六氟丙烯齐聚物衍生的含氟表面活性剂的特性和应用

1前言含氟表面活性剂是指以氟原子取代普通表面活性剂中碳氢键上的氢，而形成碳氟链的表面活性剂。从碳氢链上的氢被氟原子取代的程度来看，可构成全氟取代型或部分取代型，并可根据基团性质的不同分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性和非离子型。含氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂相比，突出的性能是“三高”、“二憎”。“三高”是指高表面活性，高耐热稳定性，高化学惰性。“二憎”是指憎水又憎油。有关研究表明，含氟表面活性剂的高表面活性是由于其分子间的范德华引力小而造成的，分子从水溶液中移至溶液表面，所需的张力小，导致了强烈的表面…     

含氟表面活性剂的技术及市场应用

氟表面活性剂为特种表面活性剂产品中最重要的一类品种，主要应用于技术要求较高的特种场合或一般普通表面活性剂难以胜任的、应用效果较差的领域。同时又可以作为普通表面活性剂增效用的特殊添加剂，通过添加极少量的氟表面活性剂后的普通表面活性剂产品，即可极大地改善普通表面活性剂的性能，有时还能达到意想不到的效果。但是由于氟表面活性剂的商品价格要比普通表面活性剂高，对氟表面活性剂的推广应用形成一定的局限性，这是唯一的缺点。     

氟系表面活性剂的市场展望

氟系表面活性剂的市场展望１特点氟系表面活性剂系一般表面活性剂亲油基之氢被氟取代而生成的全氟烃基化合物，其表面活性格外地强。与一般表面活性剂相比，氟系表面活性剂具有如下特点：（１）一般表面活性剂溶于水时，水的表面张力可降至约３０ｄｙｎ／ｃｍ，而氟系表面...     

工业含氟化合物的研究概况

本文主要介绍俄罗斯应用化学研究中心（“ ”，位于圣－彼得堡）在臭氧安全氟烃的合成和性能、以及用于制造高效表面活性剂、离子交换膜、耐热油、润滑油的氟烯烃和带官能团含氟化合物，以及用于微电子技术和医药的高纯含氟化合物等等方面的最近研究情况。１臭氧安全化合物 近的来因保护臭氧层签订的维也纳会议决议（１９８５）和蒙特利尔议定书（１９８７年）以及最近对蒙特利尔议定书的修正案等使有机氟化物化学方面的研究发生了很大的改变。这些议定书和修正案决定在１９９６年的第一阶段禁止氯氟烃（氟利昂－１１、１２、１１３、１１４…     

化学驱用特种表面活性剂的文献综述

随着油田开采程度的深入,普通表面活性剂由于其固有的弱点已不能满足在高温高盐条件下提高采收率的要求,于是把目光转向了新型耐温抗盐表面活性剂——特种表面活性剂。化学驱用特种表面活性剂主要包括G em in i型表面活性剂、氟表面活性剂、生物表面活性剂和非离子-阴离子复合型表面活性剂。本文将就特种表面活性剂的研制开发、特性及应用作较详细介绍。     

氟表面活性剂在油田领域的应用

氟表面活性剂具有高稳定性、高表面活性、憎水憎油性等应用特点,因而在油田钻井领域、采油领域以及集输领域具有广泛的应用空间。通过氟表面活性剂在油田领域的应用进行探究,分析氟表面活性剂的特点、氟表面活性剂在各领域的应用,以促进氟表面活性剂的应用价值和社会效益的提升。     

碳氟表面活性剂

介绍了碳氟表面活性剂的主要物理化学性质，合成方法，国际，国内碳氟表面活性剂的发展及现状。介绍了碳氟表面活性剂的最新进展，特别是一些新型碳氟表面活性剂的主要性质和用途。分析了我国碳氟表面活性剂发展缓慢，与国外形成巨大反差的原因，并对进一步发展我国的碳氟表面活性剂工业提出了自己的看法。     

氟硅表面活性剂的制备及应用研究进展

综述了氟硅表面活性剂的合成方法,简述了氟硅表面活性剂的类别特征及其研究现状,介绍了氟硅表面活性剂的性能优点及其应用。     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(ⅩⅦ)——氟硅表面活性剂的合成及应用

综述了氟硅表面活性剂的主要合成方法,如硅氢加成法、自由基聚合法及缩聚法;介绍了氟硅表面活性剂在橡胶、涂料、润滑剂及其他精细化学品等方面的应用及性能,最后对氟硅表面活性剂的发展进行了展望.     

氟表面活性剂的工业应用

介绍了氟表面活性剂的分类、结构及性质;主要综述了由于氟表面活性剂具有"三高"、"两憎"的独特性能,广泛应用于消防、皮革、石油、造纸、纺织印染及金属材料加工等工业领域,起到普通碳氢表面活性剂所不能的作用;指出了根据应用领域的不同,应从分子结构设计入手,有针对性地、有目的地研发氟表面活性剂新品种新工艺,拓展应用领域,注重氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂的复配研究。     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

熟料岩相试样制作方法及典型岩相特征的形成原因

熟料的岩相分析有助于熟料质量的判断及生产过程控制调整。根据多年实践经验,总结了手工和机械磨制岩相试样的方法及注意事项,并对几种熟料岩相特征(孔洞、游离氧化钙、A矿包裹B矿和f-Ca O、晶体尺寸不均和矿巢)进行了举例和形成原因分析。     

Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein

The effects of extraction temperature and preservation method on the functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined. Four extraction temperatures (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C) were used to produce SPI and yields of solids and protein contents were determined. Three preservation methods were also tested (spray-drying, freeze-drying, and freezing–thawing) and compared to fresh (undried) samples for each extraction temperature. No differences in yields of solids and protein were observed among SPIs extracted at 25, 40, and 60 °C; however, SPI extracted at 80 °C yielded significantly less solids and protein. Extraction temperature significantly affected SPI functionality. As extraction temperature increased, solubility and emulsification capacity decreased; surface hydrophobicities, emulsification activities and stabilities, and dynamic viscosities increased; and foaming properties improved. Preservation method also significantly affected SPI functionality. Drying method did not affect the denaturation enthalpies of SPIs, but spray-dried SPIs had higher solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification stabilities, and lower viscosities, emulsification activities and rates of foaming than freeze-dried SPI exhibited. Emulsification and foaming capacities and foaming stabilities were similar for both methods of drying. There was significant interaction between extraction temperature and preservation method for all functional properties except emulsification capacity.     

Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications

The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers’ demands while searching for ‘clean label’ food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes’ ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes’ incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.     

Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis)

The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.     

COMBINED INNOVATIVE HEAT PUMP DRYING TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COLD EXTRUSION TECHNIQUES FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FOODS

There is an increased demand for convenient foods including ready-to-eat and instant products. These products are desired with minimum concentration of synthetic chemicals. This creates challenges for the food industry and dryers manufactures to develop new technologies to process difficult-sensitive materials and to supply final products with high quality and improved properties. Fruits and vegetables are mainly composed of water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Due to modification of chemical and physical bonds the compounds the material becomes viscous and sticky during processing. Conventional dryers have limitations in handling such sensitive materials. Heat pump dryers have been applied in the production of a diversity of ready-to-eat foods and dried instant products for the last five years at SINTEF-NTNU. Besides being energetically efficient and environmentally friendly, the heat pump drying technology provides a wide range of drying conditions as required to produce powders with improved characteristics. This work describes the new technologies and processing line for the production of instant foods as well as the measurements on the properties and quality attributes for raw, intermediate and final instant products.     

Self-Assembly of Diamondoid Molecules and Derivatives (MD Simulations and DFT Calculations)

We report self-assembly and phase transition behavior of lower diamondoid molecules and their primary derivatives using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Two lower diamondoids (adamantane and diamantane), three adamantane derivatives (amantadine, memantine and rimantadine) and two artificial molecules (ADM•Na and DIM•Na) are studied separately in 125-molecule simulation systems. We performed DFT calculations to optimize their molecular geometries and obtained atomic electronic charges for the corresponding MD simulation, by which we predicted self-assembly structures and simulation trajectories for the seven different diamondoids and derivatives. Our radial distribution function and structure factor studies showed clear phase transitions and self-assemblies for the seven diamondoids and derivatives.     

Environment and colour: The technological interface

Technology and colour are viewed as interfaces between the environment, humans and human activity. Examples are provided of ways of facilitating and improving access to and use of colours by commercial users of colour coatings through improvements in the accuracy of measuring and displaying colour. By analogy, the task of providing effective interfaces within the coatings industry, between the coatings industry and the environment and between the coatings industry and the public and political domain are discussed. Examples of information shortfalls are cited to illustrate how distortions arise. Examples of more effective, integrated technological, organisational and political interfacing are culled from the author's experiences.     

毒死蜱、联苯菊酯在室内和室外土壤中的消解动态及土壤化学屏障研究

[目的]探讨毒死蜱和联苯菊酯在室内外土壤中的消解动态,并预测2种农药作为土壤化学屏障防治白蚁的有效期。[方法]采用气相色谱法测定不同时期土壤中毒死蜱和联苯菊酯的残留量并采用土壤穿透法测定2种农药在土壤中的生物活性。[结果]毒死蜱在室内和室外的半衰期分别为51.3、39.5 d,联苯菊酯在室内和室外的半衰期分别为31.3、44.5 d。毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗白蚁穿透的最低有效质量分数分别为6.15、5.78 mg/kg,并结合消解动态方程预测出毒死蜱和联苯菊酯作为土壤化学屏障中有效成分的有效期在室内分别为195、29.1 d,在室外则分别为158.4、56.1 d。[结论]得到的白蚁防治有效期结果较好,为白蚁的化学防治提供理论依据。