重油残渣基新型碳功能材料的研究进展

综述了以重油残渣为原料,采用化学气相沉积法、共炭化法和微波等离子体法可控制备气相生长碳纤维、碳微球、内包铁洋葱状富勒烯、纳米碳管、内包金属碳微米颗粒及定向碳纳米薄膜等各种高附加值碳材料;采用等离子体氧化法、酸处理法、化学还原法等方法对气相生长碳纤维和碳微球进行表面修饰,在产物表面引入含氧官能团,解决了可溶性碳材料的制备问题;在碳微球表面引入Pt纳米颗粒,使重油残渣基新型碳材料在表面修饰和功能化后可望成为性能优异的吸附和催化材料.     

超临界抗溶剂法制备金属氧化物纳米颗粒的研究进展

具有纳米尺寸的金属氧化物因其优异的催化性能而在电化学、生物医学和其他科学领域备受瞩目.目前,制备金属氧化物纳米颗粒的传统方法主要有水热法、溶剂热法、沉淀法、微乳液法、溶胶凝胶法和模板法等.然而,这些方法往往因成本偏高、存在有机溶剂残留等问题而限制了其进一步发展.为此,迫切需要开发一种制备金属氧化物纳米颗粒的新型技术来弥补传统方法的不足,促进金属氧化物纳米颗粒制备技术的发展.超临界流体是温度和压力处在物质的临界温度和临界压力之上的一种处于特殊状态的流体,其兼具气体和液体的某些性质,具有独特的溶剂化特征、近乎于零的表面张力、低粘度、易调变,具有接近液体的密度与溶解度和类似气体的扩散性质.近年来,超临界流体技术由于其温和的操作条件和独特的性质而广泛应用于化工、环境、制药等领域.其中,超临界抗溶剂法造粒因具有操作条件温和、制备颗粒大小可控、颗粒无有机溶剂残留等优点而备受瞩目.金属氧化物纳米颗粒因其本身的尺寸效应,在催化、传感、生物医学等领域具有较为良好的应用前景.本文介绍了超临界抗溶剂法制备金属氧化物纳米颗粒的基本原理、制备流程及应用,并着重探讨了不同温度、压力和溶液浓度对超临界抗溶剂法制备金属纳米颗粒粒径大小以及形貌的影响,最后对该方法面临的问题和挑战以及发展前景进行了展望.     

富勒烯C_(60)衍生物纳米材料制备及其应用研究进展

介绍了富勒烯C_(60)衍生物纳米粒子、纳米纤维、纳米须、纳米线、纳米球、纳米网和微米花等不同晶态形貌的纳米材料,并对近几年来富勒烯C_(60)衍生物纳米材料的合成和制备方法做了详细介绍。综述了富勒烯C_(60)衍生物纳米材料在光电转换、疏水材料、生物医学应用和有机太能电池等方面的应用研究,展望了富勒烯C_(60)衍生物纳米材料的发展前景和趋势。     

适用于生物学研究的富勒烯类物质的制备

综述了近几年来文献报导的适用于生物学研究的富勒烯类物质的制备方法，这些方法可以归纳为两类：（１）利用特定化合物的介导作用将Ｃ６０分子溶在水中，包括四氢呋喃－丙酮介导法，ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００介导法，聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮介导法，环糊包埋法和脂质原体包埋法；（２）合成水溶性的Ｃ６０衍生物，包括多羟基衍生物，羧酸衍生物与带各种生物活性基团的衍生物等文章还对各种制备方法的应用进行了简要讨论。     

微乳液法制备气敏材料的技术及应用

基于微乳液纳米反应器制备气敏材料是制备纳米材料的新方法.介绍了微乳液作为纳米反应器制备气敏材料的方法及原理,重点综述了微乳液法在制备纳米气敏材料方面的研究状况,总结了微乳液法制备纳米颗粒粒径大小的影响因素,并提出了微乳液法制备纳米气敏材料今后的发展方向.     

纳米SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料制备工艺研究

本文介绍纳米复合材料的发展现状,重点介绍几种固态法制备纳米SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的工艺.分析铝基复合材料的显微组织,综合评价纳米SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料制备工艺中存在的几个重要问题,并提出解决方案.在展望其应用前景基础上,指出制备技术未来的发展方向.     

富勒烯制备方法研究的进展

评述了近几年来富勒烯物质的发展过程。论述了不同形态的富勒烯的各种制备方法及其提纯分离工艺,并对各种制备工艺进行了分析和探讨性研究,在此基础眩指出了每种方法的优缺点,就富勒烯的基础研究、宏量制备和应用研究提出了一些看法,并简述了本研究小组采用电子束辐照法,金属纳米微粒诱发催化非晶炭膜转变成泮葱头状富富勒烯的工作。     

富勒烯和纳米管结构二硫化钨的研究进展

简要介绍了无机富勒烯结构二硫化钨(IF-WS2)纳米粒子和纳米管的发现和结构特点,详细介绍了IF-WS2纳米粒子和纳米管的化学气相反应、直接加热、模板法、化学气相输运等制备方法,阐述了它们的包裹形成机理、摩擦性质和在AFM针尖方面的潜在应用,旨在指出它们具有重要的科学研究价值和潜在的应用价值.     

纳米碳颗粒在催化中的应用及前景

概述了多壁富勒烯和新型纳米碳结构(纳米碳球)的表面修饰方法以及在催化中的应用研究现状,结果表明,化学氧化法对纳米碳颗粒进行表面修饰是有效的方法,可以改善其惰性表面,使其功能化.由于结构的独特性,纳米碳颗粒作为载体材料在电催化和某些脱氢反应中已经显示了较好的催化性能.预测了纳米碳在合成低碳烯烃中的潜在应用前景并为其在能源、化工领域中的应用提供了新的思路.     

SiO2溶胶"纳米粘合剂法"制备介孔纳米复合材料和应用

介绍了一种制备介孔纳米复合材料的新方法--SiO2溶胶"纳米粘合剂法".应用此方法制备的纳米复合材料是介孔材料,材料具有大比表面积和高空隙率的特点;复合材料中的纳米颗粒或固体微粒保持复合前的形态和大小,没有被包覆而有自由表面并直接同外界环境相通,且可复合量较高.因此,这类纳米复合材料不但具有浸泡法和原位法制备的纳米复合材料的优点,而且克服了这2种方法固有的缺点,在光电材料、特种电荷贮存材料、敏感材料和催化材料方面有着广阔的应用前景.     

SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A FULLERENE TRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM SALT

A monofunctionalised fullerene triphenylphosphonium salt has been synthesised to investigate the potential for adaptation of fullerenes for biological application. The redox properties of fullerenes make them effective radical scavengers and consequently they are potential antioxidants in biological systems The triphenylphosphonium moiety was chosen because this lipophilic cation increases both the solubility and membrane permeability of attached compounds, and has been used as a delivery agent in biological systems in other contexts. Furthermore, the triphenylphosphonium moiety binds tightly to cognate antibodies, facilitating linkage of attached molecules to proteins. Here we report on the interaction of a triphenylphosphonium fullerene salt with biological systems and its binding of antibodies against the triphenylphosponium moiety.     

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A FULLERENE TRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM SALT

A monofunctionalised fullerene triphenylphosphonium salt has been synthesised to investigate the potential for adaptation of fullerenes for biological application. The redox properties of fullerenes make them effective radical scavengers and consequently they are potential antioxidants in biological systems The triphenylphosphonium moiety was chosen because this lipophilic cation increases both the solubility and membrane permeability of attached compounds, and has been used as a delivery agent in biological systems in other contexts. Furthermore, the triphenylphosphonium moiety binds tightly to cognate antibodies, facilitating linkage of attached molecules to proteins. Here we report on the interaction of a triphenylphosphonium fullerene salt with biological systems and its binding of antibodies against the triphenylphosponium moiety.     

Extraction of Exotic Fullerenes and Purification of Single-Walled Nanotubes

In this report, we presented a novel and simple extraction method, namely Hydrothermally Initiated Dynamic Extraction (HIDE) method, which allows the extraction of exotic fullerenes remaining in the fullerene soot. In the HIDE method, the soot was treated in boiling water that neither dissolved fullerenes nor produced minimal by-products but untangles the fullerenes from the soot, prior to the extraction by organic solvent. As a result, the HIDE method allowed the extraction of exotic fullerenes, such as dimeric fullerene oxides, higher fullerenes having a low symmetry and oxidized higher fullerenes. Accordingly, the single walled nanotubes (SWNTs) with a purity of 99% by wt was achieved for the first time with the application of the HIDE method.     

Grafting of buckminsterfullerene onto polythiophene: novel intramolecular donor-acceptor polymers

Conjugated polymer-fullerene composites have shown efficient photoinduced charge transfer. The attachment of a fullerene moiety to the conducting polymer backbone is expected to lead to materials with more intimate association of the donor/acceptor sites. Two approaches to the attachment of fullerenes onto polythiophene derivatives have been explored. In the first case, fullerene has been bonded to a bithiophene derivative which can be electropolymerized. In the second, solvent processable polythiophene copolymers were prepared and functionalized with fullerene. Both these systems exhibit electrochemical and optoelectrochemical properties for fullerene and the conducting polymer.     

Extraction of Exotic Fullerenes and Purification of Single-Walled Nanotubes

Abstract

In this report, we presented a novel and simple extraction method, namely Hydrothermally Initiated Dynamic Extraction (HIDE) method, which allows the extraction of exotic fullerenes remaining in the fullerene soot. In the HIDE method, the soot was treated in boiling water that neither dissolved fullerenes nor produced minimal by-products but untangles the fullerenes from the soot, prior to the extraction by organic solvent. As a result, the HIDE method allowed the extraction of exotic fullerenes, such as dimeric fullerene oxides, higher fullerenes having a low symmetry and oxidized higher fullerenes. Accordingly, the single walled nanotubes (SWNTs) with a purity of 99% by wt was achieved for the first time with the application of the HIDE method.     

Fullerene Research in Poland

Main results of the investigations of fullerene and its derivatives are briefly reviewed. Such topics as plasma spectroscopy, fullerenes and nanotubes formation, C₆₀ carbyne knots, fullerene reduction and doping, charge transfer states and electroabsorption of C₆₀, electrical conductivity, superconductivity, ESR properties, fullerene clathrates, C₆₀/C₇₀ complexes with organic donors, fullerene adducts, hydrogenated fullerenes, metallofullerenes and carbon nanotubes are discussed.     

Water-soluble fullerenes for medical applications

Research on fullerenes occupies a unique position in the scientific arena. Synthesis and characterisation of this nanomaterial blur the line between materials science and chemistry; careful tuning of the processing methods gives birth to a whole family of molecules and their functionalised derivatives, whose unusual properties at this nanoscopic scale can be exploited in cutting-edge technological applications. This review focuses on the functionalisation of fullerenes for use in medical applications. The first half gives an introduction to the fullerenes themselves and how their fundamental properties lead to a very rich chemistry, enabling both exohedral (external) and endohedral (internal) functionalisations of the cage. Emphasis is placed on the need for safe and reproducible synthesis routes if fullerenes are ever going to make it to the pharmaceutical market. In line with this, a selection of exohedral functionalisation protocols receives particular attention. Coverage of endohedral fullerene synthesis routes is limited to the endohedral metallofullerenes. In the second half, myriad applications of fullerenes in biomedical contexts are introduced and certain synthesis routes are critically evaluated. Discussion of the need to water solubilise the hydrophobic fullerene cages precedes an overview of fullerene-based diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. A final moment is spent on toxicity studies of fullerenes. The concluding remarks emphasise the positive effects of incorporating fullerenes into biomedical technologies, while looking at how these are perceived by the general public. A case is made for fullerenes being the optimal choice as standard bearers in the advance of nanomaterials into the medical field.

This is the winning review of the 2016 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.     

Ordered fullerene nanocylinders in large-diameter carbon nanotubes

A new ordered fullerene phase encapsulated by large-diameter CNTs is systematically investigated by combining a growth technique by chemical vapour deposition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and molecular-dynamics simulations. In contrast to fullerenes in smaller (1-2?nm) diameter CNTs, where fullerenes are packed in linear or helical chains, fullerenes form a nanoscale cylinder in double-walled CNTs with diameters of ～4?nm. The fullerenes were shown to form a nanocylinder with a side wall that resembled the (111) plane of solid C(60). This ordered phase is different from peapods or fullerene solids known so far, and a result of the interaction between the CNT wall and fullerenes. This finding will open up a new field of fullerene science.     

Fullerenes and Viruses

Abstract

It is well known that any, sometimes very small, changes in the chemical structure can lead to the dramatic changes in biological properties. Therefore it is necessary to divide into two different topics the studies of biological properties of fullerene and fullerene‐like compounds. In the enormous variety of data on the biological activity of fullerenes it is possible to select some with defined mechanism of action. This selection showed that in case of using the fullerene‐containing compositions the main mechanisms of drug action, namely unspecific, specific (ligand–receptor) interaction and membranotropic can be obtained. Therefore fullerenes as compounds with broad biological potential are very promising not only for the design of antiviral compounds, but also for the design of various types of drugs.     

Geometrical model for the retention of fullerenes in high-performance liquid chromatography

In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a poly(octadecylsiloxane) as a stationary phase, methanol as a mobile phase, C(60) and C(70) fullerenes as solutes, and water as a mobile phase modifier, a study on the surface tension effect of water on fullerene retention was carried out by varying the water concentration [W] and the column temperature T. The thermodynamic parameters for fullerene transfer from the mobile to the stationary phase were determined from linear van't Hoff plots. An enthalpy-entropy compensation revealed that the types of interactions between fullerenes and the stationary phase were independent of the fullerene structure and the mobile phase composition. An analysis of the experimental variations of the retention factor and the selectivity values with [W] was performed using a novel geometrical model. It was shown that the increase in fullerene retention accompanying the water concentration was due to the increased effects of surface tension. This brought about an increase in the interactions between fullerene and the stationary phase, explaining the observed thermodynamic parameter trends over the water concentration range. The theoretical model provided an estimation of the radius of fullerene which was found for C(60) to be equal to 3.3 ? and an activation energy during the transfer equal to 9.8 kJ/mol.