碳纳米管在超级电容器中的应用研究进展

超级电容器是近年来发展起来的一种新型储能装置。碳纳米管由于具有独特的中空结构，良好的导电性和高的比表面积，被认为是超级电容器理想的电极材料之一，引起了广泛的关注。通过介绍碳纳米管在超级电容器中的应用研究进展，评述了碳纳米管、活化碳纳米管、碳纳米管／金属氧化物复合物以及碳纳米管／导电聚合物复合物用做超级电容器电极材料的特点和性能。认为单纯的碳纳米管由于比表面积小，比容量偏低。化学活化可以显著提高碳纳米管的比表面积，增大其比电容。将碳纳米管与准电容材料金属氧化物或导电聚合物复合。可以发挥各自的优势，从而得到低成本、高性能的复合电极材料，将是今后发展的一个方向。     

电化学超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

电化学超级电容器以其独特的大容量、大电流快速充放电和高的循环使用寿命等特点,受到世人的青睐,致使许多新型的电化学超级电容器电极材料相继被发现和应用.为进一步促进电化学超级电容器的发展,在综述了近年来出现的各种电化学超级电容器电极材料的基础上,提出按材料种类将其分为四大系列:碳材料系列、过渡金属氧化物系列、有机导电聚合物系列和其他系列.并就其各自的特点和性能进行了分析比较,得出了碳材料系列主要向高比表面积和可控微孔孔径方向发展和过渡金属氧化物系列主要向提高材料本身的利用率方向发展以及导电聚合物系列主要向无机、有机杂化方向发展的结论.     

基于超级电容器的多孔电极材料研究进展

目前,对能源的需求急剧增加,超级电容器作为绿色储能器件备受关注。超级电容器按储能机理可分为双电层电容器及法拉第赝电容器两种。双电层电容器的电极材料主要由炭基材料组成,法拉第赝电容器的电极材料主要由导电聚合物及金属氧化物构成;炭基材料与导电聚合物或金属氧化物等复合产生的协同作用可获得更优异的电化学性能。多孔电极材料由于其大的比表面积、独特的多孔结构、多样化的组成和优异的电子导电性而引起了广泛的关注。总结了具有微观多孔结构的超级电容器材料的制备方法以及结构-性能的关系,对比指出多孔超级电容器电极材料因其更高的比表面积和孔隙率而更有利于获得高性能超级电容器。     

二氧化锰基超级电容器的电荷储能机理研究进展

碳基材料(如碳纳米管、石墨烯和介孔碳)是典型的电化学双电层超级电容器电极材料.虽然碳基材料表现出优异的电化学稳定性能,但其比电容较低.因此,常用赝电容材料与其复合.赝电容材料中,二氧化锰(MnO2)因理论比电容高、价格低、储量丰富和环境友好等特点,被广泛应用于超级电容器中.然而,MnO2导电性能差、在循环充放电过程中相...     

碳纳米管的特性及其高性能的复合材料

碳纳米管具有超强的力学性能、极高的纵横比和独特的导电特性,是制备复合材料的理想形式。评述了目前碳纳米管复合材料的制备及其应用研究的动态。用化学镀方法制备的镍基碳纳米管复合镀层比传统的复合镀层具有更高的耐磨性能,结构为非晶态。讨论了复合镀制备金属基碳纳米管复合镀层的优越性及应用。用原位聚合法合成了导电聚苯胺-碳纳米管的复合材料,可以作为电池和电化学超级电容器的电极材料。      

竹基活性炭超级电容器研究进展

竹炭(BC)作为超级电容器电极材料具有原料易得,可再生且具有生长周期短、环境友好等特点,其制备的超级电容器具有成本低、容量高、充放电时间短、环境友好和安全性高等优点,受到人们的广泛关注。本文综述了近年来基于竹炭及其与金属氧化物材料和导电聚合物材料(聚苯胺)复合所得电极材料在超级电容器中的应用进展,指出具有高比表面积和可控孔径结构的竹炭与无机纳米材料和导电聚合物的复合是竹炭基超级电容器研究的重要发展方向。     

超级电容器电极材料的研究进展

超级电容器是一种具有优异电化学性能的新型储能装置,文章介绍了超级电容器的储能机理和优点,论述了碳基材料、金属氧化物材料及导电聚合物材料的研究进展和作为超级电容器电极材料的要求,对未来的电极材料的研究方向作出了展望。     

超级电容器电极材料的研究现状与展望

超级电容器是一种介于传统电容器与电池之间的新型储能元件,具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的经济价值.电极材料是决定超级电容器性能的关键因素,因而备受关注.主要论述了目前应用于超级电容器的多孔炭材料、金属氧化物及导电聚合物等电极材料的研究进展,探讨了电极材料今后的发展方向和研究重点,并指出大力开发复合电极材料是改善超级电容器性能的有效途径.     

纳米碳材料负载过渡金属氧化物用作超级电容器电极材料

与传统能量存储设备相比,超级电容器因具备比电容高、充放电快、绿色环保并且循环稳定性能优异等优点,在移动通信、电动汽车、国防和航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景,已成为世界范围内的研究焦点。其中,超级电容器的电极材料是其性能的决定因素,常见的超级电容器电极材料包括碳材料、过渡金属氧化物和导电聚合物等。不同的电极材料的电荷储存机理不同,过渡金属氧化物具有典型的赝电容行为,依赖可逆的氧化还原反应和化学吸附/脱附过程来储存电荷,理论比电容高。然而,过渡金属氧化物同时存在导电性能差,循环稳定性不佳的缺点。碳材料主要表现双电层电容特性,依靠材料表面和电解质离子间的可逆物理吸附/脱附过程储存电荷,具有优异的倍率性能,符合实际生产和应用中对于超级电容器器件高寿命的要求,但其自身比电容相对较低。与单一属性的材料相比,复合材料往往表现出更加优异的电化学性能,大量的研究表明,过渡金属氧化物与碳材料的复合是解决上述问题的有效途径。碳材料因具有来源丰富、价格低廉、质量轻盈、比表面积高以及热稳定性好与电化学性能稳定等优点,日益受到重视,是构建赝电容电容器电极的首选基底材料。碳材料结构多样,近年来,零维的碳量子点、碳球,一维的碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维,二维的石墨烯、氧化石墨烯,三维的石墨烯泡沫、碳泡沫/海绵等均被成功地用于构建碳基复合电极材料,并取得了丰硕的成果。零维碳纳米材料具有高比表面积,提供了调节多孔性的灵活度,可以获得适合各自电解质溶液的最优化条件。一维碳纳米结构一般具有高长宽比和良好的电子传输性能,可以促进超级电容器电极的电荷转移。二维碳纳米结构具有比表面积大与导电性高、力学性能优良等特点,具备潜在赝电容行为,并且能增强超级电容器电极间的充放电反应动力学。利用三维导电材料作为模板,沉淀赝电容材料,可以构建高性能超级电容器电极。本文概述了不同维度碳材料负载过渡金属氧化物作为赝电容的电极材料及其电容性能,并对电极材料储能方面存在的不足和未来的研究方向做出了总结和展望,以期为制备性能优良、环境友好和高寿命的超级电容器提供参考。     

电化学电容器电极材料的研究进展

介绍了电化学电容器的工作原理,着重阐述了纳米多孔碳材料的电荷存储机制,指出碳材料的比容量与其比表面积并非线性相关,碳材料比表面积的实际利用率取决于碳孔径大小和电解质溶液离子粒径的关联度。综述了电化学电容器各类电极材料的研究进展,如多孔碳、碳纳米管、石墨烯、过渡金属氧化物以及导电聚合物,并展望了电化学电容器的应用前景。     

Electrochemical performance of conducting polymer and its nanocomposites prepared by chemical vapor phase polymerization method

In this work, conducting polymers poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), PEDOT/carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and PEDOT/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were prepared via an in situ chemical vapor phase polymerization (VPP) process. Experiment results showed that PEDOT and PEDOT nanocomposites were uniformly constructed in oxidant and oxidant nanocomposite films through a modifying template effect. The VPP PEDOT and its nanocomposites were built on aluminium film as supercapaitor electrode materials and electrochemical capacitive properties were investigated by using cycle voltammetry and charge/discharge techniques. The VPP PEDOT exhibited a specific capacitance of 92 F/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g. The VPP PEDOT composites consisting of CNTs and RGO displayed specific capacitances of 137 and 156 F/g, respectively, at the same current density. For VPP nanocomposites, more than 80 % of initial capacitance was retained after 1,000 charge/discharge cycles, suggesting a good cycling stability for electrochemical electrode materials. The good capacitive performance of the conducting polymer nanocomposites are contributed to the synergic effect of the two components.     

Polyurethane conductive blends and composites: synthesis and applications perspective

The objective of this review is to describe the important progress made in the area of synthesis and applications of conducting composites/blends derived from polyurethanes as host material. Polyurethane is one of the most useful polymeric materials with multiple functional applications. The pristine polymer is an insulator and conductivity can be imparted by blending or compositing with conductive materials such as conducting polymers, carbon black, CNTs, and graphite/graphene. The resulting conductive composites are useful as sensors, corrosion-resistance paints, electrostatic dissipaters, EMI shielders, and many others. The review discusses various methods to obtain such conductive polyurethane composites and their intended or demonstrated applications.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of sensing parameters in carbon nanotube‐based DNA sensor

Nowadays, sensitive biosensors with high selectivity, lower costs and short response time are required for detection of DNA. The most preferred materials in DNA sensor designing are nanomaterials such as carbon and Au nanoparticles, because of their very high surface area and biocompatibility which lead to performance and sensitivity improvements in DNA sensors. Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be considered as a suitable DNA sensor platform due to their high surface‐to‐volume ratio, favourable electronic properties and fast electron transfer rate. Therefore, in this study, the CNTs which are synthesised by pulsed AC arc discharge method on a high‐density polyethylene substrate are used as conducting channels in a chemiresistor for the electrochemical detection of double stranded DNA. Moreover, the response of the proposed sensor is investigated experimentally and analytically in different temperatures, which confirm good agreement between the presented model and experimental data.Inspec keywords: electrochemical sensors, polymers, arcs (electric), biological techniques, nanosensors, carbon nanotubes, DNAOther keywords: C, chemiresistor, double stranded DNA detection, CNT, electronic properties, surface‐to‐volume ratio, nanoparticles, biosensors, electrochemical detection, high‐density polyethylene substrate, pulsed AC arc discharge method, electron transfer rate, carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotube‐based DNA sensor     

Inherently conducting polymer nanostructures

Inherently conducting polymers (ICPs) have been an area of intense interest over the past 30 years, culminating with the award of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to MacDiarmid, Heeger and Shirakawa. More recently the unique properties of these materials (e.g., higher conductivity, more rapid discrete electrochemical switching processes) apparent at the nanodimension have become accessible. Significant breakthroughs in synthesis and fabrication of inherently conducting polymers with nanodimensional control have made this possible. This review aims to discuss some of the synthetic approaches researchers have made in an attempt to probe the nano domain as well as some of the property enhancements afforded to these structures.     

Carbon Nanotubes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

As one type of emerging photovoltaic cell, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an attractive potential source of renewable energy due to their eco–friendliness, ease of fabrication, and cost effectiveness. However, in DSSCs, the rarity and high cost of some electrode materials (transparent conducting oxide and platinum) and the inefficient performance caused by slow electron transport, poor light‐harvesting efficiency, and significant charge recombination are critical issues. Recent research has shown that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising candidates to overcome these issues due to their unique electrical, optical, chemical, physical, as well as catalytic properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research that has focused on the application of CNTs and their hybrids in transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs), in semiconducting layers, and in counter electrodes of DSSCs. At the end of this review, some important research directions for the future use of CNTs in DSSCs are also provided.     

A review study of (bio)sensor systems based on conducting polymers

This review article concentrates on the electrochemical biosensor systems with conducting polymers. The area of electro-active polymers confined to different electrode surfaces has attracted great attention. Polymer modified carbon substrate electrodes can be designed through polymer screening to provide tremendous improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, stability and reproducibility of the electrode response to detect a variety of analytes. The electro-active films have been used to entrap different enzymes and/or proteins at the electrode surface, but without obvious loss of their bioactivity for the development of biosensors. Electropolymerization is a well-known technique used to immobilize biomaterials to the modified electrode surface. Polymers might be covalently bonding to enzymes or proteins; therefore, thickness, permeation and charge transport characteristics of the polymeric films can be easily and precisely controlled by modulating the electrochemical parameters for various electrochemical techniques, such as chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry. This review article is divided into three main parts as given in the table of contents related to the immobilization process of some important conducting polymers, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polycarbazole, polyaniline, polyphenol, poly(o-phenylenediamine), polyacetylene, polyfuran and their derivatives. A total of 216 references are cited in this review article. The literature reviewed covers a 7 year period beginning from 2005.     

Influence of substituents in electrochemical and conducting properties of polyaniline derivatives and multi walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

Poly(o-methoxyaniline) and poly(o-methylaniline) were synthesized by oxidative polymerization in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) for the fabrication of chloroform processable nanocomposites obtained by embedding MWNT in the polymer matrix without the formation of covalent bonds. The study of pressure-area isotherms highlighted different substituents along the aromatic rings affected the packing grade of macromolecules when spreading on different subphases in relation to the associated sterical hindrance. The presence of MWNT inside the polymer matrix showed to favor a more stretched conformation of macromolecules with a subsequent increment of area/molecule values with respect to the corresponding pure conducting polymers. Furthermore, the sterical hindrance affected the nanocomposite electrochemical properties and conducting polymers containing less hindering substituents along the aromatic rings turned out to be faster electrochemical systems. Less hindering substituents were also able to enhance the conducting properties of nanocomposite materials in association with MWNT.     

Applications of polymers for biomolecule immobilization in electrochemical biosensors

Polymers are becoming inseparable from biomolecule immobilization strategies and biosensor platforms. Their original role as electrical insulators has been progressively substituted by their electrical conductive abilities, which opens a new and broad scope of applications. In addition, recent advances in diagnostic chips and microfluidic systems, together with the requirements of mass-production technologies, have raised the need to replace glass by polymeric materials, which are more suitable for production through simple manufacturing processes. Conducting polymers (CPs), in particular, are especially amenable for electrochemical biosensor development for providing biomolecule immobilization and for rapid electron transfer. It is expected that the combination of known polymer substrates, but also new transducing and biocompatible interfaces, with nanobiotechnological structures, like nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanoengineered ‘smart’ polymers, may generate composites with new and interesting properties, providing higher sensitivity and stability of the immobilized molecules, thus constituting the basis for new and improved analytical devices for biomedical and other applications. This review covers the state-of-the-art and main novelties about the use of polymers for immobilization of biomolecules in electrochemical biosensor platforms.