Untersuchungen zur Übertragung von Bakterien mittels Seifenstücken bei mehrmaligen Waschvorgängen

Investigations on the Spread of Bacteria through Soap Pieces Due to Repeated Use in Washing Taking a model example which is similar to the usual practice, it was examined as to how far the bacteria can be carried over from one person to the other through the soap pieces. Independent of the nature of soap employed, a thorough washing leads to a reduction of contaminating germs to an extent of nearly 100%. If the piece of soap contaminated with bacteria is used by another person, neither are germs carried over to the hands of this person nor do the bacteria adhere to the soap after the second washing, provided the washing is carried out thoroughly. If a contaminated soap is left as such, a reduction in the number of contaminating germs occur. This is observed especially in the case of deodorant soaps.     

A new approach to continuous soap making-constant composition control

Summary A new continuous process for the manufacture of soap is described, detailing the three main operations in soapmaking, that is, saponification, washing, and fitting. In the new process all operations involved in the production of soap are carried out in a hermetically closed system. The amounts of lye necessary for the saponification as well as of brine for the washing and fitting operations are regulated by the automatic constant-composition control system, which eliminates the older method of control of the soapmaking process by cumbersome chemical analyses. The process is based on the use of the Hermetic separator, a centrifuge of special design which allows the regulation of the separation efficiency during operation and which prevents any admixture or contact of the soap with air and consequently any oxidation of the product during processing. All type of soap, high grade toilet soap as well as laundry soap and industrial soaps, can be produced by this process, which is characterized by high flexibility, low operation-costs, and a high quality of the finished product. Presented at the fall meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Ill., October 20–22, 1958.     

肥（香）皂市场及趋势

概述了肥皂市场的发展状况及肥皂的创新与创意。随着消费者对更天然、更安全个人清洁用品的追崇，各种质地、香型、色泽、形态和包装的个人清洁用品充斥着市场，消费者面临着更多的选择。肥皂这一曾经最畅销的洗涤产品正面临巨大的冲击。肥皂行业只有对产品不断地进行升级，在配方上有所创新，在配方中添加一些有附加值的配料，保持肥（香）皂企业在清洗行业市场中的占有率，保持市场竞争力和企业活力，才能实现肥皂行业的长期可持续发展。     

锌皂与其它金属皂的协同效应

通过刚果红法、热烘法及耐侯性实验研究了几种无毒硬脂酸皂与特种脂肪酸皂的耐热性、耐侯性以及锌皂与其它金属皂间的协同效应。研究结果表明,特种脂肪酸皂的热稳定性能优于相对应的硬脂酸皂;硬脂酸锌与其它硬脂酸皂复合,能改善初期着色,但长期稳定性差,耐侯性也不好;特种脂肪酸锌与其它特种脂肪酸皂复合,能改善初期着色,长期稳定性好,同时制品的耐候性也得到显著的改善,表现较好的协同稳定效果。     

无毒金属皂间协同热稳定效果的研究

通过静态刚果红法、热烘法来研究锌皂与各种不同金属皂间的协同热稳定效果。研究结果表明：初期型锌皂与其它长期型金属皂复合能显著改善初期热烘变色,表现良好协同稳定作用;新型锌的热稳定时间是硬脂酸锌的两倍,采用新型锌的复合皂的热稳定性能均比采用硬脂酯锌的复合皂明显提高,其中新型锌与硬脂酸钙的复合皂热稳定性能最好。     

Rapid settling of soap in the course of laboratory soap boiling

Summary A method is described in which gravity settling has been replaced by centrifugal separation in the course of laboratory soap boiling. The time required for the preparation of a sample of soap in this manner can be reduced to about 8 hours. Results are well reproducible and by selection of suitable conditions during centrifuging, samples can be made to closely duplicate corresponding soaps made on the kettle floor with regard to appearance and composition.     

Alkaline earth stearate emulsions

Conclusions Considering the conditions under which these emulsions were prepared and from the facts brought out about them, we believe, with Bancroft and others, that the peptizing action of these soaps is due to their concentration at the liquid-liquid interface and to the subsequent formation of a tough elastic film of particles of the soap around the drops of water. From the character of the soaps dealt with, it appears to us that the hydrophobic film consists of discrete particles. The variations found in viscosities can be explained upon the assumption that there is difference in the water particle size under the different conditions. The solubility of the soap in the oil can take but little, if any, part in determining the character of these emulsions, for the work was done with concentrations far in excess of the solubilities of the several soaps at the temperatures employed.     

Detergent action of rosin soaps and fatty acid — Rosin soaps

Summary A method for evaluating the detergent action of soaps has been described and applied to a series of soap solutions. The detergent action of rosin soaps, the effect of compounds present in soap or used with soap on the detergent action of a rosin soap, and the effect of rosin soap on the detergent action of tallow soap have been tested. The effect of temperature on the detergent action of some of the detergent solutions has also been determined. The results of these detergent tests on rosin, fatty acid and fatty acid-rosin soaps indicated the following: (1) Rosin soaps made from different gum rosins, produced from longleaf and slash pine gums, have equal detergent action; (2) The presence of soaps of oxidized rosin acids has no effect on detergent action of the rosin soap; (3) The detergent action of soaps made from pyroabietic acid, abietic acid and hydrogenated rosin parallels their ability to lower the surface tension of water and the amount of hydrogen present in the rosin acids; (4) The addition of builders that increase the alkalinity of the rosin soap solution improves the detergent action of the solution; (5) The blending of rosin soap with tallow soap improves the detergent action of the tallow soap in solutions having a soap concentration of 0.25 percent or more; (6) Temperature affects the detergent action of rosin and coconut oil soaps more than tallow soap.     

The germicidal activity of rosin soap and fatty acid-rosin soap as indicated by hand-washing experiments

Summary and Conclusions Price’s procedure as slightly modified (4) was used for studying the germicidal action of cleaning agents on the hands and showed that rosin soap and a commercial soap containing rosin were more active germicidally on the bacteria normally found on human skin than the usual commercial fatty acid soaps free from rosin soap. The experiments indicate that the lather of a 10-percent coconut oil soap solution and of a 10-percent coconut oil-rosin soap solution are germicidally active against the organisms removed. However, three 2-minute washes with these soap solutions had little effect on the bacteria not removed from the hands. The use of a 10-percent rosin soap solution in the same manner had a marked germicidal effect against both the organisms removed and those remaining. The lather of a commercial soap containing rosin soap was shown to be germicidally active, but three 2-minute washes had only a slight effect on the resident flora. However, the regular use of this soap daily for one week led to substantial reduction of both the transient and resident flora of the hands. The evidence of germicidal activity of rosin soaps and soaps containing rosin, both with regard to these hand-washing experiments and the “in vitro” (7) experiments, indicates that wider consideration might well be given this type of soap where germicidal activity is of importance. L. S. Stuart was employed in the Industrial-Farm Products Research Division when this work was done.     

By-Products from the Chestnut Industry Used to Produce Natural Potassium Soaps: Physicochemical Properties

Mechanical properties of soaps are important during soap making and in the appraisal of the final product. In this context, the main objectives of this study were to develop novel potassium soaps prepared using chestnut husk ashes as an alternative source for potash production, to investigate their mechanical properties and to compare them with those obtained from traditional sources. A parallel objective was to determine the physicochemical properties of the studied ashes and potashes. Physicochemical results indicated that ash and potash have compositions which vary with the materials used, i.e. chestnut husk ashes as an interesting source for potash production. Rheological and textural properties indicate that natural soaps obtained from chestnut husk ashes can be interesting products for the soft soap market and provide additional economic value to wastes or by-products as a strategy to add value to the chestnut processing industry.     

Comparative value of fatty acids and resin acids of tall oil in soaps

Summary A study has been made of the detergency and foaming power of soaps made from a typical acid-refined American tall oil. Sodium soap of tall oil, straight tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resin-acid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acid-resin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap. The data indicate in terms of detergency: a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect. As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without unsaponifiables is equivalent to a corresponding mixture of sodium oleate and sodium rosinate. The presence of unsaponifiables lowers both detergency and foaming. Tall oil soap is somewhat less sensitive to hard water than sodium oleate. Significant differences between detergencies of soaps, and especially between soap mixtures, are obscured when launderometer tests are run at moderate soap concentrations. These differences are readily detected at lower concentrations. Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948.     

Gas chromatographic analysis of fragrances in palm-based white soaps

Four commercial soap fragrances 1,2,3, and 4 were incorporated in palm-based white soaps and made into bars. The soap bars were stored at 25°C and 40°C for three months. The headspace gas-chromatographic volatiles, fragrance odor intensity and whiteness analyses of the soap samples were carried out at 10-day intervals. By means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, some of the headspace gas-chromatographic peaks were identified. These peaks were useful in monitoring the fragrance components. For example, fragrance 4 contains the components limonene and citronellal which are known to possess a citrus odor component. Fragrance odor intensity scores showed that the intensity of the fragrances in the soap base was the same for all. Results also showed that most of the fragrances had the same effect on the whiteness of palm-based white soaps, except for fragrance 2 which gave a pink color to the white soaps. Equations were established between the fragrance odor intensity and area under the gas-chromatographic peaks. The equation can give useful information on the fragrance odor intensity by calculating the area of the chromatographic peaks; the fragrance odor intensity is a reflection of the fragrance retention in palm-based soaps.     

Use of modified rosins in soap

Summary We have endeavored to show the advantages that rosins modified by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or polymerization have over ordinary rosins when used in soap. Ordinary rosin darkens in color upon oxidation. The modified rosins are not as susceptible to oxidation, and, therefore, soaps made using them do not darken in color to any greater extent than is normal for a soap made from the same fat stock but without rosin. The modified rosins when used as a replacement for part of the fat in soap making increase the rate of solubility of soap to a greater extent than do the ordinary rosins. They also show a slight advantage on the amount and stability of the lather. Hydrogenated rosin should be considered wherever germicidal value is desired since it contains a large proportion of tetra- and di-hydroabietic acids which have been shown by other investigators to have greater germicidal activity than the ordinary rosin acids or the fatty acids. The addition of modified rosins increase the wetting action of fatty acid soaps. It is indicated that up to 50% of modified rosin can be added to soap without decreasing detergent action, which, taken together with its other beneficial properties, makes it an ideal extender for fatty soap stocks. Chairman, Committee D-12 on Soap and Other Detergents of the American Society for Testing Materials.     

A novel sample preparation for chloride analysis in bar soaps

A simple and rapid sample preparation technique is described for the potentiometric determination of chloride in bar soaps. Usual preparation of soap for potentiometric chloride analysis involves time-consuming dissolution of the sample in water or heating to affect dissolution, followed by a cooling step. Also, when performing potentiometric titrations for chloride under the usual acid conditions, aqueous solutions of soap bars (unlike combination soap/detergent bars) will form insoluble semisolid fatty acids that can occlude some chloride and make clean-up difficult. This paper describes a simple dissolution of bar soap sample in dilute H₂SO₄/methanol at ambient temperature that simultaneously acidifies the sample solution and produces noninterfering methyl esters from the soap fatty acids; water is then added, and the chloride is determined potentiometrically with standardized AgNO₃. This procedure has been shown to work well with automatic titrators.     

自动包装机在高湿度粉体物料包装中的应用

自动包装机主要用于粉体及颗粒物料的包装,但高湿度粉体物料的包装,没有成熟的应用案例。为解决这一问题,通过对FZB-50/25型包装机自动称量、接料装置等方面的改进,成功实现高湿度粉体物料(土壤调节剂)的快速自动包装。     

A Simple Rapid Method for Direct Determination of Total Fatty Matter in Soaps

A rapid single step method for direct determination of total fatty matter (TFM) of soaps has been developed. The procedure involves two-phase titration of a 2% solution of soap in ethanol : 2-propanol (4 : 1 v/v) under alkaline conditions with 0.01 M solution of p-tert. octyl phenoxyethoxy ethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Hyamine 1622) using bromocresol green as indicator. The method eliminates the tedious and time-consuming ether extraction procedure and is applicable in the presence of all non-fatty constituents normally present in soaps and also in the presence of unsaponified oil, if any, in the soap. The TFM of soaps with mean molecular weights varying from 200 to 300 can be determined with reasonable accuracy. The relative standard deviation for 0.04 to 0.11 millimole of TFM (mean molecular weight range 280–300) in soaps is in the range of 0.3–2.0. The method cuts down the time of TFM analysis from a minimum of 2 hours (for conventional ether extraction method) to less than 15 minutes from the time the material is available in solution. A special feature of the method is that it enables determination of alcohol-insolubles as well as free alkali of the soap without necessitating any additional arrangement.     

Current future fat-based raw materials for soap manufacture

The traditional use of coconut and palm oils for soap manufacture can be expected to continue indefinately. Certain oils of the oleic/ linoleic acid group are too unsaturated to yield soaps of the desired degree of hardness and stability. They may be hydrogenated to form suitable hard soap fats; a quantity of these oils is used regularly in the preparation of soft soaps and in blends with harder fats. The chief animal fat used in soapmaking is tallow. Other fats and oils less frequently used include babassu, palm kernel and olive oil. The ratio of tallow/coconut oil used for the manufacture of toilet soaps ranges from 85:15 to 75:25. A correlation of soap properties with the ratio of 95:5 to 75:25 of tallow and coconut oil demonstrates that properties such as cracking, swelling and hardness are not as sensitive to the changes in the blend ratios as are erosion characteristics, slushing and lather. Present production of Russian and Eastern European soap is from huge quantities of straight-chain, odd- and even-numbered, carbon saturated synthetic fatty acids (SFA). Future fat-based raw materials might include certain fractionated fatty acids, methyl ester intermediates, acidulated sunflower and/or safflower soapstocks. Jojoba wax might be a surprising new raw material.     

Effects of superfatting agents on cracking phenomena in toilet soap

Palm stearin (POs) is one of the cheapest sources of C16–C18 fatty acids for use in soap making. Toilet-soap formulations containing a high content of POs, however, would result in hard soaps with a tendency to form cracks on the surface. This phenomenon can be overcome by addition of superfatting agents to increase plasticity of the finished product. In this study, two different blends of soap made from distilled POs, palm oil (PO), and palm kernel oil (PKO) fatty acids in the ratio of 40POs/40PO/20PKO and 70POs/30PKO were evaluated. The soaps were superfatted with glycerin, palm kernel olein, coconut oil, olive oil and canola oil. The levels of incorporation of each superfatting material were 1, 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. The samples were subsequently tested for both wet and dry crackings using the Hewitt Soap Company methods (numbers 78 and 79, respectively). The superfatted soaps had a total fatty matter of 73–83% and an average moisture content of 10%. The penetration value which indicates hardness increased with increasing amount of superfatting agents. Foaming or lathering property was good with the exception of the formulation using palm kernel olein and canola oil as superfatting agents. At all the above levels of superfatting agents added, no cracks were observed during both wet and dry cracking tests. A sample of soap superfatted with 2% canola oil, however, developed cracks during the wet cracking test. This resulted in a test score of 7. Superfatting soaps with 1–2% neutral oils or glycerin resulted in better quality soaps that were free of cracks.     

Wirksamkeit von Kalkseifendispergatoren in Stückseifen

Efficacy of Lime Soap Dispersion Agents in Bar Soaps The efficacy of surfactant-like lime soap dispersing agents was determined by means of the scattering light method (forward scattering). According to this, the stabilization of colloidal lime soap dispersions is measurd, i. e., the delay of agglomeration in the μm-range and of flocculation of lime soaps by lime soap dispersing agents. The scattering light intensity versus time behaviour of lime soap dispersions correlates with gradings from visual judgements usually made in application tests for bar soaps. The efficacy of lime soap dispersing agents of different chemical constitution as well as the influence of functional groups on the efficacy have been investigated.