共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H 2 and O 2 using zeolite-supported Au catalysts is described and their activity is contrasted with silica- and alumina-supported Au catalysts. Two zeolites were investigated, ZSM-5 and zeolite Y. The effect of calcination of these catalysts is studied and it is found that for uncalcined catalysts high rates of hydrogen peroxide formation are observed, but these catalysts are unstable and lose Au during use. Consequently, reuse of these catalysts leads to lower rates of hydrogen peroxide formation. However, catalysts calcined at 400 °C are more stable and can be reused without loss of gold. The use of zeolites as a support for Au gives comparable rates of hydrogen peroxide formation to alumina-supported Au catalysts and higher rates when compared with silica-supported catalysts. prepared using a similar method. Zeolite Y-supported catalysts are more active than ZSM-5-supported catalysts for the stable calcined materials. It is considered that the overall activity of these supported catalysts may be related to the aluminium content as the activity increases with increasing aluminium content. 相似文献
2.
The direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from H 2 and O 2 using a range of supported Au–Pd alloy catalysts is compared for different supports using conditions previously identified as being optimal for hydrogen peroxide synthesis, i.e. low temperature (2 °C) using a water–methanol solvent mixture and short reaction time. Five supports are compared and contrasted, namely Al 2O 3, -Fe 2O 3, TiO 2, SiO 2 and carbon. For all catalysts the addition of Pd to the Au only catalyst increases the rate of hydrogen peroxide synthesis as well as the concentration of hydrogen peroxide formed. Of the materials evaluated, the carbon-supported Au–Pd alloy catalysts give the highest reactivity. The results show that the support can have an important influence on the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from the direct reaction. The effect of the methanol–water solvent is studied in detail for the 2.5 wt% Au–2.5 wt% Pd/TiO 2 catalyst and the ratio of methanol to water is found to have a major effect on the rate of hydrogen peroxide synthesis. The optimum mixture for this solvent system is 80 vol.% methanol with 20 vol.% water. However, the use of water alone is still effective albeit at a decreased rate. The effect of catalyst mass was therefore also investigated for the water and water–methanol solvents and the observed effect on the hydrogen peroxide productivity using water as a solvent is not considered to be due to mass transfer limitations. These results are of importance with respect to the industrial application of these Au–Pd catalysts. 相似文献
3.
The catalytic generation of H 2O 2 from H 2 and O 2 has been studied over zeolite beta-supported Pd and zeolite beta-adsorbed organic compounds such as 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), azobenzene (AB) and hydrazobenzene (HAB). According to catalytic results, zeolite beta-supported Pd catalysts display effective performance relative to those prepared from other types of zeolites reported and Pd-loaded zeolite beta-adsorbed HQ catalysts show enhanced activity compared to zeolite beta-supported Pd catalysts. In situ UV–Vis spectroscopic study indicates that HQ can readily be converted to BQ reversibly under H 2 and air inside zeolite beta only in the presence of Pd. The results suggest that HQ acts as a strong hydrogen transfer agent to promote the production of H 2O 2 from H 2 and O 2 in cooperation with a Pd catalyst. By contrast, adsorption of BQ, AB and HAB induces suppression of the catalytic properties of Pd/zeolite beta. 相似文献
4.
Conversion of CCl 2F 2 in the presence (hydrogenolysis) and absence of hydrogen was investigated on Al 2O 3, AlF 3 and Pd/Al 2O 3 xerogel and aerogel catalysts. CCl 2F 2 was found to form CClF 3 and CCl 3F on Al 2O 3 and AlF 3 in the presence and absence of hydrogen as well as on the Pd/Al 2O 3 catalysts in the absence of hydrogen. Overall activity increased during the hydrogenolysis reactions at 230°C as a function of time which was paralleled by a significant increase in the yield of CClF 3 formed through a Cl/F-exchange reaction. X-ray diffraction patterns of the spent catalyst recovered after 3 h of hydrogenolysis confirmed the presence of Pd(C) (Pd–carbon solid solution) and AlF 3 phases on Pd/Al 2O 3 catalysts indicated that the carbon incorporation into the Pd lattice and the transformation of Al 2O 3 to AlF 3 starts at the initial stage of the reaction. It was concluded that AlF 3 is responsible for the Cl/F-exchange reactions. CH 4, a complete hydrogenation product, is formed during hydrogenolysis. Another route for its formation is the reaction between hydrogen in the gas phase and the interstitial carbon. 相似文献
5.
The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by methane in the presence of excess oxygen has been studied on a series of Pd catalysts supported on sulfated zirconia (SZ). This support is not as sensitive to structural damage by steaming as the acidic zeolites, such as H-ZSM-5 and H-Mor. In previous studies, it was shown that this type of acidic zeolites are able to stabilize Pd 2+ ions and promote high SCR activity and selectivity, which are typically not seen in Pd catalysts. In this contribution, it has been demonstrated that SZ is able to promote the NO reduction activity in a similar way to the acidic zeolites, by stabilizing Pd 2+ ions that is selective for NO reduction. As in the case of acidic zeolites, the stabilization of Pd 2+ ions can occur through a transfer of Pd species from particle to particle. One of the attractive features of Pd/SZ catalysts is that they are less sensitive to water and SO 2 poisoning than Pd/H-ZSM-5 catalyst and exhibit higher reversibility after removal of water or SO 2. 相似文献
6.
The TiO 2 supported noble metal (Au, Rh, Pd and Pt) catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET. These catalysts were tested for the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO). It was found that the order of activity was Pt/TiO 2 Rh/TiO 2 > Pd/TiO 2 > Au/TiO 2 TiO 2. HCHO could be completely oxidized into CO 2 and H 2O over Pt/TiO 2 in a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 50,000 h −1 even at room temperature. In contrast, the other catalysts were much less effective for HCHO oxidation at the same reaction conditions. HCHO conversion to CO 2 was only 20% over the Rh/TiO 2 at 20 °C. The Pd/TiO 2 and Au/TiO 2 showed no activities for HCHO oxidation at 20 °C. The different activities of the noble metals for HCHO oxidation were studied with respect to the behavior of adsorbed species on the catalysts surface at room temperature using in situ DRIFTS. The results show that the activities of the TiO 2 supported Pt, Rh, Pd and Au catalysts for HCHO oxidation are closely related to their capacities for the formation of formate species and the formate decomposition into CO species. Based on in situ DRIFTS studies, a simplified reaction scheme of HCHO oxidation was also proposed. 相似文献
7.
以SBA-15作为硬模板剂,吡咯作为碳源和氮源,制得的含氮中孔碳作为载体,采用吸附还原法分别制备了单Pd和Au-Pd双金属催化剂,并考察其在甲酸分解制氢反应中的催化性能。结果发现,Au-Pd/N-C比Au-Pd/C催化剂具有更高的甲酸分解活性,这可能是因为N的亲核作用促进了甲酸中H质子的脱除。由于Au-Pd之间的强相互作用,使Au的加入显著提高了Pd/N-C催化剂甲酸分解活性及其抗CO中毒能力,在50℃条件下,分解1 mol·L-1的甲酸初始转换频率(TOF)达到2 221 h-1。 相似文献
8.
Catalytic activity of ZrO 2 supported PdO catalysts for methane combustion has been investigated in comparison with Al 2O 3 supported PdO catalysts. It was found that the drop of catalytic activity owing to decomposition of PdO at a high temperature region (600–900°C) was suppressed by using ZrO 2 support. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) measurements of the catalyst with hydrogen revealed that the PdO of PdO/Al 2O 3 catalyst was reduced at the temperature less than 100°C, whereas in PdO/ZrO 2 catalyst the consumption of hydrogen was also observed at 200–300°C. This result indicates that the stable PdO species were present in the PdO/ZrO 2 catalyst. In order to confirm the formation of the solid solution of PdO and ZrO 2, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the mixtures of ZrO 2 and PdO calcined at 700–900°C in air were carried out. The lattice volume of ZrO 2 in the mixture was larger than that of ZrO 2. Furthermore, the Pd thin film on ZrO 2 substrate was prepared as a model catalyst and the depth profile of the elements in the Pd thin film was measured by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It was confirmed that Zr and O as well as Pd were present in the Pd thin film heated at 900°C in air. It was considered that the PdO on ZrO 2 support might be stabilized by the formation of the solid solution of PdO and ZrO 2. 相似文献
9.
The influence of different metal oxide supports (i.e. ZrO 2, ThO 2, UO 2, TiO 2 and SiO 2) on the performance of Ni- and/or Co-containing catalysts [Ni and/or Co/MO 2 mole ratio (where M=Zr, Th, U, Ti or Si)=1.0] in the oxidative methane-to-syngas conversion at very low contact time (GHSV=5.2×10 5 cm 3 g −1 h −1 at STP) was investigated. The nickel-containing ZrO 2, ThO 2 and UO 2 catalysts (with or without pre-reduction by hydrogen at 500°C) showed good performance in the process; the order of their performance is NiO–ThO 2>NiO–UO 2>NiO–ZrO 2. The NiO–TiO 2 showed appreciable catalytic activity only after its reduction at 800°C. However, this catalyst and the NiO–SiO 2 catalyst showed poor performance in the process. These two catalysts are also deactivated very fast, mostly because of sintering of Ni and/or formation of catalytically inactive binary metal oxide phases by solid–solid reaction at the high catalyst calcination and/or catalytic reaction temperature. Although the Ni-containing ThO 2, UO 2 and ZrO 2 catalysts showed good performance, carbon deposition on them during the process is fast. However, because of the addition of cobalt to these catalysts (with Co/Ni=1.0), the rate of carbon deposition on them in the process is drastically reduced. This Co addition however resulted in a significant decrease in both the conversion and selectivity; the decrease in the selectivity was small. 相似文献
10.
The effect of the Pd addition method into the fresh Pd/(OSC + Al 2O 3) and (Pd + OSC)/Al 2O 3 catalysts (OSC material = Ce xZr 1−xO 2 mixed oxides) was investigated in this study. The CO + NO and CO + NO + O 2 model reactions were studied over fresh and aged catalysts. The differences in the fresh catalysts were insignificant compared to the aged catalysts. During the CO + NO reaction, only small differences were observed in the behaviour of the fresh catalysts. The light-off temperature of CO was about 20 °C lower for the fresh Pd/(OSC + Al 2O 3) catalyst than for the fresh (Pd + OSC)/Al 2O 3 catalyst during the CO + NO + O 2 reaction. For the aged catalysts lower NO reduction and CO oxidation activities were observed, as expected. Pd on OSC-containing alumina was more active than Pd on OSC material after the agings. The activity decline is due to a decrease in the number of active sites on the surface, which was observed as a larger Pd particle size for aged catalysts than for fresh catalysts. In addition, the oxygen storage capacity of the aged Pd/(OSC + Al 2O 3) catalyst was higher than that of the (Pd + OSC)/Al 2O 3 catalyst. 相似文献
11.
The role of vanadium oxide and palladium on the benzene oxidation reaction over Pd/V 2O 5/Al 2O 3 catalysts was investigated. The Pd/V 2O 5/Al 2O 3 catalysts were more active than V 2O 5/Al 2O 3 and Pd/Al 2O 3 catalysts. The increase of vanadium oxide content decreased the Pd dispersion and increased the benzene conversion. A strong Pd particle size effect on benzene oxidation reaction was observed. Although the catalysts containing high amount of V 4+ species were more active, the Pd particle size effect was responsible for the higher activity. 相似文献
12.
介绍了氢、氧直接合成过氧化氢过程中催化剂、反应介质、反应器(微反应器、膜反应器等)、操作方式等方面近2~3年来的研发新进展。重点介绍了Au-Pd负载催化剂研究应用情况,涉及不同载体、不同Au与Pd质量比等对过氧化氢生成速率、选择性及浓度的影响。还较详细地介绍了无机酸和卤离子在不同条件下对合成反应结果(包括氢转化率、生成过氧化氢选择率及浓度等)的提高所起到的促进作用及其机理。 相似文献
13.
Among various Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 catalysts with the Cu/Zn ratio of 3/7, the one with 15 wt.% of ZrO 2 obtains the best activity for methanol synthesis by hydrogenation of CO. The TPR, TPO and XPS analyses reveal that a new copper oxide phase is formed in the calcined Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 catalysts by the dissolution of zirconium ions in copper oxide. In addition, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 catalyst with 15 wt.% of ZrO 2 turns out to contain the largest amount of the new copper oxide phase. When the Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 catalysts is reduced, the Cu 2+ species present in the ZrO 2 lattice is transformed to Cu + species. This leads to the speculation that the addition of ZrO 2 to Cu/ZnO catalysts gives rise to the formation of Cu + species, which is related to the methanol synthesis activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 catalyst in addition to Cu metal particles. Consequently, the ratio of Cu +/Cu 0 is an important factor for the specific activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 catalyst for methanol synthesis. 相似文献
14.
Catalytic activities of supported Pd were investigated for low temperature oxidation of methane. Pd/SnO 2 catalysts demonstrated excellent activity for methane oxidation in spite of their low surface area. The catalytic activity of Pd/SnO 2 was strongly affected by the preparation procedure. Impregnation of Pd on SnO 2 using aqueous solution of Pd(CH 3COO) 2 was most effective in enhancing the catalytic activity. The catalytic activity was also improved when well-crystallized SnO 2 was employed as a support material. TEM observations revealed that catalytic activity is strongly influenced by the dispersion state of Pd. For the active catalysts, strong interaction between Pd and SnO 2 support was observed in the adsorption of oxygen. 相似文献
15.
The role of La 2O 3 loading in Pd/Al 2O 3-La 2O 3 prepared by sol–gel on the catalytic properties in the NO reduction with H 2 was studied. The catalysts were characterized by N 2 physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, differential thermal analysis, temperature-programmed oxidation and temperature-programmed desorption of NO. The physicochemical properties of Pd catalysts as well as the catalytic activity and selectivity are modified by La2O3 inclusion. The selectivity depends on the NO/H2 molar ratio (GHSV = 72,000 h−1) and the extent of interaction between Pd and La2O3. At NO/H2 = 0.5, the catalysts show high N2 selectivity (60–75%) at temperatures lower than 250 °C. For NO/H2 = 1, the N2 selectivity is almost 100% mainly for high temperatures, and even in the presence of 10% H2O vapor. The high N2 selectivity indicates a high capability of the catalysts to dissociate NO upon adsorption. This property is attributed to the creation of new adsorption sites through the formation of a surface PdOx phase interacting with La2O3. The formation of this phase is favored by the spreading of PdO promoted by La2O3. DTA shows that the phase transformation takes place at temperatures of 280–350 °C, while TPO indicates that this phase transformation is related to the oxidation process of PdO: in the case of Pd/Al2O3 the O2 uptake is consistent with the oxidation of PdO to PdO2, and when La2O3 is present the O2 uptake exceeds that amount (1.5 times). La2O3 in Pd catalysts promotes also the oxidation of Pd and dissociative adsorption of NO mainly at low temperatures (<250 °C) favoring the formation of N2. 相似文献
16.
利用硼氢化钠还原法制备出Au-Pd/ZrO 2负载型双金属纳米催化剂,采用XRD、UV-vis DRS、TEM等手段对催化剂的结构、吸光能力、粒度、形貌等性能进行表征。结果显示,金、钯成功负载于二氧化锆上,且金、钯以球形颗粒均匀分散。可见光照射下,研究了Au-Pd/ZrO 2双金属纳米催化剂对苯甲醇氧化生产苯甲醛反应的适宜条件。实验结果显示,可见光照射下,反应时间为12 h、反应温度为(35±3) ℃、5.0 mL异丙醇为溶剂、50 mg Au-Pd(2:1)/ZrO 2为催化剂、1.0 mmol氢氧化钾为碱源的条件下,苯甲醇氧化生产苯甲醛产率最佳。 相似文献
17.
The NiSO 4 supported on Fe 2O 3-promoted ZrO 2 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. Fe 2O 3-promoted ZrO 2 was prepared by the coprecipitation method using a mixed aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride and iron nitrate solution followed by adding an aqueous ammonia solution. No diffraction line of nickel sulfate was observed up to 20 wt.%, indicating good dispersion of nickel sulfate on the surface of Fe 2O 3–ZrO 2. The addition of nickel sulfate (or Fe 2O 3) to ZrO 2 shifted the phase transition of ZrO 2 (from amorphous to tetragonal) to higher temperatures because of the interaction between nickel sulfate (or Fe 2O 3) and ZrO 2. 15-NiSO 4/5-Fe 2O 3–ZrO 2 containing 15 wt.% NiSO 4 and 5 mol% Fe 2O 3, and calcined at 500 °C exhibited a maximum catalytic activity for ethylene dimerization. NiSO 4/Fe 2O 3–ZrO 2 catalysts was very effective for ethylene dimerization even at room temperature, but Fe 2O 3–ZrO 2 without NiSO 4 did not exhibit any catalytic activity at all. The catalytic activities were correlated with the acidity of catalysts measured by the ammonia chemisorption method. The addition of Fe 2O 3 up to 5 mol% enhanced the acidity, surface area, thermal property, and catalytic activities of catalysts gradually, due to the interaction between Fe 2O 3 and ZrO 2 and due to consequent formation of Fe–O–Zr bond. 相似文献
18.
通过浸渍法制备了Al_2O_3负载的Pd和Pt催化剂,考察催化剂的甲烷、乙烷和丙烷催化燃烧活性,以及助剂Ba对催化性能的影响。对于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba使活性物种PdO颗粒变大和还原温度升高,形成更稳定的PdO活性物种,是Pd-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性提升的主要原因。对于Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba助剂使活性物种Pt0含量降低,PtO_x与Al_2O_3载体相互作用增强,使PtO_x物种更难被还原为Pt~0,导致Pt-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性降低。Pd和Pt催化剂催化烷烃氧化反应活性规律一致:丙烷乙烷甲烷。Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—H键活化,Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—C键活化。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对C1-C3烷烃氧化活性的差别明显大于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对碳比例高的烷烃活性更高。 相似文献
19.
The reduction of NO under cyclic “lean”/“rich” conditions was examined over two model 1 wt.% Pt/20 wt.% BaO/Al 2O 3 and 1 wt.% Pd/20 wt.% BaO/Al 2O 3 NO x storage reduction (NSR) catalysts. At temperatures between 250 and 350 °C, the Pd/BaO/Al 2O 3 catalyst exhibits higher overall NO x reduction activity. Limited amounts of N 2O were formed over both catalysts. Identical cyclic studies conducted with non-BaO-containing 1 wt.% Pt/Al 2O 3 and Pd/Al 2O 3 catalysts demonstrate that under these conditions Pd exhibits a higher activity for the oxidation of both propylene and NO. Furthermore, in situ FTIR studies conducted under identical conditions suggest the formation of higher amounts of surface nitrite species on Pd/BaO/Al 2O 3. The IR results indicate that this species is substantially more active towards reaction with propylene. Moreover, its formation and reduction appear to represent the main pathway for the storage and reduction of NO under the conditions examined. Consequently, the higher activity of Pd can be attributed to its higher oxidation activity, leading both to a higher storage capacity ( i.e., higher concentration of surface nitrites under “lean” conditions) and a higher reduction activity ( i.e., higher concentration of partially oxidized active propylene species under “rich” conditions). The performance of Pt and Pd is nearly identical at temperatures above 375 °C. 相似文献
20.
Direct syntheses of hydrocarbons from CO 2 hydrogenation were investigated over hybrid catalysts consisting of methanol synthesis catalyst (CuZnOZrO 2) and zeolites (MFI and SAPO). The yield of hydrocarbons was strongly depending upon the amount of zeolite's acid sites as measured by NH 3 TPD, while the product distributions were hardly affected by the change of acidity. The main product was ethane in the case of MFI hybrid catalyst and C 3 or C 4 hydrocarbon in the case of SAPO hybrid catalyst. This difference in product distribution was attributed to different mechanism of hydrocarbon formation. Investigation based on the ethene co-reaction suggested that the consecutive mechanism operated for HZSM-5 and the carbon pool mechanism for SAPO. 相似文献
|