声发射技术在岩土工程中的应用

介绍了声发射技术在岩土工程中的若干应用,包括：利用波型识别理论进行声源自动定位,岩体局部冒落预报方法及地下水流动检测。     

镍基合金——碳化钨复合涂层脆性的测估

采用显微硬度法结合声发射技术，对在４５钢表面上用真空熔烧法制得的镍基合金——碳化钨复合涂层的脆性进行测估．结果表明：这种涂层的声发射能量累积计数值Ｅｎ与所加压入负荷Ｐ之间存在线性关系；可用Ｅｎ－Ｐ直线斜率Ｋ来评价涂层的脆性；不同碳化钨含量的涂层的Ｅｎ－Ｐ直线的斜率Ｋ不同；Ｋ值愈大，涂层的脆性愈大．     

基于小波变换时频能量分析技术的岩石声发射信号时延估计

声发射源定位技术是根据各传感器接收声发射信号的时差来实现损伤定位的,时延估计精确程度直接影响声发射源定位的精度。首先,在对不同损伤的声发射波形模式和频率识别的基础上,利用小波变换提取相应的单一频率或某一很窄频率段内的波形,并据此实现不同传感器在该频段的时延估计,为声发射源定位提供一个更为科学的方法;然后,使用Hyperion超声波系统,对单轴加载条件下岩石破裂过程中的声发射信号进行监测,并使用仪器自带的定位算法实现声发射源定位;最后,基于小波变换的方法对岩石试样声发射信号的时频能量分布特征进行分析,实现声发射源定位,并将定位结果与试样的真实破裂模式进行比较。试验结果表明,基于小波变换时频能量分析技术有利于减小声发射源定位的误差,从而提高材料损伤定位的精度。     

基于单键群方法的岩石破裂声发射时空分布特征的试验研究

 基于声发射定位技术和单键群方法,对在单轴压缩条件下岩石破裂过程中的声发射空间相关长度的变化特征进行试验研究。利用单键群构架的键长分布对声发射事件进行分色,可定量确定声发射事件集中程度。研究结果表明：基于单键群方法,影响声发射空间相关长度变化的因素有2个,一是应力的释放导致空间相关长度的下降;二是应力场的转移导致空间相关长度的增长。根据声发射空间相关长度变化的不同,可将岩石岩样分为3种类型：(1) 破坏前无明显塑性变形阶段的岩石岩样,空间相关长度呈现以幂律为特征的加速增长态势,且在岩石破坏前达到最大值;(2) 对于破坏前有明显塑性变形阶段的岩石岩样,在塑性变形阶段,应力场的转移和岩石内部局部塑性2种因素的影响使得空间相关出现或增长或下降的波动现象;(3) 对于加载过程中出现明显局部裂纹的岩样,局部破裂会导致声发射事件群集,致使空间长度减小,但是对于岩石整个破坏过程,空间相关长度呈现整体的增长趋势。单键群构架的键数具有分形特征,其反映的声发射事件的空间演化特征与空间相关长度所反映的情况一致。空间相关长度的增长反映了岩石内部应力场的长程转移过程。在塑性变形阶段,空间相关长度与之前阶段变化的差异对于预测岩石的破坏具有重要意义。     

预制孔岩石破坏过程中的声发射时空演化特征研究

选取粗粒花岗岩和细粒砂岩,通过预制方孔和圆孔,开展单轴加载条件下岩石破坏声发射试验。采用单纯形定位算法,对岩石破裂过程中的声发射时空演化规律进行研究,并对声发射活动特征、能量释放率和空间相关长度进行分析。研究结果表明：对于预制孔间距与预制孔尺寸相同的试件,声发射事件主要在岩石中部群集,试件以中部剪切破坏为主,声发射三维定位事件直观反映裂纹初始、扩展直至贯通的动态演化过程;在整个加载过程中,颗粒较粗且大小不均的花岗岩试件声发射活动性较强,颗粒较细且均匀的砂岩试件声发射活动性在加载后期才开始增强;岩石破坏前,小尺度裂纹合并贯通形成大尺度裂纹,声发射率下降,能量释放率增强,出现声发射信号“平静”而能量释放“不平静”的现象;岩石在受载过程中,应力场通过迁移和重新分布逐步建立起长程相关性;岩石破坏前,空间相关长度显著增加,且在岩石破坏时达到最大值。     

岩石破坏声发射时频分析算法与瞬时频率前兆研究

 为得到以时间、频率、幅度和动态过程为特征量的多维度瞬时频率前兆信息,为岩爆等地质灾害的预测提供原理上的支持,开展岩石破坏声发射波形分析的研究。以花岗岩单轴压缩为实例,对声发射大数据的分割、时频分析理论与算法,以及时频分析窗函数的滤波性能的优化进行了理论分析与计算机实验。建立分割短数据的时间/频率分辨率的计算公式与大数据优化分割的基本原则;阐明时频分析窗宽度与频率域指标的优选方法;提出时频分析的综合优化算法,即：先用对声发射大数据进行最优分割、再根据短数据的特点对分析窗进行优选、用优化的短时傅里叶变换进行主频带定位、再用维格纳变换进行主频带中心频率的识别、最后对变换后的时频图进行精细化处理,以充分展现其中蕴含的动态信息。时频分析综合优化算法的应用表明：分割的短数据较好地反映了在不同应力水平下裂纹扩展的动态过程;分析窗的优化提高了时频变换的频率局部化性能并减少了频谱泄漏效应;解决了短时傅里叶变换不能精确描述主频分布的问题,避免了维格纳变换中“交叉项”的识别问题。应用多维度瞬时频率前兆可以更好地描述岩石破坏非线性过程的前兆信息,为岩石破坏的预测与机制认识提供新的、有力的手段。     

结构性煤体间歇性破坏行为的实验及数值模拟研究

不连续结构弱面广泛分布于煤岩材料内部,导致其在单轴压缩条件下获得的应力–应变曲线在峰前阶段反复出现应力突降现象。为探究富含不连续结构弱面煤岩材料受载后产生间歇性破坏行为的内在机制,自大同塔山煤矿选取层理裂隙较密集煤块,加工标准煤样,进行单轴加载测试,并实时监测单轴加载过程中煤样声发射信号,从应力及能量演化、声发射特征、宏观破坏形态等角度分析煤样间歇性破坏行为;依据煤样结构性特征建立颗粒流数值模型,探究煤样在间歇性破坏过程中的内部破裂行为及裂隙演化规律,并将数值模型与实验室煤样破坏形态进行对比分析。研究表明:(1)弹性变形能演化趋势与应力–应变曲线形态相似,在峰值强度时达到最大,试件破坏后完全释放;能量耗散量在应力突降时激增,试件破坏后增长至与输入总能量相等。(2)声发射事件振铃计数及能量演化规律与应力–应变曲线具有良好对应关系,应力平稳上升时,声发射事件较少,且多为低能级事件;应力突降时,大量高能级声发射事件丛集。(3)声发射b值及分形维数D反映微破裂尺度分布及其有序性,临近破坏前二者剧烈震荡,表明煤样内部不同尺度裂隙交替出现,由无序向有序反复调整,完全丧失承载能力前存在多次间歇性局部破坏。(4)数值计算发现,原生裂隙尖端最先产生张拉破裂,当应力突降时,颗粒间黏结及裂隙数量激增,微破裂相互沟通形成大尺度裂纹,或裂纹向试件表面迅速扩展。不同空间位置的局部破坏造成峰前应力–应变曲线锯齿张爬升,大尺度裂纹的产生将试件切割成为独立承载的结构单元,破坏试件承载整体结构,是试件强度劣化的内在原因。     

LS-SVM and Monte Carlo methods based reliability analysis for settlement of soft clayey foundation

A method which adopts the combination of least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is used to calculate the foundation settlement reliability. When using LS-SVM, choosing the training dataset and the values for LS-SVM parameters is the key. In a representative sense, the orthogonal experimental design with four factors and five levels is used to choose the inputs of the training dataset, and the outputs are calculated by using fast Lagrangian analysis continua (FLAC). The decimal ant colony algorithm (DACA) is also used to determine the parameters. Calculation results show that the values of the two parameters, γ and δ² have great effect on the performance of LS-SVM. After the training of LS-SVM, the inputs are sampled according to the probabilistic distribution, and the outputs are predicted with the trained LS-SVM, thus the reliability analysis can be performed by the MC method. A program compiled by Matlab is employed to calculate its reliability. Results show that the method of combining LS-SVM and MC simulation is applicable to the reliability analysis of soft foundation settlement.     

岩体贯切破坏在不同侧向自由边界的声发射演化

 摘要：采用机械式隧道开挖可提升施工自动化与工程安全性的成效,但因机械式掘削刃口开挖过程的力学机制仍属浑蒙,而掘削机具与弱面位置的互制关系,对于岩体破坏行为有着重要的影响。以脆性岩体为研究目标,探求楔型刃口贯切受测岩体的接触破坏机制,为工程实际提供参考。由正向楔型贯切仪器的建置,并采用非损伤的声发射技术,以楔型刃口为尖状及90°楔角的试验条件下,改变不同贯切位置,以无侧围压方式进行模拟开口不连续的弱面状况,并采用裂缝开口位移控制,使加载于尖峰行为后,不致失稳开裂,以求取完整的贯切加载历程。试验结果显示,不同贯切位置的裂缝开裂路径,存在着几何相似特性;随着逐渐靠近侧向自由边界,其最大贯切力与最大贯切深度均随之降低,但对于标称贯切压力则影响不大。而声发射技术所接收的微震事件,可代表微观裂缝的生成,其与宏观裂缝的初裂与延伸作一比较,证实声发射定位结果十分良好;随着贯切位置逐渐靠近侧向自由边界,丛聚现象发生时机将提早发生,且弹–塑性交界半径则有减小的趋势。     

加卸载响应比与损伤变量关系研究

 首先介绍加卸载响应比的2个基本参量,并从损伤力学的基本理论出发,引入损伤变量,结合加卸载响应比方法的思想,推导用损伤和应变定义的加卸载响应比,并以Weibull分布作为随机分布函数,建立且分析损伤变量与加卸载响应比之间的联系,并进一步考察Weibull指数对两者关系的影响。然后利用岩石破坏声发射实验的数据,用声发射数密度描述岩石试件的损伤演化过程,并由此根据损伤和应变定义的加卸载响应比,结合实验过程中的损伤和应变,计算花岗岩试件的加卸载响应比曲线,并与用Benioff应变作响应量计算的加卸载响应比曲线进行比较,发现两者具有相当程度的一致性,两者的加卸载响应比值都经历了出现异常→升高到最大值→急剧回落→岩石试件破裂或失稳,这一规律与实际地震震例中加卸载响应比的演化趋势是一致的,同时也说明在实际地震预测中用Benioff应变作为响应量来计算加卸载响应比是合理的。最后介绍意大利那不勒斯大学完成的二层楼房的加卸载实验,且对实验结果进行分析。建立的加卸载响应比与损伤变量的关系,不仅为加卸载响应比用来定量研究脆性介质的损伤程度提供更为坚实的基础,而且也可能为评估大型建筑的损伤和预测工程事故开辟新道路。     

地震条件下损伤–愈合模型的初步研究

 脆性介质的损伤与破坏是力学中极为复杂、极具挑战性的难题之一,而地震是一类典型脆性介质的突发破裂或失稳。在地震等灾变发生前都会出现一定的前兆现象,地震之后地壳介质又会缓慢愈合,地壳介质的损伤愈合过程对地震预测具有重要的研究意义。首先介绍V. Lyakhovsky等提出的损伤流变模型,且结合岩石破坏声发射实验数据分析该模型的特点;进一步基于损伤力学,从Helmholtz自由能出发,并考虑地质材料的可愈合效应,建立一维损伤–愈合模型,采用数值计算的方法得到地质材料的损伤–愈合模式。用常数加载率的线性载荷叠加一个正弦扰动来模拟固体潮引力,模拟计算该加载条件下材料的损伤–愈合过程;同时也考察了整个损伤愈合演化过程中加卸载响应比值的变化情况,发现在灾变发生之前加卸载响应比值会出现明显异常、回落的现象。再次验证了加卸载响应比作为一种重要的前兆现象,能够定量地刻画介质的损伤演化过程,这也为加卸载响应比方法提供了更为坚实的物理基础。     

河北南部南水北调原水强化混凝效果及残余铝含量

采用浓度分别为15、20、25 mg/L的聚合氯化铝(PAC)联合硅藻土强化混凝处理河北南部南水北调水源水,研究了对浊度、叶绿素a、COD_Mn和UV₂₅₄的去除效果以及残余铝含量;通过改变硅藻土与PAC的投加时间和顺序,确定最佳混凝条件。结果表明:单独投加PAC时,其最佳投加量为25 mg/L,对浊度、叶绿素a、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为92%、86. 7%、34%、30%;同时投加PAC和吸附剂硅藻土时,对叶绿素a的去除率有大幅度提高,强化混凝处理南水北调水源水的最佳药剂组合为15 mg/L的PAC和20 mg/L硅藻土,对浊度和叶绿素a的去除率均为93%,对COD_Mn及UV₂₅₄的去除率分别达到41. 4%和37. 9%,残余铝含量降至0. 179 mg/L;先投加PAC慢速搅拌10 min后再投加硅藻土进行混凝对各指标的去除率最高,对浊度、叶绿素a、COD_Mn及UV₂₅₄的去除率分别达到94. 4...     

Study on the optimization and performance of GFC soil stabilizer based on response surface methodology in soft soil stabilization

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of industrial waste residue and the treatment effect of marine soft soil, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and calcium carbide slag (CCS) were used to modify the waste soft soil in coastal areas. Using the box-behnken design (BBD) in response surface analysis, the optimal mix ratio design of GGBS, FGDG and CCS was obtained. Meanwhile, under the same conditions, the mechanical properties, durability and micro mechanism of industrial waste residue stabilized soil was studied and compared with that of OPC stabilized soil by the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, water stability test, freeze–thaw cycle test, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) test. Experimental results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of GGBS, FGDG and CCS was 61: 8: 31; the UCS of GFC stabilized soil exceeded 8.7 MPa at 28d. The UCS of GFC stabilized soil at 28d was 1.23 times higher than that of OPC stabilized soil. GFC stabilized soil also possessed superior durability than OPC stabilized soil. Micro mechanism analysis showed that gel hydration products (CSH, CAOH) and expansive hydration product (AFt) were produced in GFC stabilized soil. These hydration products led to the aggregation and condensation of soil particles, which made the soil structure denser through bonding and filling effects, thus increased strength of stabilized soil.     

Investigation of active vibration drilling using acoustic emission and cutting size analysis

This paper describes an investigation of active bit vibration on the penetration mechanisms and bit-rock interaction for drilling with a diamond impregnated coring bit. A series of drill-off tests (DOTs) were conducted where the drilling rate-of-penetration (ROP) was measured at a series of step-wise increasing static bit thrusts or weight-on-bits (WOBs). Two active DOTs were conducted by applying 60 Hz axial vibration at the bit-rock interface using an electromagnetic vibrating table mounted underneath the drilling samples, and a passive DOT was conducted where the bit was allowed to vibrate naturally with lower amplitude due to the compliance of the drilling sample mountings. During drilling, an acoustic emission (AE) system was used to record the AE signals generated by the diamond cutter penetration and the cuttings were collected for grain size analysis. The instrumented drilling system recorded the dynamic motions of the bit-rock interface using a laser displacement sensor, a load cell, and an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) recorded the dynamic WOB and the ROP, respectively. Calibration with the drilling system showed that rotary speed was approximately the same at any given WOB, facilitating comparison of the results at the same WOB. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the ROP of the bit at any given WOB increased with higher amplitude of axial bit-rock vibration, and the drill cuttings increased in size with a higher ROP. Spectral analysis of the AEs indicated that the higher ROP and larger cutting size were correlated with a higher AE energy and a lower AE frequency. This indicated that larger fractures were being created to generate larger cutting size. Overall, these results indicate that a greater magnitude of axial bit-rock vibration produces larger fractures and generates larger cuttings which, at the same rotary speed, results in a higher ROP.     

Internal convective heat transfer modeling: Critical review and discussion of experimentally derived correlations

Heat is transferred through building envelopes by conduction, radiation, and convection. Of these, convective heat transfer is often the weakest ‘link’ in the overall heat transfer model. While conduction and radiation heat transfer are supported by well-established analytical and numerical models, the treatment of convection is much less rigorous. Convection modeling involves solution of fluid dynamics problems in which the complexity of an enclosed space's geometry and the diversity of indoor airflow patterns require many fit-for-purpose convection correlations. These must take into account specifics of the space and of the heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge on the modeling of convective heat transfer in load calculation and building energy simulation programs. The paper also discusses various issues related to the robustness of convection coefficient correlations, and reports on new experiments conducted to test the sensitivity of existing convection correlations. The discussed issues relate to: (1) the non-uniformity of the indoor temperature field; (2) the selection of a proper characteristic dimension; (3) the effect of adiabatic and non-adiabatic obstructions in the zone; and (4) the impact of airflow disturbance.     

Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in U.S. surface and finished drinking waters: A proposed ranking system

This study developed a comprehensive ranking system, for the first time as per authors' knowledge, for prioritizing the monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (together termed as EOCs, hereafter; a total of 100 EOCs considered) in U.S. stream water/source water and finished drinking water (termed as “EOCRank,” hereafter). The EOCRank system was developed using a total of 4 criteria: (1) occurrence, (2) treatment in drinking water treatment plants, (3) ecological effects, and (4) health effects and characterized using 7 attributes: prevalence, frequency of detection, removal, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity (for fish, daphnid, and algae aquatic indicator species), pregnancy effects, and health effects. The health effects attribute was characterized using 7 sub-attributes: carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, impairment of fertility, central nervous system acting, endocrine effects, immunotoxicity, and developmental effects. Rank scores of EOCs were calculated as summations of multiplications of importance weights and utility functions of multiple criteria and were arranged to highlight EOCs needing immediate attention. Two different ranking lists of EOCs were developed for U.S. finished drinking water and stream water/source water and observed to differ with each other, indicating the effect of water type on ranking of EOCs. A ranking list of priority EOCs, developed using a particular criterion, was observed to differ with that, developed using multiple criteria. Health effects and treatment criteria were observed to be important criteria influencing overall data gap rank scores and need further data collection. The generalized nature of the system could be customized for specific geographical locations (occurrence information and importance weights of different components). The developed database of the EOCRank system is available on: http://www.egr.msu.edu/~xagorara/research.html).