燃油箱用无铅表面处理钢板材料的发展

镀铅锡合金钢板是传统的汽车燃油箱钢板材料,但由于人们环保意识的增强,燃油箱无铅化已是大势所趋.发达国家的许多钢铁厂开发了各种无铅且耐蚀性更好的汽车燃油箱用表面处理钢板材料,包括无铅镀层钢板和预涂层钢板两大类.热浸镀Al钢板、热浸镀Zn-Sn钢板、电镀Zn-Ni钢板、热镀Zn闪镀Ni双层镀钢板等无铅镀层钢板和预涂层GA钢板、预涂层电镀Zn-Ni钢板等预涂层钢板都已在汽车上应用.具有优良耐蚀性、成形性和焊接性的无Pb、无Cr(VI)预涂层钢板已成为汽车燃油箱钢板发展的方向.     

电刷镀Ni／n-SiO2复合镀层的形貌及摩擦学性能研究

利用脉冲换向电刷镀方法制得了Ni／n—SiO2复合镀层，并对镀层进行了表面形貌观察和分析，测试了镀层的摩擦学性能，与直流工艺条件下的快镍镀层和Ni／n—SiO2复合镀层相比，采用脉冲换向电刷镀工艺得到的Ni／n—SiO2复合镀层，由于脉冲换向电流的细晶强化作用和纳米颗粒的弥散强化作用，镀层致密、晶粒团尺寸细小、硬度高、摩擦系数低，因此耐磨性能更好。     

电火花烧结制品中金刚石表面不同镀层对其性能的影响

本文研究了表面镀覆Ti及Ti Ni的金刚石在电火花脉冲放电烧条件下表面镀层与镀层之间、镀层与金属颗粒之间的放电及熔焊现象，镀层对制品抗折强度及颗粒出露高度的影响。研究表明，表现具有金属性质的镀覆Ti及Ti Ni镀层金刚石能够参与粉末冶金过程中的脉冲放电烧结，增加了金刚石颗粒与基体金属的把持能力，从而大幅度提高了制品的抗折强度及颗粒出露高度，进而大幅度提高了金刚石工具的寿命及锋利度。     

Pd镀层对DD3合金扩散性能的影响

以高温合金DD3为基材，利用电镀工艺得到10μm的Pd镀层，然后在1050℃分别做4h和14h真空热处理，以研究Pd镀层的阻扩散行为。XRD和SEM／EDS的分析结果表明，电镀后的DD3表面得到的是单一的Pd镀层，但经过1050℃，4h和14h的真空热处理之后，基体中的元素如Al，Cr，Co和Ni等会通过Pd镀层扩散到表面，说明Pd镀层本身不能作为阻止基体元素扩散的涂层用于DD3的基体之上。     

铸铁电刷镀 Ni-P 和 Ni 镀层性能研究

目的研究利用电刷镀技术对铸铁表面进行刷镀修复。方法在铸铁表面电刷镀Ni和Ni-P两种镀层,观察镀层的表面形貌,分析镀层的物相组成,检测镀层结合力、耐磨性及耐蚀性等性能。结果在铸铁表面获得了结合紧密且晶粒大小均匀、致密的Ni-P刷镀层。Ni刷镀层较Ni-P刷镀层晶粒细小,具有较多孔洞,结构疏松。在相同刷镀时间下,Ni-P刷镀层厚度约为0.1 mm,是Ni刷镀层的2倍;与基体的结合力为85 N,而Ni刷镀层结合力为48 N。Ni-P和Ni刷镀层均主要由Ni,Fe10.8Ni和Fe Ni3组成,并含有少量的铜。Ni-P刷镀层的磨损质量和磨损体积最小,具有更好的耐磨性能;Ni刷镀层由于较疏松,出现了较严重的粘着磨损和擦伤特征。Ni-P刷镀层的自腐蚀电位最高,腐蚀电流密度最小,具有较好的耐腐蚀性能。结论通过电刷镀可对铸铁表面进行修复,提高其耐蚀和耐磨性能,其中Ni-P刷镀层的修复效果较好。     

纳米硬度计测定电刷镀纳米颗粒复合镀层的弹性模量

采用电刷镀技术在钢基体表面制备了n-Al2O3／Ni纳米颗粒复合镀层，借助纳米硬度计的纳米压痕法测定了复合镀层的弹性模量及其分布。测试结果表明：n—Al2O3／Ni纳米颗粒复合刷镀层的杨氏模量约为200GPa；复合刷镀层中存在的气孔、裂纹等缺陷处具有较低的弹性模量，除这些缺陷微区外，复合刷镀层具有均一的弹性模量等力学性能。指出优化和严格控制复合刷镀层制备工艺、减少或消除镀层缺陷，是纳米颗粒复合刷镀层具有均匀性能、提高宏观力学性能的有效途径。     

温度与镀层对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料润湿性的影响

采用润湿平衡法测试了Sn-Ag-cu无铅钎料在两种试验温度下和三种基体上的润湿时间和润湿力,研究了钎焊温度对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料在不同基体上润湿性能的影响。研究结果表明,温度升高显著提高无铅钎料对基体的润湿能力,在260℃时,Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料的润湿时间已接近Sn-Pb的润湿时间,润湿力大于Sn-Pb钎料的润湿力;Sn-Ag-Cu钎料在Ni／Au、SnBi镀层上的润湿时间明显小于在无镀层基体上的润湿时间,且Sn-Ag-Cu钎料在三种基体上的润湿时间分别较在235℃时下降了34％～67％。     

P对Au/Ni/Cu焊盘与SnAgCu焊点焊接界面可靠性的影响

采用回流焊工艺在ENIG镀层印制电路板上组装289I/Os无铅Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu球栅阵列封装器件,对封装后的电路板进行随机振动可靠性试验,采用X-Ray、SEM和EDX等测试确定焊点在随机振动试验过程中的失效机制,探讨焊点沿界面失效与镀层内P元素的分布和含量的关系.在振动试验中失效和未失效的BGA焊点与镀层界面表现出类似的微观形貌,Ni层因被氧化腐蚀而在焊点截面形貌上出现"缺齿"痕迹,而在表面形貌图上此呈现黑色的氧化腐蚀裂纹.P在镀层表面的聚集对Ni的氧化腐蚀有促进作用,同时P的聚集也明显降低焊点结合界面的机械强度.Ni层的氧化和Ni层表面P元素的聚集是引发焊点沿焊点,镀层结合界面开裂的主要原因.     

n-Al2O3/Ni复合电刷镀层滑动磨损性能

为了提高材料在含磨粒油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能，制备了n-Al2O3／Ni电刷镀复合镀层，采用扫描电镜观察了镀层的表面和截面组织以及纳米颗粒在复合镀层中的分布，以GCr15钢为对摩件对比了复合镀层与快速镍刷镀层以及45钢的摩擦磨损性能，并且对磨损试样表面的形貌和成分进行了分析。结果发现，纳米颗粒的加入细化了镀层组织，改善了镀层与基体的结合，提高了镀层的硬度；材料在含细沙油润滑条件下的磨损量与时间呈线性关系，复合镀层的摩擦系数和磨损量小于快速镍镀层和45钢。     

电沉积技术制备纳米SiO2/Ni复合镀层工艺的研究

利用电沉积方法制备了纳米SiO2／Ni复合镀层。研究了阴极电流密度、微粒浓度、pH值、搅拌方式和表面活性剂种类以及浓度等对镀层沉积速率的影响，为正确制定电镀工艺提供了依据。扫描电镜观察表明，纳米微粒的加入增加了镀层表面的不工整性。     

Electrodeposition of multi-layer Pd–Ni coatings on 316L stainless steel and their corrosion resistance in hot sulfuric acid solution

Pd–Ni coating shows good corrosion resistance in strong corrosion environments. However, in complex aggressive environments, the performance of the coatings is limited and further improvement is necessary. The effects of the applied plating current density on the composition, structure and properties of Pd–Ni coatings were studied. By changing the current density in the same bath, multi-layer Pd–Ni coatings were prepared on 316L stainless steel. Scanning electronic microscopy, weight loss tests, adhesion strength, porosity and electrochemical methods were used to study the corrosion resistance of the films prepared by different coating methods. Compared with the single layer Pd–Ni coating, the multi-layer coatings showed higher microhardness, lower internal stress, lower porosity and higher adhesive strength. The multi-layer Pd–Ni coating showed obviously better corrosion resistance in hot sulfuric acid solution containing Cl^?.     

Ni-Sn-P复合镀层的组织结构与抗垢性能研究

采用XRD测试、硬度测试、接触角测量、表面自由能计算和抗垢能力测试等方法，研究热处理对Ni-Sn-P复合镀层组织结构和抗垢性能的影响，以及Sn含量对镀层抗垢性能的影响。结果表明，经热处理后Ni-Sn-P复合镀层结构由非晶态转变为晶态。300 ℃热处理的Ni-Sn-P复合镀层显微硬度达1072.4 HV，相比Ni-P镀层其硬度明显提高。当Sn含量为2 g/L时，Ni-Sn-P复合镀层具有最佳的抗垢性能，复合镀层的接触角为120.2°，且具有较低的表面能15 mJ/m²。Ni-Sn-P复合镀的污垢附着率显著降低，抗垢性能相比未处理的Q235碳钢基体和Ni-P镀层分别提高55%和46%。Sn颗粒的加入，提高了镀层的硬度和疏水性，但是随着Ni-Sn-P复合镀层中Sn含量的增加，复合镀层的抗垢性能逐渐下降。     

等离子体喷涂Sn和ZrO2涂层／U-Nb合金摩擦副的摩擦性能

探讨了用等离子体喷涂方法制备改善与U-Nb合金之间摩擦性能的减摩层的可行性。比较了U-Nb合金在涂层表面滑动时Sn软涂层，Sn／ZrO2双涂层，ZrO2硬涂层和ZrO2中加入Sn的混合涂层的摩擦特性。结果表明，表层为Sn的单涂层和Sn／ZrO2双涂层的摩擦性能相近，Sn单涂层的摩擦系数最低。ZrO2硬涂层一直保持着较高的摩擦系数，在ZrO2中加入Sn后，涂层的摩擦系数没有得到有效改善。用等离子体喷涂方法制备的ZrO2硬涂层不适合作U-Nb合金的减摩层。切削是Sn、Sn／ZrO2、Sn ZrO2、ZrO2的涂层与U-Nb合金之间主要的摩擦机理。     

钯改性铝化物涂层的工艺及组织

研究了用二氯二氨基钯为主盐电镀Ｐｄ及Ｐｄ－Ｎｉ合金的配合及工艺条件,再通过传统固渗铝方法制备高温合金Ｍ３８的防护涂层。研究了镀层状态、渗铝方式、渗铝活化剂、预扩散处理等工艺条件对钯改性铝化物涂层组织的影响,经ＸＲＤ,ＥＰＭＡ及金相观察,发现该涂层为固溶Ｎｉ的β－ＰｄＡｌ或固溶Ｐｄ的β－ＮｉＡｌ单相结构,随工艺改变,涂层中Ｐｄ,Ｎｉ含量不同。     

Influences of Iridium and Palladium on Oxidation Resistance of PtAl Coating

The overarching goal of present study is to investigate the effects of Ir and Pd additions on the oxidation behaviour of PtAl coatings. Prior to depositing standard PtAl coating, Ir layer was electroplated by IrBr 3 aqueous solution while Pd layer was prepared using electroless deposition. Comparing with normal PtAl coating, cyclic oxidation tests were carried out on both the Ir-and Pd-modified aluminide coatings. The results showed that Ir-modified PtAl coating exhibited better oxidation resistance than both Pd-modified and normal PtAl coatings because Ir partly served as diffusion barrier to reserve Al while Pd did not.     

The corrosion characteristics and solderability of immersion tin coatings on copper

Immersion tin is widely used as a lead free surface finish in the printed circuit board technology. Tin prevents the underlying copper from corrosion and preserves its solderability during a long storage and lead‐free assembly processes. Investigated immersion tin coatings were deposited on copper foil from thiourea‐type baths with hydrochloric acid addition (SnHCl coatings) or methanesulfonic acid addition (SnMSA coatings). Obtained coatings were investigated in the as deposited state and after aging (4 h at 155 °C, in air). The scanning electron microscopy studies revealed differences in structure of tin samples deposited from different baths. Results of polarization and impedance investigations indicated that as deposited SnHCl coatings had better corrosion resistance in 0.5 M NaCl solution than SnMSA coatings. The aging resulted in the improvement of the corrosion resistance of thinner coatings (0.2 and 0.5 µm thick SnHCl and 0.3 µm thick SnMSA), which were thoroughly converted into Sn–Cu intermetallic (IMC) phases. In contrary, thicker coatings exhibited some worsening of the corrosion resistance upon aging. The solderability of all as‐deposited tin coatings was acceptable, but decreased after aging, especially for thinner coatings, showing the through conversion into Sn–Cu IMC phases.     

TC4合金表面Cu/石墨复合镀层的摩擦磨损行为

采用无氰电镀工艺在TC4合金表面制备了Cu/石墨复合镀层,研究了镀层的组织结构和摩擦磨损行为。结果表明,采用无氰电镀方法能够在TC4合金表面制备出组织致密且与基体结合紧密的Cu/石墨复合镀层,但增加镀层中石墨的含量会降低镀层与基体合金的结合强度,并导致硬度小幅下降。摩擦磨损实验结果表明,Cu/石墨复合镀层具有优良的摩擦磨损防护性能,归因于石墨有效降低了镀层的摩擦系数和磨损率;对镀层磨损形貌、磨损产物和摩擦系数的综合分析结果表明,纯铜镀层的摩擦磨损机制主要为犁削磨损、黏着磨损和剥层磨损,Cu/石墨复合镀层的磨损机制为轻微的削层磨损和疲劳磨损。     

Cold spraying of Al-Sn binary alloy: Coating characteristics and particle bonding features

In this study, Al-Sn binary alloy coatings were prepared with Al-10 wt.% Sn (Al-10Sn) and Al-20 wt.%Sn (Al-20Sn) gas atomized alloy powders by low pressure cold spray process. The microstructure and microhardness of the coatings were characterized. The deposition efficiency of Al-Sn and pure aluminum powder were tested on sand blasted substrates of Al6061, copper and SUS304. To investigate the particle bonding features of Al-10Sn powder, the wipe test was carried out on polished substrate surfaces. The average critical velocity of Al-Sn alloy powders was estimated combining with the deposition efficiency. The results proved that Al-Sn coatings with dense and uniform structure can be deposited successfully by low pressure cold spray with helium as the propellant gas. The weight content of tin in Al-Sn coating is 12% and 22% for Al-10Sn and Al-20Sn coating, respectively. With the increase of tin content in feedstock powder, the as-sprayed coatings present similar microhardness of 73 and 74 for Al-10Sn and Al-20Sn while, on the other hand, the deposition efficiency decreased. Bonding features of Al-10Sn particles indicated that the melting of tin phase occurred on the contact interface during particle impacting. This melting of tin phase and low strength of tin may affect the particle bonding process and hence increase the critical velocity for Al-Sn binary alloy powders.     

Laser cladded AlCuFe＋Sn quasicrystalline compositecoatings

Al-Cu-Fe Sn quasicrystalline(QC) composite coatings with different volume fractions of Sn, i. e. 12%,20% and 30%, were prepared by laser cladding technique. The effects of soft phase Sn and processing parameters on the microstructure, microhardness and frictional behavior of the coatings were investigated. The results show that after laser cladding, /-phase existing in the powder is decomposed and element Sn reacts with Cu, forming β-CuSn. The volume fraction of Sn addition has less obvious effect on the microstructure, microhardness and friction performance than that of plasma sprayed coatings. The best performance in terms of microhardness and friction are obtained for the coating containing 20% Sn additions prepared with the laser power of 950 W and scanning velocity of 3 mm/s.     

Electrodeposition of high corrosion resistant Ni–Sn–P alloy coatings from an ionic liquid based on choline chloride

With the objective of obtaining corrosion resistant coatings, ternary Ni–Sn–P alloy coatings were electrodeposited from a deep eutectic solvent and their composition, morphology and corrosion resistance were investigated as a function of electrodeposition potential. A comparison was made with a Ni–P binary alloy coating electrodeposited under similar conditions. Cyclic voltammetry, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, potentiodynamic polarisation, open circuit potential-time and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used for studying the electrodeposition behaviour, chemical composition and coatings corrosion performances, respectively. The chemical compositions of the ternary Ni–Sn–P alloy films contained about 4.4–10.3?wt-% Sn, 7.2–8.1?wt-% P and Ni (balance). X-ray diffraction patterns of the ternary Ni–Sn–P deposits revealed a single and broad peak, becoming wide with an increase in Sn content, showing that the structures of all the deposits were nanocrystalline or amorphous. Corrosion tests showed that ternary Ni–Sn–P alloy coatings exhibited considerably better barrier corrosion resistance than binary Ni–P coatings, and their corrosion resistance improved with an increase in Sn content.