Zur chemie des lignins

“Brauns”-Lignin in H₂SO₄ of 74,9 weight % produces a curve of hydrolysation which does not show the addition on or the elimination of H₂O reactions as proved with native lignin. Therefore native and “Brauns”-Lignin are not identical. “Brauns”-Lignin has a saccharid component, which is not a saccharid insoluble in water. Beechwoodlignin (sulphuric acid) shows a plastic flow after cold pressing under high pressure, and thereafter has a specific weight of 1,24–1,28 g/cm³. Incorporation of beechwood-sulphuric-acetic-lignim in the melt of polymerizing caprolactam produces a light brown, metallic shining mass. Lignin-concentration lower than 1% strongly reduces the possibility to spin. It is possible to produce an orange coloured, transparent, strongly swollen mass from picea-sulphuric-acid-lignin in a suspension of diluted solution of acetic acid with NaClO₂. The further oxidative destruction with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide, acetic anhydride, and acetic acid yields acid products, which can be separated by their leadsalts with different solubility and some of them form crystals as free acids. For the main fraction the structure is discussed.     

Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Chemieingenieurwesens

Development of chemical engineering – A survey. This article describes the scientific and technological origins of chemical engineering and the concept of chemical technology. The paradigm of unit operations was the result of mass production, continuous and catalytic processes, and knowledge of physical chemistry. The evolution of theory and the institutionalization of chemical engineering are described as constitutive elements.     

Zur Reproduzierbarkeit des Lichtschutzfaktors

Reproducibility of Light-Protection Factor The determination of light-protection factor, which is carried out in erythema-threshold experiment under artificial UV radiators, has become a common practice for assaying light protecting agents. Varying results may be obtained due to different sources of radiation and distribution of doses, locally varying intensity of radiation and proneness to erythema, different thickness of the applied layers and mode of reading off as well as statistical deviation from the true mean values, dependent on the number of tested persons. For a better comparability, the experimental conditions should be standardized as far as possible, and apart from the mean value, also the doubled mean error of the mean value should be given.     

Zur Bestimmung des Sulfatierungsgrades von Alkylsulfaten

Determination of the Degree of Sulfation of Alkylsulfates By using the statistical computation of error, the methods for the determination of the degree of sulfation of alkylsulfates are reviewed critically with and without consideration of the unsulfatables in fatty alcohol, with respect to expenditure of work, applicability and reproductbility.     

Die Fettung der Haare durch den Talg

Fattening of Hair by Sebaceous Secretion Fat from the sebaceous gland reaches the skin surface via hair follicles. The major portion of the fat is present in follicle funnel. The amount of fat in the follicle funnel is regulated by its own surface tension. A general spreading of this fat over the skin surface is not observed. Similarly, the fat in the follicle funnel does not impregnate the hair. In fact, the hair absorbs fat mechanically from the neighbouring follicle funnels. The sebaceous gland is not capable of actively depositing the fat on skin and hair. Using a modification of the ground glass method, the process of fattening of hair can be followed quantitatively for days together. The kinetic of refattening shows a distinct relationship with the interval between hair washes.     

Zur Bindung des Resthexans in Raps-Extraktionsschroten

Binding Effects of Residual Hexane in Rapeseed Meal At the industrial extraction of rapeseed a clearly higher residual hexane capacity than in most other oilseed meals appears after the desolventizing process-step. The hexane is set free during the storage period of the meal. Because of safety factors a lower hexane content is to aspire. As a possible reason is a stronger binding effect of hexane in the rapeseed hulls supposed. The significant differences in the structure of meat and hulls are demonstrated. The comparison of kinetic extraction curves for both components exemplifies the clearly delayed triglyceride-release out of the hulls. The strong binding effect can be explained with the help of the osmosorption-model by taking the structural differences and higher residual oil contents in the hulls into consideration. This contribution will initiate the discussion, whether or not a reduction of hull contents by seed-dehulling can solve the problem of residual hexane.