超级双相不锈钢00Cr32Ni7Mo3.5N的热塑性及高温组织演变

为研究超级双相不锈钢00Cr32Ni7Mo3.5N(SAF3207)的高温热塑性,对3207钢进行热拉伸实验并分析断口形貌。结果表明,提高加热温度至1300℃、应变速率到0.1s-1时,能使断面收缩率达82.7%,随着温度从1000℃上升至1300℃,热塑性依次增大,断裂方式从脆性断裂转变至韧性断裂。与00Cr25Ni7Mo4N(SAF2507)双相不锈钢相比,3207钢的热塑性低于2507钢,3207钢的开轧温度为1300℃,其终轧温度必须高于1150℃。而2507钢的开轧温度为1250℃,终轧温度高于1000℃。使用Thermo-Calc软件计算双相钢的平衡相图,对双相钢进行了不同温度热处理以观察其高温组织的演变规律,并结合铁素体测量结果分析了钢的热塑性与温度的关系。     

高温时效对2205双相不锈钢中σ相析出行为的影响

对2205双相不锈钢进行了750、800、850、900和950℃分别保温0.5、1、2h的时效处理,采用定量金相、SEM和EDS、化学萃取、XRD和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等方法研究了2205双相不锈钢中σ相析出与时效时间、温度的变化规律。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢经不同时效工艺处理后的组织主要由奥氏体、铁素体、σ相组成,σ相一般在γ/α相界处或铁素体内析出;在相同时效温度下,随着时间的延长,σ相的析出量明显增多,而在850℃进行时效处理会使钢中σ相的析出量达到最高值。此外,采用EBSD方法有望对2205双相不锈钢中的σ相进行准确的定量分析。     

2205双相不锈钢锻造失效分析

针对2205双相不锈钢在实际工业化生产中出现的锻造失效问题进行了研究。采用10 t EAF-AOD双联工艺冶炼2205双相不锈钢,浇注2支4.2 t钢锭。钢锭化学成分合格,表面质量良好,但在锻造开坯过程中,钢锭表面出现大量横向裂纹,导致锻件产品报废。利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析仪等,对2205双相不锈钢在锻造过程中出现的裂纹缺陷进行金相组织、截面形貌及能谱分析。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢锻造失效主要原因是,锻前加热过程中,在850℃进行了时效处理,析出大量σ脆性相,导致钢的塑韧性急剧下降,受到变形力作用后表面严重开裂;热加工过程中,2205双相不锈钢在600~1000℃温度范围内应快速升温,不宜做时效处理,避免σ相析出,恶化钢的力学性能。     

不同固溶温度对双相不锈钢σ相析出及冲击韧性的影响

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、室温冲击等方法,研究了不同固溶温度下2205双相不锈钢σ相析出行为以及对冲击性能的影响,用于指导双相不锈钢的热加工工艺.结果表明:在750～ 900℃时,有σ相析出,析出位置集中在α/γ相界上.随着固溶温度的升高,σ相析出尺寸变大,析出量呈先增多再减少,σ相析出的鼻尖温度范围在850 ～ 900℃之间.σ相析出使2205双相不锈钢冲击韧性急剧下降,随固溶温度的升高,冲击韧性持续降低,900℃时冲击韧性最差,仅有38 J,因此双相不锈钢在热加工过程中应尽量避免在σ相析出温度范围内停留.     

含钨超级双相不锈钢连续冷却过程中的析出相

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机对含钨超级双相不锈钢进行了连续冷却试验,利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜电子背散射模式（SEM-BSE）分析了冷却速率对含钨超级双相不锈钢σ析出相的影响。结果表明：冷却速率越小,σ相的析出量越多;在相同冷却速率下,变形后钢中σ相的析出量比未变形情况有所增加;冷却速率超过5.0 ℃/s时可阻止含钨超级双相不锈钢析出σ相。     

时效工艺对2205双相不锈钢σ相析出行为的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜对2205双相不锈钢1050、1350 ℃固溶30 min+650~1000 ℃时效0.5~1440 min后σ相形貌和含量进行观测。结果表明:经过1050 ℃固溶处理后,2205双相不锈钢在650~850 ℃时效处理过程中存在σ相析出行为。当时效温度为850 ℃时,σ相析出最快;随着时效温度偏离850 ℃,σ相析出速度降低。经过1350 ℃固溶后,σ相析出温度整体提高,析出温度范围更宽。σ相析出后即发生迅速长大,在3 h内体积分数可达0.25%~1.75%;之后其生长速率逐渐减缓。σ相首先在铁素体与奥氏体相界处以小于1 μm的近似球状颗粒形貌析出,之后沿着铁素体相中宽度在几微米的狭窄区域向铁素体内生长。2205双相不锈钢的时效处理温度影响σ相的析出行为,时效处理应在偏离850 ℃的温度下进行,以防止σ相的析出和快速长大。     

2205双相不锈钢热轧卷断带原因分析

2205双相不锈钢热轧卷在开卷过程中发生断带。本文采用直读光谱仪、洛氏硬度计、摆锤冲击试验机、金相显微镜和扫描电镜等对断带处的样品进行了化学成分、力学性能、显微组织和析出相检测分析,并对2205双相不锈钢热轧卷热加工工艺参数进行了分析。结果表明:断带样品中含有大量的σ相析出,这是导致2205双相不锈钢卷断带的根本原因;而层流冷却后温度过高、冷却速度较慢是导致2205双相不锈钢热轧卷σ相析出的原因。     

2205双相不锈钢高温下σ相析出的原位观察

利用共焦激光扫描显微镜(CSLM)原位观察了2205双相不锈钢850、900、950℃保温1 h时效处理过程中σ相的析出行为。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和透射电镜(TEM)的分析结果可以认为,经过时效处理后,2205双相不锈钢中主要析出相类型为σ相,通常在铁素体晶内与晶界析出。实验结果还显示,由于α/γ晶界位置的减少以及Cr、Mo等合金元素的匮乏,致使2205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出时间随着时效温度的增加而延长,其析出量则呈现出减小的趋势;但在相同时效温度条件下,σ相析出量随时效时间的延长而增多。     

冷却速率对2507超级双相不锈钢σ相析出的影响

利用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机对2507超级双相不锈钢进行了连续冷却试验,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜电子背散射模式分析了冷却速率对超级双相不锈钢σ相析出的影响。研究结果表明,在连续冷却过程中,冷却速率显著影响2507双相不锈钢σ相的析出含量,冷却速率越小,σ相的析出量越多;冷却速率超过2.0℃/s能阻止2507超级双相不锈钢析出σ相。     

稀土镧和铈对双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了研究双相不锈钢热加工过程中稀土对有害析出相的影响,采用电化学动电位极化扫描法、电化学交流阻抗谱法、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射等方法研究了镧、铈混合稀土对2205双相不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:稀土优先富集在双相不锈钢δ/γ相界及其附近地区,并且使得钢中δ/γ相界处合金元素Cr和Mo的富集程度减小,延缓了σ相的析出;在1.0 mol/L Na Cl+0.5 mol/L HCl溶液中,稀土增大了双相不锈钢的钝化区间,降低了其钝化电流密度,能够阻止腐蚀性阴离子向钝化膜内部扩散;稀土通过延缓σ相的析出,提高了双相不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

变形温度对C-Si-Mn系热轧双相钢热变形行为的影响

以C-Si-Mn系热轧双相钢为研究对象,通过单道次热模拟实验,研究了不同变形温度下热轧双相钢热变形行为.研究发现,变形温度越高,再结晶越容易;变形温度降低,铁素体晶粒小,热变形流变应力随之下降,并且双相钢中板条马氏体和孪晶马氏体形貌均有退化趋势.通过对不同变形温度下双相钢热变形行为的研究,可以为进一步热轧实验提供理论依据.     

Testing formability in the hot stamping of HSS

This paper presents an innovative experimental procedure, based on Nakazima test, for evaluating the formability limits in the hot stamping of high strength steel (HSS) which is capable of generating formability data suitable for an FE modelling of the process. The approach is based on two complementary tests which are aimed at evaluating the actual phase transformation kinetics for the material under deformation conditions and the combinations of microstructure, temperature and straining path that lead to localized necking or fracture.     

从三元混合气氛腐蚀相图到四元热腐蚀相图

三元混合气氛腐蚀相图和四元热腐蚀相图的计算具有相通性。三元体系中,将一凝聚相视为由单质金属和气相中两个组元反应生成,而在四元体系内把凝聚相设为由单质金属、Na-O-S体系中一凝聚相和气相中的两个组元反应而成。通过其反应自由能的变化来衡量判断相图中凝聚相西两组合的平衡线和叁叁组合的三相点。     

改善17—4PH不锈钢热塑性和机械性能的途径

本文在工艺实践、现场示踪的基础上阐述如何考虑工艺因素来改善沉淀硬化不锈铜17-4PH的加工热塑性和室温机械性能,并从金相学上揭示上述三者之间关系的表象规律。     

Hot corrosion behavior of MCrAlY coatings on IN738LC

The hot corrosion behavior of CoNiCrAlY coatings deposited on IN738LC super alloy using low pressure plasma spray (LPPS) was investigated using samples immersed in a solution of Na₂SO₄-10 wt.% NaCl and dried as to be covered with a 2.5 mg/cm² costing. Specimens were heat-treated in furnace at 850 °C and after 24 h in the furnace were accurately weighed. Microstructural characterizations were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated interactions within microstructure of the coating with clearly diminished thickness of MCrAlY coating. Phase transformation and β-NiAl phase depletion in the MCrAlY coatings were shown to be directly related to the thermal cycles experienced by the samples and revealed outward diffusion of Al in the coating and the inward migration of Ni toward the coating causing β → γ′ phase transformation as the main cause of instability of the β-NiAl.     

Role of mechanical activation in the dynamic transformation of austenite

When austenite is deformed above the equilibrium transformation temperature Ae₃, it is dynamically transformed into Widmanstätten ferrite by a displacive mechanism. On removal of the load it is slowly retransformed into austenite by diffusional processes. The forward transformation has recently been explained in terms of a thermodynamic model in which the lower free energy of austenite is raised above that of normally unstable ferrite as a result of the additional stored energy associated with the dislocations introduced by straining. This model is here shown to be unable to account for the initiation of transformation at critical strains of about 0.1, at which only low densities of dislocations are present. Of particular importance is the observation that dynamic transformation can be initiated at temperatures 100 °C and more above the Ae₃ and that the critical strain actually decreases with increasing temperature and increasing chemical free energy barrier. This discrepancy is removed by allowing for mechanical (stress-based) activation of the transformation. The latter provides the energy required to accommodate the shear of the parent austenite into Widmanstätten plates, as well as the volume change or dilatation accompanying ferrite formation. The work of dilatation and the shear accommodation work, omitted from the previous analysis, are introduced here as barriers to the transformation that are overcome by the applied stress. This modified approach is able to account for the very rapid forward (mechanically activated) transformation compared with the much slower reverse transformation that takes place in the absence of stress.     

喷射沉积Mg-4Al-3Ca-1.5Zn合金的显微组织

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等方法对喷射沉积Mg-4Al-3Ca-1.5Zn合金的组织变化进行了试验研究.结果表明,金属型铸态合金中强化相沿晶界析出,主要成分为C36[(Mg,Al)2Ca]和C14(Mg2Ca)相;而喷射沉积快速凝固的合金组织均匀,强化相为C15(Al2Ca)和C36相,其中C15相以棒状和粒状分布于C36基体中;C36相处于亚稳态,经过高温保温处理会转变为C15相;热挤压过程中合金发生动态再结晶,在晶界处有C36相析出.     

Opportunities for TBCs in the ZrO2-YO1.5-TaO2.5 system

An examination of the ZrO₂-YO_1.5-TaO_2.5 system reveals several promising attributes for use in thermal barrier coating applications. The rather unique presence of a stable, non-transformable tetragonal region in this ternary oxide system allows for phase stability to high temperatures (1500 °C). Selected compositions with high levels of yttria and tantala have also shown superior resistance to vanadate corrosion than the commercially utilized 7YSZ. In addition, Y + Ta stabilized zirconia compositions within the non-transformable tetragonal phase field exhibit toughness values comparable or somewhat higher than those of 7YSZ, which bodes well for their durability as TBCs. These promising attributes are discussed in this paper in the context of recent experimental work.     

渗铝稀土钢扩散层的非晶态相及其形成机理

通过SEM、TEM、EDS研究了扩散型热浸镀铝钢扩散层的微观结构和成分。结果发现，在距扩散层表面30肿内存在大量Fe-Al合金非晶相和纳米晶粒。表面非晶含量很高，往基体方向，非晶逐渐减少。通过对热浸镀铝后表面层组织的微观分析表明，扩散层的Fe-Al合金非晶相是在热浸镀铝后的冷却过程中形成的，非晶相的形成是共晶反应和界面扩散导致的。     

Fe含量对热挤压再生铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能拉伸机、显微硬度计等手段研究了不同Fe含量对热挤压再生铝合金组织和性能的影响,并探讨富Fe相形态演变机制。结果表明,Fe含量的增加有利于抑制再生铝晶粒尺寸的长大。随着Fe含量增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,减小幅度达25%。热挤压后再生铝中富Fe相发生了折断和破碎,并沿着挤压方向呈带状分布。随着Fe含量增加,富Fe相的面积分数和平均长度均逐渐提高,当Fe含量分别为0.10%~1.24%时,面积分数和平均长度增长最快;而富Fe相的圆整度则随Fe含量的增加稍有降低。同时,再生铝的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率均随着Fe含量的增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势,最大降低幅度分别为10.4%、23.2%和46.0%,而显微硬度则逐渐提高,最大提高幅度为21.7%。断口形貌也由纯韧性断裂转变为混合型断裂模式。