低温等离子体技术在洗消中的研究进展

本文介绍了低温等离子体的发生装置,阐述了低温等离子体技术在洗消领域的实验研究进展,探讨了低温等离子体灭菌、消毒和消除放射性沾染的机理,并提出了该技术应用于洗消领域的前景以及有待进一步发展完善的技术。     

等离子体技术在化学毒剂洗消中的研究进展

等离子体技术在化学毒剂洗消领域的应用已备受关注,介绍了大气压等离子体喷射器和冷等离子体反应器分别在化学毒剂染毒表面和染毒空气洗消中的研究进展,并提出了该技术应用于洗消领域尚需解决的问题和发展趋势。     

浅谈化学战剂检测技术的研究现状

主要介绍了几种常见化学战剂的检测技术原理及应用。     

全球化学战剂介绍

1915年4月22日下午5时,在第一次世界大战两军对峙的比利时伊珀尔战场。趁着顺风,德军一声令下开启了大约6000只预先埋伏的压缩氯气钢瓶。霎时间,在长约六公里的战线上,黄绿色的云团飘向法军阵地。毫无准备的英法士兵猝不及防,眼看着黄绿色的气体涌来,先是咳嗽,继而喘息,有的拼命挣扎,有的口吐黄液慢慢躺倒。一位战地记者进行了如此描述:“他们已经死亡,两手伸展着好像要挥去上方的死神。尸体遍野,他们极度痛苦的肺在喘息,满嘴都是黄色液体。”这就是战争史上的第一次化学战,     

氯气泄漏洗消技术研究

采用碱液进行中和洗消,是目前基层消防部队处置氯气泄漏事故最常用的洗消方法。本文通过对常见氯气洗消剂的用量、性价、性能等方面进行综合比较,提出了如何选择洗消剂的合理化意见和建议,同时对氯气洗消技术的应用进行了简要归纳,重点提出了利用排吸器比例配制碱液进行喷雾洗消的新方法,并对此方法的实战应用特点及优势进行了分析。本文的研究结果,对广大基层消防指挥员提高科学施救的能力,正确、有效处置氯气泄漏事故将起到一定的帮助作用。     

化学战剂消毒剂的研究现状及其发展趋势

一旦遭受化学武器的袭击,将会严重影响人员的生命力和战斗力。消毒剂是消除或有效降低毒源污染,快速恢复人员战斗力的根本保证。本文介绍了传统洗消剂和新型洗消剂,并对化学战剂洗消剂的发展趋势进行了展望。     

核生化洗消方法和策略

洗消能有效消除核生化污染物,提高军队战斗力。介绍了常见的洗消方法和工艺,阐述了洗消药剂的发展现状,总结了核生化污染环境（寒冷地区、城市、丛林、山区）对洗消效果的影响。     

军用飞机洗消策略

军用飞机在特殊环境中容易受到核生化沾染,为了保持战斗力,必须结合具体情况进行清洗和洗消。军用飞机的特点决定了洗消过程的特殊性,本文针对这些问题,详细阐述了飞机洗消的方法与使用策略。     

氯气危险特性辩识及其洗消技术探析

氯气是一种多用途的毒性气体,同时具有很强的氧化性和腐蚀性,一旦发生泄漏,极易发生中毒和污染事故,给人的生命和生态环境造成严重后果。在阐述氯气理化性质、毒理作用和生产工艺流程、洗消剂用量理论估算的基础上,辨识了氯气的危险危害特性,以及与之相关的影响因素,并着重对开展此类事故抢险救援工作的洗消技术措施及注意问题进行了讨论。     

液体火箭推进剂突发性泄漏的洗消方法

综述了液体推进剂应急洗消的基本方法、原理、作用、分析了液体推进剂在贮存、运输、转注等作业环节中发生泄漏的洗消方法及其相应的洗消剂选择原则,重点探讨了液体推进剂泄漏现场、器材装备及人员的应急洗消方法。     

化学武器及其模拟剂的光催化消除研究进展

光催化不仅在环境污染治理等方面有着潜在而广泛的应用背景,并且在军事防化领域还有重要的实际应用价值.笔者评述了目前光催化在军事防化领域的研究概况,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动向进行简要分析.     

Chemical analysis of environmental samples collected in Iraq: Analysis for the presence of chemical warfare agents

Nineteen samples from the United Nations Special Commission 65 on Iraq (UNSCOM 65) were analyzed for chemical warfare (CW) related compounds using a variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques including multinuclear NMR, GC (phosphorus, sulfur and atomic emission detection), GC/MS (electron impact and chemical ionization), tandem MS, HPLC/ion chromatography, HPLC/thermospray/MS, FTIR, ICP and GFAA. The samples consisted of one piece of cloth, one piece of wood, six waters, six soils, two vegetation samples and two mortar shell crosscut sections. No intact CW agents were detected; however, diethyl phosphoric acid was unambiguously identified in three of the water samples and ethyl phosphoric acid was tentatively identified, at lower levels, in one of the water samples. Diethyl phosphoric acid and ethyl phosphoric acid are degradation products of munitions-grade Tabun (GA), an organophosphorus nerve agent. However, these compounds are also degradation products of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) scheduled compound Amiton as well as many commercially available pesticides.     

核设施化学清洗去污

概述了国内外核设施化学去污概况及国外后处理厂化学去污的主要经验,并列举了一些常用化学去污剂的配方．     

Crude and modified corncobs as complexing agents for water decontamination

The ability of corncobs to retain copper ions was studied with respect to the origin of the materials (inner or outer parts of the cobs), the granulometry, the pH, and chemical modifications with maleic anhydride (MA) and succinic anhydride (SA). Esterification, characterized by Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, led to a large increase in copper retention in comparison with unmodified corncobs. The retention capacity was improved up to 6 times with SA‐modified corncobs at pH 5. The adsorption behavior of MA‐ and SA‐grafted samples, with respect to copper, appeared to be different at pH 4 and pH 5, and this was attributed to a difference in the pK_a values of the grafted carboxylic functions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 820–826, 2004     

压力水去污技术及其在核设施退役工程中的应用

简要介绍了低压水、高压水和超高压水去污技术和经验;针对受核污染的水池和房间的不同情况,进行了高压水喷射去污的验证性试验,并得出了一些结论;介绍了核设施退役工程中高压水喷射去污的设计、实施和效果．     

超声波-化学去污工艺在核电厂的应用研究

基于传统的化学去除放射性污染物的工艺,提出一种超声波与化学去污联合运用的新工艺,经实验室模拟及核电厂的去污实践检验,其放射性去污效果极佳,污染工件经去污后,表面的放射性去污系数达1 750以上,表面接触剂量率也降低至原来的0.5‰以内;对于平行工艺下的316 L不锈钢样片的腐蚀深度测试,结果表明,本工艺对不锈钢的腐蚀性极低(46.1 nm),完全满足核电厂去污工艺腐蚀深度值(≤1μm)的要求。     

Extrusion of microcellular polysulfone using chemical blowing agents

Microporous polysulfone hollow fibers were developed with the help of chemical blowing agents by means of extrusion. Two chemical blowing agents, azodicarbonamide and 5-phenyltetrazol, were selected, and the foam morphology dependent on the concentration of blowing agent was examined by scanning electron micrograph. By means of changing the processing parameters, e.g., temperature and screw speed, the structures of the foam, usable as membrane, can be controlled. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69: 1753–1760, 1998     

Biocatalytic detoxification of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide

Rhodococcus rhodochrous IGTS8 (ATCC 53968) was shown to be capable of utilizing 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide (CEES) as the sole source of sulphur for microbial growth. 2-Chloroethanol and a compound tentatively identified as 2-chloroethanesulfinic acid have been detected as metabolites. This demonstrates that carbon—sulphur bonds were cleaved in CEES prior to hydrolysis of the chlorine atom. These data indicate that Rhodococcus rhodochrous IGTS8 may be useful for the biodetoxification of the chemical warfare agent mustard (2,2′ dichlorodiethyl sulphide).     

Enzymatic detoxification: a sustainable means of degrading toxic organophosphate pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are highly toxic molecules mainly used as pesticides. OP compounds also include nerve gases used in the past as chemical warfare agents and collectively OP pesticides and nerve gases are referred to as nerve agents (NA). An intensive, widespread use of pesticides since the 20th century has resulted in the emergence of an urgent global issue concerning both environment and human health. In addition, past terroristic acts and the recent dramatic events in Syria highlighted more than ever the need to explore applicable strategies for the sensing, decontamination and detoxification of these compounds in stored bulks, on critical surfaces and media (food, water and air) and for in vivo prophylaxes and therapies. OP compounds, act as covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nerve system of vertebrates, thus posing a substantial threat to the ecosystem. In order to address a strong demand for the establishment of an environmental monitoring system and remediation process for NA, an increasing number of studies have been focused on the enzymatic degradation in vitro. Use of enzymes for detoxification and decontamination of toxic NA could provide a long‐term benefit as it is environmentally friendly compared with conventional methods such as chemical treatments and incineration. This review presents an overview of the current state of enzymatic detoxification research against NA. This includes the detailed characterization and protein engineering for the improvement in NA‐degrading activities of such enzymes. Research on biosensors for NA detection and identification, although important in the field, has not been treated in this review. Instead special attention has been paid to the Phosphotriesterase‐Like‐Lactonase (PLL) enzyme family. Several PLL enzymes have been isolated from hyperthermophilic Archaea or thermophilic/extremophilic Bacteria, and exhibit exceptional thermal stability. Extremophilic PLLs therefore hold promise for potential industrial application towards NA detoxification. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry