瓷孔的方向和断面显微结构.结果表明:在固含量为10～50vol%范围内的料浆,经冷冻干燥,在1650 ℃下烧成,制备出了平均孔径在10～50 μm、气孔率在14%～78%、固含量为10vol%时,抗压强度高达15.6 MPa的氧化铝定向贯通直孔结构的多孔陶瓷,并且固含量与孔隙率呈线性关系.     

多孔二氧化锆基隔热材料的制备及性能

为制备高气孔率的隔热材料,采用水基凝胶注模法制备了多孔二氧化锆基陶瓷材料.研究了干燥方式、添加氧化铝粉体、固相含量、烧结温度等因素对多孔陶瓷气孔率、密度、微观形貌等的影响,对比了低温干燥、溶液置换干燥和真空冷冻干燥三种干燥方式对低固相含量凝胶注模湿坯干燥的影响.通过实时监测坯体在高温下的烧结影像及尺寸变化,研究了二氧化锆基陶瓷的烧结收缩行为,揭示了添加氧化铝粉体对二氧化锆基陶瓷烧结收缩的抑制作用机理.结果表明真空冷冻干燥是最佳干燥工艺.添加体积分数为32％氧化铝粉体的样品的烧结收缩相比未添加氧化铝粉体的样品减少近60％.通过对固相含量、烧结温度的调配,并结合适宜的干燥工艺及添加氧化铝等手段对坯体收缩进行控制,最终获得了气孔率达到74.44％,压缩强度为3.19 MPa的多孔二氧化锆基陶瓷材料.     

纤维构架空间制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷材料

为协调解决多孔氧化铝陶瓷的孔隙率与强度之间的矛盾,本文采用氧化铝纤维构架了多孔陶瓷的空间结构,研究了烧结助剂、烧结温度对材料压缩强度和气孔率的影响。结果表明,与水玻璃,莫来石作为助烧结剂不同的是,1wt.%氧化镁利用能润湿氧化铝的高温液相,可均匀的分布于氧化铝纤维表面,促进氧化铝纤维的粘结,形成空间立体框架结构。经1500℃烧结,可以得到气孔率高达77%,压缩强度为5.4 MPa的多孔氧化铝陶瓷。     

二元凝胶法制备Al2O3多孔陶瓷及其表面强化层

采用发泡注凝法制备Al_2O_3多孔陶瓷,研究了丙烯酰胺与明胶所组成的二元凝胶体系对陶瓷浆料黏度、发泡效果、坯体强度及陶瓷显微结构的影响,并对烧结陶瓷体的显气孔率、强度等进行了表征。结果表明:丙烯酰胺具有辅助分散作用,可降低明胶对浆料黏度的影响并改善浆料发泡效果;采用二元凝胶体系可制备具有均匀孔径分布的可适当机械加工陶瓷坯体;经1 600℃烧结2 h,可获得显气孔率为70%～90%的Al_2O_3多孔陶瓷,其中显气孔率最高为90.8%的多孔陶瓷其抗压强度高达3.3 MPa。在此基础上,对其进行了表面强化的研究。通过在其表面流延一层高强度多孔薄层,不仅使材料整体抗弯强度从6.4 MPa提高到10.8 MPa,而且可以有效降低高温气流对材料表面的烧蚀程度。     

硅溶胶分散氧化铝浆料的免脱气注凝成型工艺

基于气泡的稳定性理论,发展了一种免脱气注凝成型技术制备莫来石陶瓷素坯。利用pH约为9.5的硅溶胶对氧化铝颗粒的分散作用,制备了固相体积分数为50%,浆料粘度为953 mPa.s的符合莫来石计量组成的硅溶胶分散氧化铝浆料。采用NH4Cl作为电解质,直接利用硅溶胶凝胶化实现浆料的原位凝固成型。研究发现:由于在浆料中不引入任何表面活性物质,浆料脱气处理时间对成型素坯气孔率影响不大,浆料无须经过脱气处理,即可成型得到抗折强度达4.83 MPa、显微结构致密均匀的莫来石素坯。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.