减速机轴断裂分析

某减速机使用30多小时后，齿轮减速机轴发生弯曲，该轴在进行冷校直时发生断裂。通过对断裂轴的断口宏微观分析、金相检验以及硬度测定，认为该轴是在应力集中条件下承受对称旋转弯曲载荷作用，产生早期疲劳断裂。造成疲劳断裂的原因是由于热处理工艺不合理，致使材料力学性能未达到设计要求，导致轴的疲劳抗力降低，加之圆角加工较差，工作时产生应力集中，加速了轴的疲劳断裂。     

潜油电泵轴断裂失效分析

用表面探伤、化学分析、力学性能、微观观察、断口分析等方法，对断裂的潜油泵轴进行失效分析，结果表明，泵轴的材质与性能均符合有关标准要求。泵轴失效首先是１＃泵轴卡死断裂，随后造成２＃泵轴卡死过载断裂。     

轴坯校直断裂分析

材料为3Cr13钢的轴坯在进行机械校直时，有30%的轴坯发生了横向断裂。经分析，轴坯的化学成分符合技术条件要求。经宏、微观检验，发现轴坯的外表面有数条裂纹；其显微组织为位向明显的回火索氏体，裂纹表面有轻微的氧化脱碳；轴坯断口为萘状断口，其微观断裂途径为沿晶断裂。通过对断裂轴坯表面裂纹的分析，认为轴坯表面裂纹分为两类：一类裂纹是由于轴坯原材料表面有较深的纵向划伤缺陷，热处理时沿缺陷处进一步扩展形成的；另一类裂纹是轴坯在淬火加热过程中由于温度偏高而形成的过热裂纹。因此，淬火加热时的过热导致轴坯在淬火冷却时形成表面裂纹，这样在轴坯机械校直时表面裂纹又诱发轴坯发生断裂。     

变速箱二轴的断裂分析

汽车变速箱二轴在工作中发生多起断裂事故。采用金相检验、扫描电镜和化学成分分析等手段，对断裂变速箱二轴进行了检验分析。结果表明，轴的断口具有明显的疲劳特征，疲劳源位于二轴花键槽根部。由于渗碳淬火工艺不当，在二轴花键槽根部的组织中产生了网状碳化物和粗大的针状马氏体，在外力作用下形成沿晶显微裂纹并扩展，是导致二轴疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

变速箱第二轴断裂原因分析

变速箱第二轴在总装时发生批量断裂，断裂部位均在轴端螺纹收尾根部。采用化学成分分析、金相检验以及断口宏、微观分析等方法，对该轴的断裂原因进行分析。结果表明，该零件在热处理过程中，因超音频回火工艺控制不当，以及机加工缺陷引起的应力集中是导致断裂的主要原因。提出了改进措施。     

50钢被动轴断裂分析

减速器被动轴在负荷试验过程中断裂，借助金相显微和ＳＥＭ等观察该轴的显微组织和断口形貌，结果表明，锻造加热时轴局部严重过热是造成轴心淬火裂纹，校直中裂纹扩展，开启，导致轴断裂的根本原因。提出了相应的热处理措施。     

曲柄销轴断裂分析

对曲柄销轴在采油设备上的安装配合情况进行了调查，在此基础上，分析了销轴在采油设备工作时的受力情况，并通过化学分析、金相检验和扫描电镜等方法对销轴断裂失效进行了分析。结果表明，该销轴在交变偏斜拉应力的作用下，在销轴的应力集中处——退刀槽根部产生疲劳裂纹，最终导致疲劳断裂。另外钢材质量欠佳、组织不良也促进了断裂过程的进行。     

客车上转盘回转轴断裂分析

采用金相分析等方法，对客车上盘盘回转轴的断裂进行了分析，结果表明：该轴断裂失效是因混料而错用材料所致。     

18CrNiMo7-6A钢减速机输出轴断裂原因

某公司减速机输出轴在运行过程中发生断裂,通过化学成分分析、断口分析、金相检验、硬度测试及拉伸性能测试等方法,对18CrNiMo7-6A钢制输出轴的断裂原因进行了分析.结果表明:轴的整体热处理工艺不当,显微组织不均匀,局部区域形成了粗大的羽毛状贝氏体,使轴的拉伸性能降低;轴的表面感应淬火工艺不当,淬硬层太薄,远小于标准的...     

采煤机摇臂扭矩轴断裂修复使用研究

扭矩轴是采煤机截割部过载保护轴，一旦采煤机遇到过载时，扭矩轴首先断裂，保护了采煤机。综采工作面采场条件恶劣，人员操作水平差，时常会出现采煤机割支架前粱或者刮板机铲煤板，导致断裂，扭矩轴需要外购，价格高，周期长，时常出现影响生产，对废品重新利用，效益可观。     

铁路货车车轴断裂分析

为查明铁路货车车轴卸荷槽部位断裂失效的原因，对断轴整体及断口部位做了全面的理化检验和宏、微观分析，发现轴表面疲劳源处存在许多腐蚀坑。进一步对腐蚀坑底部进行微观观察和电子能谱分析，发现坑底存在较多沿轴周向的微裂纹，坑内腐蚀产物含有高价硫元素。结果表明，较强腐蚀性物质使卸荷槽部位轴表面形成较深腐蚀坑，在该区域极易造成应力集中，这是引起裂纹萌生和扩展最终导致车轴断裂的主要原因。     

汽车后驱动桥断裂失效分析

汽车后驱动桥由多个零件焊接而成,在行驶约790000 km时该零件发生断裂。通过宏观分析、显微组织分析、化学成分分析以及断口形貌分析后认为,该零件断裂性质为疲劳断裂,主要原因为被焊接的两个零件尺寸差异较大,局部形成应力集中,再加上焊接热影响区存在焊接应力和魏氏体组织,并在汽车行进中不断受到颠簸和震动造成该区域产生裂纹源,进而在运行一定时间后发生疲劳断裂。     

Failure analysis of fretting fatigue initiation and growth on railway axle press-fits

Fretting fatigue failure of press fitted railway axle-wheel assembly was presented. Size, distribution and propagation profiles of the circumferential fretting cracks on the full-scale axles were determined by magnetic particle and metallographic slicing methods. The distribution of multiaxial stress cycle along the press-fit seat was obtained by finite element analysis (FEA). The obtained stress path was used for interpretation of fractographic evidence collected at crack initiation sites and the crack propagation plane. Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of the axle material (34CrMo4) was made on the specimens sampled from the broken axles. The threshold conditions for propagation of small fretting cracks were determined by Kitagawa analysis and El-Haddad correction method. The results of the experimental study were compared with EA1N grade steel which is given as the reference axle material in the EN standards. The metallurgical factors affecting the fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation were investigated. The causes of the examined axle failures were associated with the deteriorated mechanical properties of the axle material.     

基于MSC.Fatigue的汽车驱动桥壳疲劳寿命预估

运用三维造型软件Pro/Engineer Wildfire2.0建立某型商用车驱动桥后桥壳的实体模型.依据有限元基本理论,进一步建立该桥壳的有限元模型,并在通用有限元分析系统MSC.Nastran中进行有限元应力分析.基于应力分析结果,采用有效的疲劳寿命预估方法,利用专业耐久性疲劳寿命分析系统MSC.Fatigue对该桥壳进行全寿命分析,得到桥壳整体的疲劳寿命分布和危险点的寿命值.通过与台架疲劳试验的桥壳失效情况相对比,预估结果与试验结果一致.而后对在试验中发生破坏的桥壳进行疲劳断口的微观分析.最终在试验与仿真分析结果的基础上提出对该型桥壳生产的改进方案。     

PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT OF CRACKED SPECIMENS BASED ON THE CYCLIC R-CURVE METHOD

Abstract— The propagation behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from pre-cracks was numerically simulated to evaluate the development of crack closure with crack growth. The crack opening stress intensity factor at the threshold was approximated as a function of the applied stress and the amount of crack extension. Pre-cracked specimens of a medium-carbon steel with a small surface crack and a single-edge crack were fatigued to investigate experimentally the initiation and propagation of cracks from pre-cracks. Crack closure was dynamically measured by using an interferometric strain/displacement gauge. The threshold condition of crack initiation from pre-cracks was given by a constant value of the effective stress intensity range which was equal to the threshold value for long cracks. The cyclic R -curve was constructed in terms of the threshold value of the maximum stress intensity factor as a function of crack extension approximated on the basis of the experimental and numerical results. The cyclic R -curve method was used to predict the fatigue thresholds of pre-cracked specimens. The predicted values of the fatigue limits for crack initiation and fracture, and the length of non-propagating cracks agreed very well with the experimental results.     

重型汽车后桥轴头断裂分析

某重型汽车后桥轴头发生断裂，通过对失效轴头的断口分析，发现其有明显的疲劳断裂特征。疲劳源出现在零件受力的中性层附近，并且呈多疲劳潭。中性层是正常工作条件下受力最小的区域。进一步对样品进行金相检验、化学分析和扫描电镜分析，发现在轴头材料的中性层附近存在着大量的残余缩孔和氧化物夹杂等缺陷，可观察到多处由残余缩孔和夹杂物为起裂源的特征形貌，表明残余缩孔等缺陷是引起材料疲劳断裂的主要原因。     

Fracture mechanics assessment of railway axles: Experimental characterization and computation

The results of a joint research project aiming at developing validated fracture mechanics assessment procedures for railway axles are presented. Experimentally determined fatigue crack growth parameters for the commonly used axle steel 25CrMo4 (A4T) and the high strength steel 34CrNiMo6 are included in the range of stable crack propagation and near threshold. The results are employed for predicting fatigue crack growth for cracks initiating at the axle shaft. For the computational modelling of fatigue crack propagation a generally applicable solution for stress intensity factors has been derived. Furthermore, the influence of variable amplitude loading (block loading) on the crack propagation behaviour has been studied and is discussed. The computational results are in good agreement with experimental data determined on standard fracture mechanics specimens as well as down-scaled and geometrically similar axle specimens.     

18CrNiMo7-6合金钢的弯曲微动疲劳特性

对18CrNiMo7-6合金钢进行弯曲微动疲劳实验,建立弯曲微动疲劳S-N曲线,并对实验结果进行分析。结果表明:该合金钢的弯曲微动疲劳S-N曲线不同于中碳钢材料,也不同于常规弯曲疲劳,而是呈"ε"型曲线特征。随着弯曲疲劳应力的增加,微动运行区域由部分滑移区向混合区和滑移区转变,损伤区的磨损机制以剥层、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损为主。在混合区内,裂纹最易萌生和扩展,且裂纹均萌生于材料接触区次表面。受接触应力和弯曲疲劳应力影响,弯曲微动疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展可分为三个阶段:初期,在接触应力控制下,裂纹萌生于次表面;随后,裂纹受接触应力和弯曲疲劳应力共同控制,转向更大角度方向扩展;最后,裂纹完全受弯曲疲劳应力控制而垂直于接触表面扩展,直至断裂失效。     

波音747SP飞机主起落架收放作动筒断裂分析

采用宏、微观检验方法对国外某航空公司波音747SP飞机主起落架收放作动筒断裂性质和原因进行了分析。查明作动筒断裂性质为腐蚀疲劳,腐蚀疲劳起源于作动筒外壁表面的网状裂纹,而这些网状裂纹产生于电镀之前,是一种加工缺陷。作动筒表面裂纹的网状形态以及初始深度符合磨削裂纹的特点。     

ELASTIC–PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT FOR A MATERIAL WITH SMALL FLAWS

Abstract Fatigue tests were carried out on mild steel with small cracks for which linear fracture mechanics is not effective. A fatigue limit criterion, based on the cyclic plastic zone size at a crack tip being a material constant at the fatigue limit, can effectively evaluate the effects of crack length and stress ratio. Regarding flaws as cracks, the theory gives fatigue limit values close to those obtained in experiments on specimens with natural defects, such as surface roughness, micro-shrinkage cavities, inclusions etc. The effect of water corrosion was also investigated.