傅立叶红外光谱法研究氰酸酯树脂及其改性体系的固化反应

借助傅立叶红外光谱对双酚 A型氰酸酯树脂、二月桂酸二丁基锡 /双酚 A型氰酸酯、环氧树脂 /双酚 A型氰酸酯树脂、酚醛环氧 /双马来酰亚胺 /双酚 A型氰酸酯树脂等体系的固化反应进行了在位监控分析 ,着重讨论了各体系的反应性。研究表明 ,未加催化剂的双酚 A型氰酸酯树脂体系固化反应的活化能为 175 .0 k J/ mol,频率因子 A=2 .5 5× 10 14 min-1;采用二月桂酸二丁基锡催化的氰酸酯树脂体系的活化能 Ea=5 1.7k J/ mol,A=6.12× 10 2 min-1;环氧树脂改性的氰酸酯树脂体系的固化反应温度明显降低 ,引入催化剂后转化率也明显提高 ;酚醛环氧树脂 /双马来酰亚胺树脂 /氰酸酯树脂体系具有良好的反应性。     

双酚AF型环氧树脂/氰酸酯共聚物的制备与性能EI北大核心CSCD

用双酚AF型环氧树脂(DGEBHF)改性双酚A型氰酸酯(BACY),制备一种新型含氟氰酸酯共聚物,并对比双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)/BACY共聚物研究了其性能。采用凝胶时间和差示扫描量热法分析了DGEBHF对BACY固化性能的影响,结果表明,DGEBHF能有效改善BACY的固化性能。通过冲击强度(σK)和粘接强度(τ)的测试,研究了DGEBHF添加量对DGEBHF/BACY共聚物力学性能的影响,结果表明,共聚物的σK随DGEBHF含量的增加而增大;添加总量15%的DGEBHF时,DGEBHF/BACY粘接强度最大,且相比纯BACY明显提高。介电性能分析可得,DGEBHF会降低BACY的介电性能,但是DGEBHF/BACY的介电性能优于DGEBA/BACY。最后,通过热重分析法分析了DGEBHF对BACY热稳定性的影响,结果发现,DGEBHF会降低BACY的热稳定性,但是DGEBHF/BACY的热稳定性大于DGEBA/BACY。     

双酚AF型环氧树脂/氰酸酯共聚物的制备与性能

用双酚AF型环氧树脂(DGEBHF)改性双酚A型氰酸酯(BACY),制备一种新型含氟氰酸酯共聚物,并对比双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)/BACY共聚物研究了其性能。采用凝胶时间和差示扫描量热法分析了DGEBHF对BACY固化性能的影响,结果表明,DGEBHF能有效改善BACY的固化性能。通过冲击强度(σK)和粘接强度(τ)的测试,研究了DGEBHF添加量对DGEBHF/BACY共聚物力学性能的影响,结果表明,共聚物的σK随DGEBHF含量的增加而增大;添加总量15%的DGEBHF时,DGEBHF/BACY粘接强度最大,且相比纯BACY明显提高。介电性能分析可得,DGEBHF会降低BACY的介电性能,但是DGEBHF/BACY的介电性能优于DGEBA/BACY。最后,通过热重分析法分析了DGEBHF对BACY热稳定性的影响,结果发现,DGEBHF会降低BACY的热稳定性,但是DGEBHF/BACY的热稳定性大于DGEBA/BACY。     

环氧树脂改性双酚A型氰酸酯树脂的性能研究

通过DSC、DMA和TGA、介电性能测试和力学性能测试等方法,研究了环氧树脂用量和分子结构对氰酸酯树脂性能的影响。结果表明,环氧树脂改变了氰酸酯树脂的固化反应历程,降低了氰酸酯树脂的玻璃化转变温度、热分解温度和介电性能,提高了氰酸酯树脂的弯曲强度和冲击强度。含脂环和酯键的三官能团TDE-85树脂与JF-45邻甲酚甲醛环氧树脂相比,在改善氰酸酯树脂力学性能方面较好,在保持氰酸酯的耐热性和介电性能方面相当。     

聚氨酯预聚体改性双酚A型氰酸酯树脂的研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了聚氨酯预聚体改性双酚A型氰酸树脂的固化行为及工艺,通过动态热机械分析(DMA)、热重分析(TGA)、介电性能和冲击强度测试对其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、耐热性、介电性能和韧性进行了研究.结果表明,聚氨酯预聚体的加入可以很好地提高氰酸酯的韧性,当预聚体加入量为20％(质量分数)时,改性氰酸酯树脂的冲击强度达到最大值15.3 kJ/m2,比纯氰酸酯树脂提高了218％.改性氰酸酯树脂的Tg逐渐降低,预聚体加入量为氰酸酯质量的40％时,Tg降低为193℃,仍然具有较低的介电常数和介电损耗.     

直链端羧基聚酯酰胺树脂增韧改性环氧树脂

以己二酸、三乙二醇、尿素和顺酐为原料合成了直链端羧基聚酯酰胺树脂,并用其改性双酚A型环氧树脂。通过扫描电镜表征了环氧/酸酐固化体系冲击断面形貌,通过力学性能、差示扫描量热分析、热失重测试,探讨了聚酯酰胺树脂对环氧树脂性能的影响。结果表明,制得的聚酯酰胺树脂与环氧树脂形成了均相体系,改性环氧/酸酐固化体系韧性断裂特征明显;改性后环氧树脂固化速率和弯曲强度降低,热稳定性和冲击强度提高。当己二酸、三乙二醇、尿素和顺酐的摩尔比为10∶8∶2∶2时,聚酯酰胺树脂改性环氧/酸酐固化体系的冲击强度最高,为26.5kJ/m2。     

海因环氧改性氰酸酯树脂体系的固化行为研究

目的 采用非等温差示扫描量热法（DSC）和傅里叶红外光谱（FT–IR）研究海因环氧/双酚A型氰酸酯（BAE）和海因环氧/四甲基双酚F型氰酸酯（TBF）的固化反应行为。方法 通过Kissinger、Ozawa和Crane法对2种树脂体系的固化动力学参数进行了计算，并采用热重分析（TGA）和热机械分析（DMA）评价树脂改性前后的热稳定性和热力学性能。结果 海因环氧改性氰酸酯树脂体系均呈现双重固化放热峰，TBF体系具有相对更高的表观活化能，而BAE体系具有更好的耐热性能，其玻璃化转变温度（tg）和在氮气下质量损失率为5%时的温度分别为271.6℃和403.4℃。结论 海因环氧树脂可以促进氰酸酯的聚合反应，制备的改性树脂体系可用于耐高温树脂基体和电子封装等材料。     

氰酸酯/环氧树脂共混物热分解动力学

利用动态TGA方法研究了双酚A二缩水甘油醚环氧树脂和酚醛环氧树脂与双酚A二氰酸酯的两类共混物的热稳定性。用Coats-Redfern研究了不同配比共混物的热分解动力学。结果表明,氰酸酯含量大的双酚A二缩水甘油醚环氧树脂/双酚A二氰酸酯共混物具有两阶段分解机理,而环氧含量大的双酚A二缩水甘油醚环氧树脂/双酚A二氰酸酯共混物具有均一的热分解活化能;相比较而言,酚醛环氧树脂/双酚A二氰酸酯共混物的分解活化能基本上不随温度和组成变化。从后期失重温度和活化能看,酚醛环氧树脂/双酚A二氰酸酯共混物具有比双酚A二缩水甘油醚环氧树脂/双酚A二氰酸酯共混物更高的热稳定性。     

低介电笼型倍半硅氧烷改性氰酸酯-环氧树脂复合材料

采用环氧基倍丰硅氧烷(POSS)对双酚A型氰酸酯和环氧树脂共聚体系进行改性.系统研究了该固化体系的纳米粒子相分散状态、热性能以及力学性能、介电性能.当POSS含量为1%(质量分数)时,POsS以分子级分散在树脂基体中,该固化体系的热性能和机械性能均有明显提高,介电常数和介电损耗显著降低.随着POSS含量的提高,部分POSS以自聚和结晶的状态存在于聚合物中,体系的热性能和机械性能有所下降.     

耐热强韧性环氧树脂基体的性能

本文用脂环族三官能度环氧树脂TDE-85改性双酚A型环氧树脂达到提高耐热性与强韧性的目的。研究了TDE-85含量对树脂基体性能的影响规律,结合动态介电分析法(DDA)确定的固化工艺制备并测试树脂基体性能,实验结果表明,改性环氧树脂体系的力学性能、热性能及冲击强度均有较大幅度的提高,与普通双酚A型树脂相比,相同固化体系作用下拉伸强度、断裂延伸率、弯曲强度及冲击韧性分别提高49.05%、50.0%、36.24%及19.53%;DMA测试结果显示其热稳定性好,Tg提高大于10℃以上,71℃时储能模量E′下降4.5%。并通过红外光谱学进行了分子结构与性能的相关分析。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...