锌粉颗粒形状对机械沉积无结晶镀层结构的影响

以球状锌粉和片状锌粉为原始锌粉借助于机械镀工艺制备了无结晶锌防护层,运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了镀层的结构形貌;采用XRD技术分析了镀层的物相组成;采用贴滤纸法进行了镀层的孔隙率测试.研究结果表明,片状锌粉制备的镀层比球状锌粉制备的镀层表面要平滑、光亮.球状锌粉制各的镀层中锌粉颗粒呈紧密堆积,部分锌粉颗粒发生塑性变形;片状锌粉制备的镀层中的锌粉颗粒呈层片状叠加,镀层中锌粉颗粒没有发生明显塑性变形.两种形状锌粉制备的镀层均为锌基多相混合体系,镀层中没有固溶体、化合物等合金相产生,属于锌基复合镀层.锌粉颗粒形状对镀层中颗粒之间的结合机理没有显著影响,两种镀层中锌粉颗粒间均以机械咬合为主.     

机械镀锌和锌铝镀层的形貌及耐蚀性

用球状锌粉、片状锌粉和片状锌铝合金粉分别制备出3种机械镀锌层,借助扫描电镜（SEM）比较了各种镀层的表面及断口形貌,并对镀层表面进行了钝化处理及耐腐蚀性能测试.结果表明,片状锌粉形成的机械镀层的综合性能好于传统的球状锌粉形成的机械镀层,且片状锌-铝（10wt%）合金粉形成的机械镀层的综合性能最好.     

机械镀镀层制备及性能研究

用325目电炉球状锌粉并经冷扎处理为片状锌粉分别制备了镀层Ⅰ和镀层Ⅱ，通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对该镀层的形貌分析、中性盐雾试验、附着力测试等手段对该镀层的性能进行了研究.结果表明，片状锌粉用于机械镀，锌粉活性明显增强，镀覆效率提高；片状锌粉层层叠加，镀层的耐腐蚀性、表面密封性、可钝化性、镀层光亮度等均有明显改善，具有较好的工业应用价值.      

不同粒度金属粉形成机械镀层形貌及耐腐蚀性能研究

分别采用200、325、500、800锌粉和325目锌、铝粉混合球磨成的片状锌-铝粉,经SnSO4活化,进行机械镀.用扫描电镜观察,锌粉多为较规则的球形,片状锌-铝粉多为不规则的片状结构.镀层表面球形颗粒状锌粉变形较大,镀层内部球形颗粒变形较小,多为椭球形.随着粒度的变小,镀层的致密程度增加.片状锌-铝粉形成的镀层的致密、平滑程度不如800、500目锌粉形成的镀层.但镀层的色泽明显改观,亮度增大.采用片状锌-铝粉形成的镀层受损后有自愈性.通过盐雾试验、极化曲线试验,验证了随着粒度的变小,耐腐蚀性显著增加,间接证明镀层致密性增加;片状锌-铝粉形成的镀层的耐腐蚀性能与800目球状锌粉形成的镀层相当.     

湿法超声机械镀锌层的结构分析

采用湿法超声机械镀锌设备制备了机械镀锌层。采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的能谱仪分析了镀锌层的结构形貌和化学成分;采用贴滤纸法对镀层进行孔隙率测试。结果表明,制备的镀锌层无贯穿性孔隙;镀层主要由锌、少量的锡和铁构成,锌粉颗粒是镀层的主体。部分锌粉颗粒发生团聚;镀层表面细腻、均匀、平整,无凹凸不平结构。     

添加纳米TiO2对机械镀锌层组织和性能的影响

采用在机械镀锌过程添加纳米TiO2颗粒制备了机械镀锌层,采用SEM、XRD分析了镀层的组织结构,测试了镀层的致密度,采用中性盐雾试验测试了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,添加TiO2纳米颗粒不影响镀层的基本结构,镀层中没有发现含Ti新相产生;SEM分析发现,纳米TiO2颗粒在镀层中呈白色点状分布于锌粉颗粒表面,但镀层中没有发现TiO2明显的XRD特征峰。添加3%和5%纳米TiO2后,镀层的致密度由70.86%分别增至84.26%、88.63%,并延长了镀层耐盐腐蚀出现红锈的时间。     

机械镀Zn-Cu复合镀层的组织结构

为获得防腐-装饰双重效果,采用机械镀的方法首先在钢铁基体表面沉积锌层,然后在锌层表面沉积铜层,最终在钢铁基体表面获得了Zn-Cu复合镀层。采用划线划格法检测分析了镀层的结合强度,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察分析了镀层的组织结构,采用能谱仪(EDS)分析了镀层截面的化学成分及分布。结果表明,机械镀Zn-Cu复合镀层表面平整、光滑,镀层覆盖完整;镀层和基体结合牢固,划线划格时镀层无翘起或脱落现象,镀层内部无分层脱落现象。复合镀层由外层的铜层和内层的锌层组成,外层铜层由片状铜粉层叠构成,内层锌层由锌粉颗粒堆积而成。外层铜层和内层锌层之间存在明显的界线,无合金过渡层存在,两者之间为机械结合;内层锌层和基体之间存在明显的界线,无合金过渡层存在,两者之间为机械结合。     

机械镀Zn-RE复合镀层的结构

以机械镀方法制备了Zn-RE复合镀层,采用SEM观察了镀层的结构,采用XRF、XPS分析了镀层表面的化学组成和镀层的表面化学状态,采用XRD分析了镀层的物相组成。结果表明,Zn-RE复合机械镀层主要由锌粉颗粒组成,稀土有利于镀层中的锌粉颗粒发生变形。镀层中主要含有Zn、Sn、Fe、La、Ce元素,其中La、Ce含量很低;Zn、Sn、Fe以单质态存在,La以La2O3存在。镀层表面主要由Zn、Sn、La、O组成,Zn以单质态存在,Sn以单质态和氧化态共存,La以La2O3存在。Zn-RE复合镀层形层过程中所添加混合稀土中的La未发生化学位态的变化。     

氧化石墨烯掺杂对机械镀锌层腐蚀性能的影响

为了增强传统机械镀锌层的耐腐蚀性能,采用机械镀方法,在Q235基体表面制备了Zn-GO纳米薄片复合镀层。利用拉曼光谱、场发射扫描电镜和X射线衍射等表征了复合镀层的表面、截面形貌;采用极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分析了复合镀层浸泡在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为,并通过中性盐雾加速腐蚀试验测试复合镀层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:GO薄片以吸附、镶嵌、夹杂3种方式与锌颗粒共沉积。与未添加GO的镀层相比,GO细化锌粉团使复合镀层更加紧密,同时GO起到电连接作用,可使复合镀层发生钝化现象,自腐蚀电位从-1.189 V正移到-1.130 V,腐蚀电流密度从749μA/cm~2降低到398μA/cm~2;GO具有很好的化学惰性和屏障效应,线性极化电阻增大了5倍;耐盐雾腐蚀试验出现白锈和红锈时间比纯锌镀层分别延长了12 h和140 h。因此,一定含量的GO掺杂能提高锌基镀层的耐腐蚀性能。     

机械镀锌层锌粉颗粒间结合机理的探讨

采用SEM观察了初始锌粉和机械镀锌层的断口形貌,分析了镀层断口锌粉颗粒结合处的成分分布及双金属冷焊结合机理,探讨了镀层中锌粉颗粒间的结合机制.从细晶强化角度解释了镀层具有较高结合强度的原因.分析结果表明,锌粉颗粒之间容易形成金属键,发生键合.表面活性物质部分残留在镀层中,起到桥接作用.锌粉颗粒之间的键合和表面活性物质的桥接是锌粉颗粒结合的主要途径.     

Fe粒子参数对低温超音速火焰喷涂层构建的影响

应用LS-DYNA大应变有限元耦合算法,研究了低温超音速火焰喷涂Fe粒子参数对喷涂层构建的影响.结果表明,随着粒子温度或者速度的升高,粒子所含内能的增加,使得涂层界面温度不断升高,粒子的沉积塑性应变发生变化.粒子在不同基体上的沉积特征表明基体硬度将影响沉积粒子与基体界面的结合状态.随着涂层的构成,后续粒子对已沉积粒子的高速撞击使得先沉积的粒子产生二次塑性变形,并引发温变.先沉积的粒子塑性变形引起的粗化作用将降低后续粒子沉积的临界速度.这些将导致涂层在拉应力作用下发生脆性断裂.     

Investigation of Deposition Behavior of Cold-Sprayed Magnesium Coating

Two types of magnesium powders with different particle size distributions were deposited by cold spraying at different main gas temperatures. The effects of gas temperature and particle size distribution on the deposition efficiency of particles were studied. The microstructure of coatings was observed, and the porosity of coatings was evaluated. The deposition efficiency of particles increased, and the porosity of coatings decreased with the increase of gas temperature. The deposition efficiency of particles increased when using the powder with a smaller particle size distribution. Stainless steel and aluminum plates were used as substrates. The bonding strength and mechanism between the coating and substrate were studied. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS was used to help us better understand the deformation behavior of particles and substrates. The mean bonding strength slightly increased when aluminum plates were used as substrates. The bonding mechanism of Mg coatings on stainless steel and aluminum substrates was discussed.     

Development of Particle Interface Bonding in Thermal Spray Coatings: A Review

Thermal spray ceramic coatings deposited following the conventional routine exhibit a typical lamellar structure with a limited interface bonding ratio. The bonding between particles in the coating dominates coating properties and performance. In this review paper, the bonding formation at the interface between thin lamellae in the coating is examined. The effect of spray parameters on the bonding ratio is presented to reveal the main droplet parameters controlling bonding formation, which reveals that the temperature of the spray particle rather than its velocity dominates the bonding formation. The limitation to increase significantly the ceramic particle temperature inherent to the thermal spray process leads to the observation of a maximum bonding ratio of about 32%, while through controlling the surface temperature of the coating prior to molten droplet impact, the bonding at the lamellar interface can be significantly increased. Consequently, it is shown that with the proper selection of deposition conditions and control of the deposition temperature, the bonding ratio of ceramic deposits can be altered from a maximum of 32% for a conventional deposit to a maximum of 100%. Such wide adjustability of the lamellar bonding opens new possibilities for using thermal spray coatings in various applications requiring different microstructures and properties. The examination of recent studies shows that the bonding control makes it possible to fabricate porous deposits through surface-molten particles. Such an approach could be applied for the fabrication of porous materials, the deposition of high temperature abradable ceramic coatings, and for forming functional structured surfaces, such as a surface with super-hydrophobicity or a solid oxide fuel cell cathode interface with high specific surface area and high catalytic performance. Furthermore, complete interface bonding leads to crystalline structure control of individual splats through epitaxial grain growth.     

Copper Surface Coatings Formed by the Cold Spray Process: Simulations Based on Empirical and Phenomenological Data

Copper surface coatings produced by the cold spray process have been simulated by means of a two-dimensional computer simulation and compared with experimental data in terms of their porosity. During cold spray, solid state powders containing micrometer-sized particles are accelerated to supersonic velocities and fired onto a substrate, whereupon they undergo plastic deformation and subsequently adhere. Many factors may determine the resultant coating properties, among which include the particle size distribution, velocity, stagnation temperature, and pressure. The approach taken herein differs from those traditionally employed for modeling particle deformations and the subsequent formation of a surface coating. Such approaches rely heavily on the distribution of kinetic energy, elasticity, and fluidity of particles impacting the surface. Consequently, they are computationally impractical to simulate a bulk sample with statistical distributions of particle shape, size, and various experimental conditions. Rather than modeling the physical processes involved in particle deformations, our approach relies on correlating empirical and phenomenological statistical relationships of particle sizes and velocities obtained from experimental data to simulate coatings several hundreds of micrometers thick. In doing so, it enables the porosity of the coating to be related to both the temperature and particle size of the cold spray powders.     

Preparation and characterization of magnesium coating deposited by cold spraying

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have a great potential as structural materials due to their beneficial combination of high strength to weight ratio, high thermal conductivity and good machinability. However, few works about Mg coatings fabricated by cold spraying can be found in the literature. Thus, Mg coatings prepared at different main gas temperatures by cold spraying were investigated as well as their microstructure, phase structure, oxygen content and microhardness. The critical velocity of the particle was evaluated through numerical simulations. The particle deformation behavior and bonding mechanism were discussed. The result of the oxygen content measurement shows that the oxygen contents of coatings did not increase compared with that of the feedstock powder. The simulation results show that the critical velocity of Mg particles was in the range from 653 m/s to 677 m/s. The observation of the coating fracture morphology shows that the formation of the coating was due to the intensive plastic deformation and mechanical interlocking. The microhardness of the coating increased with the increase of the main gas temperature from 350 °C to 450 °C due to the decrease of the coating porosity.     

Effects of Dissimilar Alumina Particulates on Microstructure and Properties of Cold-Sprayed Alumina/A380 Composite Coatings

In this study,alumina/A380 composite coatings were fabricated by cold spray.The influence of alumina particulates' morphology(spherical and irregular) and content on the deposition behavior of the coatings(including surface roughness,surface residual stress,cross-sectional microstructure and microhardness) was investigated.Results revealed that the spherical alumina mainly shows micro-tamping effect during deposition,which result in remarkable low surface roughness and porosity of the coatings.In addition,very low deposition efficiency and good interfacial bonding between the coating and the substrate were achieved.For irregular alumina particles,the embedding of ceramic particulates in the coating was dominant during deposition process,resulting in high retention in the final deposit.However,it showed limited influence on porosity,surface roughness and interfacial bonding of the deposit.The coatings containing irregular alumina particulates exhibited much higher microhardness than those containing spherical alumina due to the higher load-bearing capacity of deposited alumina.     

Impacting Behavior of Large Oxidized Copper Particles in Cold Spraying

In a previous study, it has been experimentally demonstrated that surface oxide films of metallic particles have significant influence on the properties of cold-sprayed coatings. To clearly reveal the underlying mechanism, this study focused further on the effect of particle oxidation on the deposition behavior of oxidized Cu powder. Results show that the presence of the oxide films on the particles’ surface can inhibit the plastic deformation of the particles. In addition, results concerning the morphologies and oxygen content of the rebounded particles show that the particles have experienced large plastic deformation that results in the break-up of the oxide films during the impacting process. Correspondingly, the hardness of the coating deposited with the oxidized powder is a little lower than that with the annealed powder because of the inferior plastic deformation and strain-hardening effect.     

Effect of flame conditions on abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed nanostructured WC-12Co coatings

Nanostructured WC-12Co coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying with an agglomerated powder. The effect of flame conditions on the microstructure of the nanostructured coatings was investigated. The wear properties of the coatings were characterized using a dry rubber-wheel wear test. The results show that the nanostructured WC-Co coatings consist of WC, W2C, W and an amorphous binder phase. The microstructure of the coating is significantly influenced by the ratio of oxygen flow to fuel flow. Under the lower ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the nanostructured coating presents a relative dense microstructure and severe decarburization of WC phase occurs during spraying. With increasing ratio of oxygen/fuel flow, the bonding of WC particles in the coating becomes loose resulting from the original structure of feedstock and the decarburization of WC becomes less owing to limited heating to the powder. Both the decarburization of WC particles in spraying and the bonding among WC particles in the coatings affect the wear performance. The examination of the worn surfaces of the nanostructured coatings reveals that the dominant wear mechanisms would be spalling from the interface of WCCo splats when spray particles undergo a limited melting. While the melting state of the spray particles is improved,the dominant wear mechanisms become the plastic deformation and plowing of the matrix and spalling of WC particles from the matrix.     

Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Isothermal Oxidation Characteristics of Plasma Sprayed CoNi- and CoCrAlY Coatings

The effect of particle size distribution on the degradation behavior of plasma sprayed CoNi- and CoCrAlY coatings during isothermal oxidation was investigated, in terms of the oxygen content, porosity, surface roughness, and oxide scale formation. The results show that the degradation of both coatings was considerably influenced by the starting particle size distribution. It also shows that in the as-sprayed vacuum plasma spray (VPS) coatings the oxygen content on the coating surface increased significantly with decreased average particle size. But after thermal exposure, the difference of the oxygen contents between the coatings with different particle size was decreased. The powder with various particle size resulted in low porosity inside the coatings during the deposition process. The surface roughness of the coatings increased with increased particle size. The small particles produced a relatively smooth surface, and the oxide growth in the coating deposited by small particle was slower than that in the large particle coating. This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference and has been expanded from the original presentation. It is simultaneously published in Global Coating Solutions, Proceedings of the 2007 International Thermal Spray Conference, Beijing, China, May 14-16, 2007, Basil R. Marple, Margaret M. Hyland, Yuk-Chiu Lau, Chang-Jiu Li, Rogerio S. Lima, and Ghislain Montavon, Ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2007.     

气体温度对冷喷涂Ni粒子结合与变形行为的影响

利用SEM对冷喷涂工艺中不同气体温度下Ni粒子碰撞Cu合金基板后的结合及变形形貌进行了表征.结果表明,随着气体温度的升高,粒子扁平率呈渐缓趋势增加,射流面积增大,粒子的结合率提高.变形粒子内存在剪切失稳薄层、强塑性变形区和低塑性变形区等3个变形程度不同的区域.粒子与基板的结合质量主要受剪切失稳薄层控制,而变形后粒子的形状主要受塑性变形区控制.证实了绝热剪切失稳是Ni粒子与Cu合金基板结合的主要机制.