Effect of shell content and storage on expelling of tung nuts

Summary and Conclusions Expeller tests were made on ground tung nuts containing all of the shell (33%) at the time of hulling and after the nuts had been in storage for one and two months. Comparative tests were also made on material containing about 24% shell which had passed through the disc huller in regular mill operation. One test was made on hand-shelled kernels which were entirely free of shell. It was found that meal containing all of the shell not only processed satisfactorily, but the recovery of oil from such material was somewhat higher than from material containing about two-thirds of the shell. The amount of oil expelled per hour was about the same in both cases. The kernels completely cleaned of shell expelled very inefficiently. In general, therefore, it seems that, with the particular type of expeller used, a considerable amount of shell in the meal is essential for efficient expelling. Bags of nuts with hulls removed but with the shells intact showed no deterioration after two months’ storage in a well-ventilated shed. Agricultural Chemical Research Division Contribution No. 179.     

硝铵系掺混肥研制中的问题与对策

开发以粒状硝铵为氮源的普钙、氯化钾掺混肥，并在包装过程中采取排气措施，减少袋内空气和物料的流动，减少了掺混后的分层。     

Particle Size Measurement of Eight Commercial Pressurized Products

The settling chamber and light-scattering instrument described can provide information about the particle size distribution of particles expelled from a pressure package. This information can provide an indication of how well the product could be performing its function. The range in the particle size distribution of the eight products tested is great and illustrates the utility of this atomization technique for dispensing a material.     

A method for isolation of karanjin from the expelled cake of Pongamia glabra

Due to the renewed interest in the production of biodiesel from nonconventional oils like karanja (Pongamia glabra), huge quantity of expelled cake will be generated in near future. However, due to the presence of several antinutritional components, expelled karanja cake cannot be used as feed for poultry and livestock. It needs detoxification and the first step during detoxification is the removal of karanjin, the major bioactive constituent. The present study aimed at isolation of karanjin from expelled cake. Accordingly, a simple and scalable process was developed for the isolation of karanjin with purity in the range of 95–97% from the expelled cake of karanja. Different solvents were screened by varying temperature, time, and amount of extracting solvents to extract karanjin from the expelled cake and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was found to be the best among them. DMC extraction of 1.0 kg of expelled cake yielded 3.6 g (0.36% with respect to expelled cake) of karanjin of 97% purity.     

Effect of Manganese Oxide Additive on the Dielectric Properties of Mixed-Sintering Ceramics

The influence of internal electrode material on the sintering of mixed-sintering ceramics and the effect of MnO₂ additive on improving their dielectric properties were investigated for their application as multilayer ceramic capacitors. The resistivities of mixed-sintering ceramic pellets sintered with Ag-Pd electrode material decreased remarkably because of the expulsion of component elements during sintering. A small amount of MnO₂ additive improved the resistivities. Extended X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis showed that MnO₂ exists in the grain boundaries and compensates for the electrical valence of the expelled elements.     

Mechanisms of TiB2 and graphite nucleation during TiC–B4C high temperature interaction

Reactive hot pressing of TiC–B₄C precursors was undertaken at 1800 °C to produce TiB₂ with carbon inclusions. Atomic mechanisms of titanium diboride nucleation, as well as sponge-like carbon inclusions and submicron platelets of graphite precipitation have been investigated. Precursor grain size, green body composition and synthesis time were varied to analyze phase transformation. The carbon left after B₄C high temperature decomposition is shown remaining as graphite sponge-like inclusions. Ab-initio calculations confirm that the boron atoms accumulation on (111) TiC plains leads to tensile stress. The developed stress cleaves TiC grains and enhances further reaction. Most of carbon expelled from TiC during its transformation into TiB₂ forms graphite submicron platelets.     

Addition-fragmentation of 5-bromopenta-1,3-diene in free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate

5-Bromopenta-1,3-diene (BPD) was examined as an addition-fragmentation chain transfer agent (AFCTA) in the free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Studies of the kinetics of polymerization in the presence of this compound showed it to be a very effective chain transfer agent and that retardation was not significant, implying efficient reinitiation by the expelled Br radical. Analysis of the resulting polymers showed that the intermediate radical formed by the addition of the propagating radical to the C₁ carbon of BPD underwent exclusive fragmentation. However, addition on the C₄ carbon, with a relative probability of 0·6, led to its copolymerization with MMA. Kinetic studies showed BPD to be a better chain-end functionalization agent than its 5-t-butyl thio derivative for deriving pentadiene-functional macromonomer. © 1998 SCI.     

Moisture sorption in relation to some characteristics of coal

Adsorption of water on sub-bituminous lower bed maghara coal and its carbonization products has been studied at 30°C. Adsorption of carbon dioxide at 25°C was also carried out for the aim of comparison. Some characteristics of coal were also investigated, these were namely, the i.r. spectra of surface functional groups and the weight loss on evacuation in the temperature range 30–140°C. Adsorption of water is related to the surface functional groups rather than to the extent of the surface. Moisture sorption may be reversible and can be expelled only by reducing the relative pressure at the isotherm temperature or irreversible in which much severe conditions are necessary.     

Geochemical characterization of solid residues, bitumen and expelled oil based on steam pyrolysis experiments from Irati oil shale, Brazil: A preliminary study

Steam pyrolysis experiments were performed on immature samples from the Irati oil shale, Paraná Basin, Brazil, using a maximum temperature of 350 °C with up to 98 h exposure time at that temperature. The objectives were to study geochemical and petrographical changes in the source material during stepwise increase in maturity, in steam conditions, comparing the properties of expelled oil with the bitumen retained in the solid residue after experimentation.Petrographical and geochemical parameters such as vitrinite reflectance and T_max, indicated an increase in maturity related to the exposure time of the organic matter to the maximum temperature. However, biomarker ratios such as 22S/(22S + 22R) C₃₁ and C₃₂ homohopanes, 20S/(20S + 20R) and αββ/(αββ + ααα) C₂₉ sterane, which are considered to be indicators of organic matter maturity levels, did not reach their equilibrium values. Some biomarkers frequently used as indicators of specific sources and/or paleoenvironments of deposition such as hopane/sterane ratio, and the concentrations of C₂₇ and C₂₉ steranes showed significant variations related to the stage of maturity. Based on the evaluation of Rock-Eval parameters, the transformation ratios in steam pyrolysis conditions reached levels higher than 80% in samples having 9 and more hours of exposure time to maximum temperature. Bitumen was found to be enriched in components of heavier molecular weight (resins and asphaltenes), whereas the expelled oils contained higher quantities of aliphatic and aromatic components. At relatively low maturity levels the n-alkane distribution of expelled oils indicate a somewhat higher maturity level when compared to the n-alkane distribution of the bitumen retained in the source rock, whereas at higher maturity levels the n-alkane distribution for the expelled oil and for the bitumen is very similar.     

Protection against intense light. II. The role of the gaseous decomposition products

Screening studies have shown that of a series of halogenated vinyl polymers, poly(vinylidine fluoride) gives comparatively good thermal protection when exposed to the intense light energy of the carbon are-image furnace. Results indicate that this protection is undoubtedly provided by polyenes, ? (CH?CF)_n? , formed during pyrolysis. Decomposition products containing these structures are expelled by the gases formed into the region between the light source and the target where they intercept photons from about 200 to 500 mμ and dissipate the energy to the air as heat and/or reradiate it. Instrumental evidence for polyene formation is given. The concept of polyene formation clarifies the relative thermal protection offered by a series of vinyl polymers.     

A novel form of carbon micro-balls from coal

A novel form of ball-like carbon material with its size in micrometer range was prepared from coal with nickel as catalyst by arc plasma method. The carbon material has been systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet laser Raman spectroscopy. The SEM observation shows that the novel carbon material exists in various forms such as individual balls, net-like and plate-like forms, all of which have a quite smooth surface. The diameters of these carbon spheres are quite uniform and in a narrow range of 10-20 μm. The EDS analysis reveals that the ball-like carbon material contains more than 99.5% of carbon and a little amount of other elements such as nickel, silicon and aluminum. The XRD and UV-Raman results reveal that the novel carbon material is a kind of highly graphitized carbon. The growth mechanism of the ball-like carbon material was proposed and discussed in terms of arc plasma parameters and the chemical structure of coal-based carbon.     

降低负重轮天然橡胶基复合材料生热的研究状况

概述负重轮天然橡胶(NR)基复合材料的生热原理及表征方法,重点介绍交联结构和填料包括炭黑、硅烷偶联剂改性白炭黑、新型碳材料氧化石墨烯和多壁碳纳米管对复合材料生热影响的研究状况。指出将新型碳材料部分取代炭黑,采用胶乳共沉法制备新型碳材料母胶有利于将新型碳材料均匀分散在NR基复合材料中,在有效提高NR基复合材料强度的同时降低其生热。新型碳材料制备成本高,需要进一步探讨其放量制备的简易方法及分散工艺,以开发能够工业化生产的应用于负重轮的高强度和低生热NR基复合材料。     

木质素纳米颗粒/天然纤维基活性碳纤维材料的制备及其电化学性能

以木质素纳米颗粒（LNPs）负载的天然纤维复合材料为研究对象,利用KOH活化的方法对其进行处理制备生物质基复合多孔活性碳纤维电极材料。随后在三电极体系中对合成的复合多孔活性碳纤维电极材料进行了电化学性能测试。研究表明,在0.5A/g的电流密度下,KOH活化的复合碳纤维电极材料的比电容为351.13F/g,远高于相同条件下未活化的复合碳纤维电极材料的比电容（7.88F/g）和未负载LNPs的天然纤维基活性碳纤维材料（306.50F/g）。而且在活化过程中,负载在纤维表面的LNPs会形成多孔的活性碳层结构,这会进一步提高复合活性碳纤维材料的循环稳定性,同时LNPs中丰富的羟基赋予复合材料额外的赝电容。在10A/g的电流密度下经过10000次循环后,复合活性碳纤维电极材料的电容保持率仍然为95%,高于未负载LNPs的活性碳纤维电极材料的电容保持率87%。结果表明,木质素纳米颗粒/天然纤维基活性碳纤维材料是一种理想的电极材料,本研究也为LNPs在生物质碳纤维作为储能电极材料的高值化应用提供了一条新途径。     

Constant pressure filtration: The effect of a filter membrane

Theory developed to describe water movement and volume change in soils may be applied to many industrially important particulate liquid suspensions. The theory is used here to predict the important aspects of constant-pressure filtration where the filter membrane significantly impedes the escape of the liquid.The method requires measured liquid content—liquid potential and liquid content—liquid diffusivity relations of the suspensions, and the conductance of the filter membrane.Illustrative calculations for saturated bentonite slurry are presented. These calculations predict the evolution of the liquid and solid profiles in both material and physical space, and the cumulative volume of liquid expelled, as a function of time during filtration.Experiments using bentonite at two different pressures, and with a range of values of membrane conductance, confirm integral predictions of the model.     

Auslegung und Dimensionierung eines mechanischen Schaumzerstörers

Design and dimensions of a mechanical defoamer. This paper presents a newly developed powerful mechanical defoamer which exploits centrifugal force and, thanks to circular channels, also Coriolis force for destruction of foam. It is incorporated into containers such that the expelled foam concentrate is deflected by the lid without producing fresh foam. Model experiments with three geometrically similar but different sized laboratory models led to dimensionaltheoretically formulated process-relations of the defoamer for various material systems (five chemical foamers, two biological substrates). Such process-relations represent a reliable basis for design and dimensions of the defoamer presented, on the one hand, and permit determination of an ?intermediate characteristic”?, having the dimensions of acceleration, which represents the mechanical degradability of the foam.     

聚乙二醇对碳纤维电极材料性能的影响

以聚乙二醇为改性剂,采用静电纺丝法制备聚丙烯腈纤维。经预氧化、碳化过程制备了聚丙烯腈基碳纤维。用SEM、XRD等手段表征了碳纤维的微观形貌及结构。用XPS测试表征了碳纤维表面元素含量。用循环伏安测试法测试碳纤维电极材料的电化学性能。实验结果表明,当聚乙二醇加入量为4％时,得到的碳纤维电极材料电容性能最佳,其比电容值达到126．84F／g。     

Enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment for mechanical expelling of soybeans

Mechanical expelling of soybeans with enzymatic hydrolysis as pretreatment was investigated, and the process parameters were optimized by means of response surface methodology. Enzyme pretreatment enhanced both the amount of extractable oil in soybeans and oil extractability. A second-order response surface model was developed to predict the expelled oil as a function of the six process parameters investigated. The optimum was found at: Moisture content during hydrolysis, 23.00% wet basis (w.b.); enzyme concentration, 11.84% vol/wt; incubation period, 13.24 h; moisture content during pressing, 9.36% w.b.; pressing pressure, 75 MPa; and pressing time, 5.36 min. The parameters had no interactive effects on expelled oil. Pressing pressures above 75 MPa caused extrusion. Under the optimal conditions, oil expelled from dehulled cracked soybeans by static pressing at room temperature (18°C) was 63.5% of the total extractable oil. Much higher oil recovery would be expected in actual screw expellers due to dynamic pressing and higher operating temperature. Oil recovery could be further increased by adding one or more conventional pretreatments to the enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment investigated in this study.     

用于合成金刚石的炭源材料实验及其选择

叙述了不同炭源材料合成金刚石的效果。讨论了炭源材料影响合成金刚石效果的因素。在对多种炭源材料性能测试与分析的基础上，指出了合成金刚石炭源材料的优选原则。     

碳纤维增强复合材料的应用现状

碳纤维复合材料以其优异的综合性能成为当今世界材料学科研究的重点。介绍了碳纤维的概念及其性能,简述了碳纤维复合材料作为结构型复合材料、结构功能型复合材料及功能型复合材料的一些具体应用。     

硬模板法合成分子筛研究进展

综述了近年来以各种碳材料(如碳纳米管、炭气凝胶、介孔碳、炭黑)、生物质及其它材料(如聚苯乙烯微球、CaCO3等)为硬模板合成分子筛的研究进展,介绍了各种模板剂的使用特点和效果,最后总结了利用硬模板法合成分子筛面临的一些问题。