制麦工艺对燕麦麦芽营养品质的影响

以我国裸燕麦为研究对象,以燕麦在发芽前后植酸质量分数、β-葡聚糖质量分数及蛋白质体外消化率为考察指标,通过单因素和正交试验,研究浸麦温度(11～19℃)、发芽温度(11～19℃)及发芽时间(2～6d)对上述营养指标的影响。结果表明,浸麦温度对植酸质量分数、β-葡聚糖质量分数及蛋白质体外消化率没有显著影响,而发芽时间越长、发芽温度越高,燕麦中植酸和β-葡聚糖质量分数则越低;蛋白质体外消化率随着发芽时间的延长而升高,发芽温度对其影响不显著。通过优化试验得出的最佳制麦工艺:采用浸麦工艺(浸麦6h→休止10h→浸麦4h→休止7h→浸麦3h→休止1h),浸麦温度14℃进行浸麦,15℃发芽4d。在此条件下制麦燕麦中植酸质量分数下降了42.8%,而蛋白质消化率上升了142.1%,燕麦的营养品质有所改善。     

ICP-AES分析植酸酶对制麦过程中游离态金属离子含量的变化

运用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)考察了外源添加植酸酶对大麦发芽过程中游离态K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+含量的变化。实验发现:添加外源植酸酶能提高发芽过程中游离态金属离子的含量,K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+含量同比可提高10.7%、23.4%、16.3%、8.0%、75.5%。通过比较金属离子含量的变化可以为制定合理的制麦工艺提供参考。     

玉米萌发植酸酶酶学特性的初步研究

研究了在玉米发芽过程中改变发芽温度、环境pH值、添加赤霉素和金属离子等培养条件对植酸酶活力的影响,确定了玉米发芽工艺条件:浸泡方式添加金属Ca2+离子,溶液pH4.0,发芽温度30℃,发芽48h.在此最佳条件下,植酸酶活力达到最大值为5.857U/g(绝干).     

制麦对大麦中β-葡聚糖酶和植酸酶活性的影响

通过三因素(浸麦温度、湿度、发芽温度)两水平析因试验，研究了制麦过程对裸麦和芒麦中的β-葡聚糖和植酸含量的影响。在高温(48℃)下浸麦时，麦芽的β-葡聚糖总量变化很小，而浸麦温度(15℃)较低时，β-葡聚糖总量显著下降。温度为38℃时，对于不可溶β-葡聚糖来讲，这一趋势就更为明显。通过麦芽中的β-葡聚糖酶活性分析发现，浸麦温度为15℃，活性显著增加，而浸麦温度为48℃时，活性增加缓慢。另外两个因素对结果影响较小，主要是因为浸麦温度是对β-葡聚糖和β-葡聚糖酶活最重要的影响因素。当在100℃提取β-葡聚糖时，提取量较大，浸麦温度对提取量的影响大于提取温度。浸麦温度为15℃时的β-葡聚糖平均分子量要低于浸麦温度为48℃时。本试验设计的的因素水平对植酸的简介和植酸酶的活性没有多大影响。结果显示，既然本试验设计的参数对植酸酶活性几乎没有影响，而对β-葡聚糖酶活影响很大，那么就有可能对酶进行有选择性的控制。     

大肠杆菌植酸酶AppA在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

本研究全基因合成大肠杆菌B48来源的植酸酶AppA基因,并将它克隆到PHKA载体上,在毕赤酵母GS115中进行分泌表达。为了进一步提高毕赤酵母中植酸酶的表达量,本研究结合信号肽、启动子、基因剂量和蛋白质折叠通量优化的方法,最终将毕赤酵母中植酸酶的活力从329.41 U/mL提高到了1892.51 U/mL,是初始菌株的5.75倍。初步测定了植酸酶AppA的基本酶学性质,其最适温度和pH分别为60 ℃和4.5;在60 ℃处理60 min后,植酸酶活力剩余40%,温度稳定性较差;在pH 6.0~7.0处理6 h后,酶活力剩余87%,该酶在弱酸环境中有较好的稳定性;同时研究了二价金属离子对植酸酶活力的影响,Fe2+能够激活植酸酶AppA的活力,而Cu2+、Ni2+、Mn2+等离子通过与植酸形成络合物而抑制植酸酶AppA的活力。该酶在酸性条件下的强稳定性有利于将其应用于食品加工领域。     

浸麦过程中添加金属离子对麦芽内源抗氧化活力的影响

以大麦为实验材料,通过在浸麦阶段添加不同量(0、20、40、60、80、100mg/kg)金属离子(K+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Ca2+和Cu2+),测定所制得成品麦芽的相关氧化还原酶(SOD、CAT、POD和PPO)活力、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除率、还原力和TBARs值,以考察浸麦过程中添加的金属离子对麦芽内源性氧化还原酶与抗氧化活力的影响。结果表明:不同添加量的各金属离子对麦芽氧化还原酶类的影响不尽相同;适宜添加量的上述金属离子均有效增强了麦芽的总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力,降低了麦芽的TBARs值。     

啤酒用小麦发芽期间三种胚乳降解酶的研究

对啤酒用小麦发芽期间α－淀粉酶、β－淀粉酶和蛋白酶活力的变化情况进行了研究。三种酶的活力在发芽期间都有明显的增长，逐渐达到峰值而趋于稳定。主要制麦条件，如发芽温度、浸麦水温度、浸麦方式等，对这一过程有显著的影响，但影响程度及作用机制不同。     

外源植酸酶对发芽糙米γ一氨基丁酸和植酸含量的影响

本文研究了添加外源植酸酶对发芽糙米γ一氨基丁酸和植酸含量的影响,通过添加外源植酸酶,可以增加发芽糙米γ一氨基丁酸含量,降低植酸酶含量,从而提高发芽糙米的营养价值。     

制麦工艺对SN1391小麦麦芽质量的影响

以小麦SN1391为试材,采用三因素三水平正交实验设计,研究浸麦度(40%～48%)、发芽温度(12～20℃)及焙焦温度(78～83℃)对麦芽质量的影响。通过对成品麦芽指标的分析,发现浸出物含量受制麦工艺参数影响不大;糖化力、糖化时间、α-AN含量、库尔巴哈值、麦芽β-葡聚糖含量、麦汁粘度受工艺参数影响较大;提高浸麦度与发芽温度,降低焙焦温度可以降低成品麦芽中β-葡聚糖的含量和麦汁粘度。以糖化力为主要指标时,对糖化力影响的主次因素顺序为:发芽温度>浸麦度>焙焦温度;得到最佳制麦工艺参数为:浸麦度47%～48%、发芽温度为18～20℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃。     

内源植酸酶降解麦麸中植酸的研究

以麦麸为实验材料,采用内源植酸酶降解麦麸中的植酸.以植酸的残余含量为指标,在研究温度、pH值、时间单因素对内源植酸酶降解植酸效果影响的基础上,通过正交实验确定内源植酸酶降解植酸的最佳条件为:温度55℃,pH4.6,降解6 h,在此条件下植酸的残余含量为1.032 4%.并与蒸煮法降解植酸比较.蒸煮6 h后植酸含量为2.312 2%.说明内源植酸酶法较蒸煮法可较好地降解植酸.     

氯化盐处理对绿豆芽菜植酸降解的影响

为降低绿豆芽菜中抗营养物质植酸含量,探究氯化盐对绿豆芽菜植酸降解的影响,研究了KCl、NaCl和CaCl2处理下绿豆芽菜的长势、植酸酶活性及植酸含量的变化,筛选了具有降植酸效果的氯化盐并优化了浓度组合。结果发现,NaCl和CaCl2能够促进植酸降解同时促进绿豆芽菜生长;单因素试验结果表明,1.6 mmol/L NaCl和6 mmol/L CaCl2降植酸效果最佳,且NaCl和CaCl2促进植酸降解作用有叠加效应。响应面法优化得到NaCl、CaCl2浓度分别为1.68 mmol/L和6.40 mmol/L时,植酸含量降低至8.04 μg/株,为对照的10.84%。     

The Influence of Soaking and Germination on the Phytase Activity and Phytic Acid Content of Grains and Seeds Potentially Useful for Complementary Feedin

ABSTRACT: Phytic acid, a potent inhibitor of mineral and trace element absorption, occurs in all cereal grains and legume seeds. The possibility to increase phytase activity and/or reduce the phytic acid content by soaking and germination was investigated in a wide range of grains and seeds, but not found to be effective. Germination, but not soaking, increased phytase activity 3 to 5-fold in some cereal grains and legume seeds, while the influence on phytic acid content was insignificant in most materials tested. High apparent phytase activity was found in untreated whole grain rye, wheat, triticale, buckwheat, and barley. Their usefulness as sources of phytase in complementary food production should be further investigated.     

Malic acid and oxalic acid spraying enhances phytic acid degradation and total antioxidant capacity of mung bean sprouts

In this study, effects of two organic acids spraying on the growth profiles, phytic acid content, antioxidant capacity, phytase activity and related genes expression during mung bean germination were investigated. Results showed that both oxalic acid and malic acid spraying were effective ways to improve the degradation of phytic acid by inducing phytase activity and the related genes expression, but no significant difference was found in phytic acid content between the two treatments. The contents of total phenolics and MDA (malondialdehyde) in oxalic acid spraying were higher, whereas ascorbic acid content and sprout length in malic acid spraying was higher. Both organic acid treatments could increase antioxidant capacities, but higher antioxidant capacities were found in oxalic acid spraying due to higher total phenolics content and antioxidant enzyme activity.     

构巢曲霉产植酸酶的酶学特性分析

从构巢曲霉AnP-16菌株发酵液中纯化单一组分的耐热耐酸植酸酶,并对酶学特性进行分析,为其在食品工业中的应用提供理论依据。通过硫酸铵盐析、离子交换层析和疏水层析纯化植酸酶,SDS-PAGE电泳测定其分子量。结果表明,从该菌株发酵液中纯化到了单一组分的植酸酶,纯化倍数60.8倍、回收率41.6%,酶分子量约52 kDa。植酸酶最适作用温度和pH分别为55 ℃和pH4.0,在pH3.0~6.0范围酶活性较高,pH2.0~7.0下孵育3 h,仍能保持80%以上活性。植酸酶耐热性好,70 ℃孵育1 h仍能保持81%活性。Hg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+、Cu2+和Zn2+ 5 mmol/L浓度下对酶活性有明显抑制作用,但Ca2+和Mg2+在1和5 mmol/L浓度时均增强酶活性;有机溶剂甲醇和乙醇在2%浓度有激活作用;SDS抑制酶活性,但其它表面活性剂(Triton X-100和Tween 80)和有机溶剂(丙酮和异戊醇)对酶活性无明显影响。植酸酶有宽泛的底物特异性,但对植酸钠的催化活性最强,其K_m值为0.576 mmol/L。基于植酸酶耐酸耐热及宽广的底物催化活性,其有望应用于粮油食品加工领域,提高食品的营养价值。     

Phytic acid and extractable phosphorus of pearl millet flour as affected by natural lactic acid fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation of pearl millet flour decreased its phytic acid content and increased extractable phosphorus. Fermentation at 40 and 50°C for 72 h or longer eliminated phytic acid almost completely; extractable phosphorus was more than doubled. Lower temperatures (20 and 30°C) were less effective. The changes in concentration of phytic acid and extractable phosphorus may be attributed partly to phytase activity inherent in pearl millet flour.     

外源酶对糙米中植酸降解的影响

利用外源酶制剂降解糙米中的抗营养因子植酸,以提高糙米营养价值。以植酸降解量为指标,考察pH值、温度、酶作用时间和加酶量对外源植酸酶作用的影响,并考察纤维素酶和果胶酶与植酸酶的协同作用效果。结果显示植酸酶作用的适宜条件为：酶用量0.4U/mL,作用温度50℃,pH5.2,浸泡时间4h;添加纤维素酶和果胶酶能有效促进植酸酶的降解作用,大大提高植酸降解率。外源酶制剂能有效降解糙米中的植酸。     

发芽对高粱氨基酸及抗营养因子含量的影响

为改善高粱营养品质,拓宽其在食品工业中的应用,本实验以白高粱为原料进行发芽,探讨高粱发芽过程中氨基酸组成、γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量、谷氨酸脱羧酶（glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD）活性、植酸酶活性、植酸及单宁含量的变化规律。结果表明:随着发芽时间延长,高粱氨基酸总量显著增加,60 h达到最大值为5.694 g/100 g,相较未发芽高粱增加了28.50%;赖氨酸含量在发芽72 h达到最大值为0.157 g/100 g,增加了21.71%;GAD活性增强,GABA含量增加,60 h达到最大值为19.026 mg/100 g,增加到5倍;植酸酶活性同样随着发芽时间的延长不断增强,促使植酸发生降解,植酸含量从94.85 mg/100 g下降到52.44 mg/100 g,降低了44.71%;单宁含量从1.07%降到0.14%,下降了86.92%。综上所述,发芽可显著提高高粱营养成分,降低抗营养因子含量,提升了高粱的营养价值。     

Biochemical changes in phosphorus compounds and in the activity of phytase and α-amylase in the rice (Oryza sativa) grain during germination

Changes in the phytic acid, inorganic phosphorus and ATP contents, and in the activity of phytase and α-amylase in rice (Oryza sativa L) grains were determined during 18 days of germination in a dark room. The effect of phytic acid on α-amylase activity was studied in vitro. Rice grains immersed in sterilised deionised water at 14^°C germinated on the fifth day. Phytase activity, detected in the ripening rice grains, increased linearly until the eighth day and reached a maximum on the tenth day. There was a marked decrease in phytate and an increase in inorganic phosphorus accompanying germination. There was a good inverse correlation between the levels of both phytase activity and inorganic phosphorus, and phytate breakdown. α-Amylase activity was detected on the fourth day and increased markedly from the 12th to the 16th day of germination. ATP level increased from the second to the fourth day and slightly decreased from the fourth to the eighth day; it increased rapidly again from the eighth to the 18th day of germination. α-Amylase activity was influenced by both pH and phytic acid concentration in the assay system. At 75 mM phytic acid, α-amylase activity was lowered by 23%, 93% and 52% at pH 4–0, 5–0 and 6–0 respectively. When the enzyme, phytate and Ca²⁺ were incubated together at pH 5–0, the inhibition of α-amylase by phytic acid was markedly decreased by addition of Ca²⁺. The chemical affinity of Ca²⁺ for phytic acid was higher in the reaction at pH 5–0 than in those at pH 4–0 and pH 6–0, and over 98% of Ca²⁺ in the reaction system was precipitated as Ca-phytate.     

植酸提高米曲霉酶活力的机理

米曲霉能分泌植酸酶,如制曲中添加一定量植酸,经植酸酶降解产生肌醇和磷酸,肌醇激活酶系,从而提高米曲霉的酶活力。（一平