Cooking- and juiciness-related quality characteristics of goat and sheep meat

Significant differences exist between the quality characteristics of meat obtained from 27 sheep, Angora and Boer goat carcases, when compared. Sheep meat showed greater drip loss than goat meat and was more juicy than that of Angora and Boer goat meat. In general, Angora goat meat was found to be more juicy than Boer goat meat. Drip loss increased significantly with increased animal age. Meat of younger animals (no permanent incisors) was more juicy (initial and sustained) than that of older animals (7–8 permanent incisors). This was irrespective of whether it was obtained from sheep, Angora or Boer goats and was confirmed by the expressible moisture measurements. Higher drip, evaporation and total cooking loss were reported when carcases had increased fat content. With increasing fatness of carcases, the juiciness of the cooked cuts decreased and the expressible moisture content of the meat increased.     

Interrelationships amongst carcass and meat quality characteristics of sheep

The relationships between various carcass and meat quality characteristics of sheep were studied. Relationships were determined by regression, using data obtained from sheep belonging to a wide range of breeds, sex types and slaughter weight (32-62 kg). The chilling rate of the M. longissimus dorsi (LD) post-mortem was negatively correlated with carcass weight (r=-0.42, P<0.01), back fat thickness (r=-0.54, P<0.001) and the cooking loss of the M. infraspinatus (IS) muscle (r=-0.44, P<0.001). Correlation between chilling rate and shear force of the IS muscle was not significant, which was also the case between chilling rate and the cooking loss and shear force of the LD and M. triceps brachii muscles. A positive relationship was observed between total collagen and cooking loss (r=0.34, P<0.05) and between heat-insoluble collagen and cooking loss of the LD muscle (r=0.37, P<0.01). Generally collagen content was positively correlated with lean content and negatively with fat content. Carcass weight was significantly (P<0.001) correlated with intramuscular fat (r=0.61), moisture (r=-0.76), cooking loss (r=-0.49), shear force (r=-0.41) and hue angle (r=-0.41). Shear force was positively associated with cooking loss (r=0.42, P<0.001), but negatively with intramuscular fat content (r=-0.55, P<0.001). Cooking loss was positively correlated with moisture content (r=0.55, P<0.001).     

Carcass yield, composition and meat quality attributes of sheep and goat under semiarid conditions

Carcass composition and meat quality attributes were compared in yearling sheep and goats. After weaning at 3 months of age, the animals were maintained under stall fed condition up to 1 year of age. Throughout the study, the animals were maintained on ad libitum complete feed (50:50 roughage and concentrate). The yearling sheep had higher (P<0.05) pre slaughter weight, hot carcass weight and dressing % than the goats. The muscular development as indicated by loin eye area was significantly (P<0.01) greater in sheep than goats. In general, total non-carcass fat contents were more in sheep than goats. Similarly, the dissected total fat of half carcass was also more (P<0.01) in sheep than the goats. Neck and shoulder portion was heavier (P<0.01) in goats than the sheep. Shear force value was greater (P<0.01) in goats (7.42 kg/cm²) than sheep (3. 74 kg/cm²). Goat meat had more (P<0.01) moisture and less fat than mutton. In sensory evaluation both the species were rated almost equal in overall palatability scores. The current study showed that dressing yield was higher in sheep than goats. But goat yielded leaner carcass which is desirable for the calorie concern consumers. It was also revealed that meat from goat carcasses was tougher than mutton.     

绵羊脂与山羊脂品质特性差异分析

旨在为羊脂的精深加工提供参考,以绵羊脂和山羊脂为研究对象,分析了两种羊脂理化性质、营养品质与风味特性的差异。两种羊脂的理化性质按国标方法测定,脂肪酸组成及胆固醇的含量由气相色谱测定,甘油三酯组成由超高效液相色谱联用Q-Exactive HFX高分辨轨道阱质谱仪测定,挥发性风味物质采用顶空-固相微萃取结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法测定。结果表明：绵羊脂与山羊脂均检测出22种脂肪酸,主要脂肪酸均为C16∶0、C18∶1n-9c和C18∶0,饱和脂肪酸含量分别为38.69、54.39 g/100 g;两种羊脂均检测出30种甘油三酯,绵羊脂中三饱和、单不饱和、单饱和与三不饱和脂肪酸甘油三酯含量分别占总甘油三酯含量的2.66%、26.76%、36.89%和33.69%,山羊脂的分别为15.87%、45.59%、26.47%和12.07%;绵羊脂与山羊脂鉴定出挥发性化合物共95种,含量分别为122.11、32.68μg/g,关键风味化合物34种,其中癸醛、6-甲基-2-庚酮、乙酸戊酯、2-正丁基呋喃仅在绵羊脂中被检测出,3-甲基-2-戊酮仅在山羊脂中被检测出,主成分分析表明两种羊脂可完全分离,...     

Microbiological quality of Australian sheep meat

Microbiological quality of sheep carcasses and boneless sheep meat produced in Australia was surveyed during the period June to November 1998. Sponge samples were collected from 917 carcasses, and meat samples were drilled from 467 cartons of frozen boneless meat. Carcass and boneless meat samples were respectively collected from 7 and 10 establishments that concentrated on export, and from 36 and 5 establishments supplying the Australian domestic market of which 31 were very small plants slaughtering cattle and sheep but no more than 1,200 sheep equivalents per week. The mean log total viable counts were 3.55/cm2 and 3.30/g for carcasses and boneless meat, respectively. Escherichia coli was detected on 29.2% of carcasses and 24.5% of boneless meat samples and coagulase-positive staphylococci on 24.1% of carcasses, and 38.6% of boneless meat samples. Salmonella was detected on 0.1% of carcasses and 1.3% of boneless meat samples. E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from 0.7% of carcasses and 1.3% of boneless sheep meat. There were statistically significant differences between establishment types for some microbiological criteria, although there were no significant differences in prevalence of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 between establishment types. While there were differences in sampling and microbiological techniques between this study and another conducted in 1993 to 1994 that require detailed consideration, there were small but significant improvements in several microbiological criteria for boneless meat. While data that would allow for comparison of carcass data were not gathered, it is unlikely that improvements in the microbiological quality of boneless sheep meat could accrue without improvements to carcasses.     

An evaluation of the growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Omani goat breeds

Body weight, growth, carcass and meat quality characteristics were evaluated in three breeds of goats (Batina, Dhofari and Jabal Akdhar) in Oman. Fourteen intact male goats from each breed were used. Jabal Akdhar goats had significantly heavier slaughter, empty body, and carcass weights and higher growth rates than Dhofari and Batina goats. Jabal Akdhar goats had significantly heavier internal organs than the other two breeds. Dressing-out percent (based on empty body weight) of goats ranged between 53 and 57%, with the Dhofari goats having the highest value. Longissimus muscle dimensions varied between the three breeds, with Jabal Akdhar having a significantly larger area than Batina with Dhofari in between. Dhofari goats produced significantly shorter and wider carcasses than Batina and Jabal Akhdar goats. Carcass cuts were significantly heavier in Jabal Akdhar than the other two breeds. Four muscles (Mm. longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) from both sides of each carcass were subjected to two different ageing periods (1 day vs. 6 day) and evaluated for ultimate pH, expressed juice, percent cooking loss, colour (L*, a* and b*), and Warner-Bratzler shear force. Breed had a significant influence on pH and percent cooking loss but not on expressed juice, shear force value and colour (CIE L*,a*, b* values). Muscles from the Batina goats had significantly higher ultimate pH values and lower percent cooking loss than Dhofari and Jabal Akdhar goats. Ageing from 1 to 6 days increased tenderness significantly (27%), but decreased cooking loss by 5%.     

Chemical composition and quality attributes of goat meat and lamb

Chemically, goat meat had significantly (P < 0·05) less intramuscular fat and significantly (P < 0·001) more moisture than lamb. The sarcoplasmic protein concentration of the goat meat was significantly (P < 0·001) greater than that of lamb while the myofibrillar protein concentration was similar in the two species.

Goat meat was darker red in colour than lamb. It had significantly (P < 0·001) superior water-holding capacity and less cooking losses than lamb. Meat flavour was significantly (P < 0·05) less strong in goat meat than in lamb.     

Sex-specific identification of raw meat from cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat

A simple and reliable method has been developed for accurate identification of male and female raw meats in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The PCR assay was conducted on genomic DNA extracted from raw muscle tissue of male and female animals. The method has been found to be accurate, reliable and quick.     

Microbiological quality of Australian sheep meat in 2004

The third national baseline microbiological survey of Australian sheep carcases and frozen boneless sheep meat was conducted in 2004. Carcases (n=1117) sampled at 20 slaughter establishments were found to have a mean log total viable count (TVC, 25°C) of 2.28 cfu/cm(2) and Escherichia coli was isolated from 43.0% carcases with a mean log 0.03cfu/cm(2) on positive samples. In samples from 10 boning (fabrication) plants (n=560) the mean log TVC for frozen boneless sheep meat was 1.85cfu/g and the mean log count for the 8.2% of samples with detectable E. coli was 1.39cfu/g. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 6/1117 carcases and from 1/560 boneless samples. Salmonella was isolated from 0/1117 carcases and from 3/560 samples of boneless product. Campylobacter sp. were isolated from 4/1117 carcases and from 1/560 boneless samples. Coagulase positive staphylococci were isolated from 23.4% to 32.7% of carcases and boneless sheep meat samples, respectively, with positive samples having a mean log count of 0.93cfu/cm(2) and 1.14cfu/g, respectively. The low level of bacteria described here is consistent with a very low risk to human health due to bacterial hazards in Australian sheep meat.     

Eating quality of commercially processed hot boned sheep meat

The aim of this work was to establish consumer perceptions of the eating quality of commercially processed hot boned sheep meat. The eating quality scores for tenderness, flavour, juiciness, and overall liking of grilled m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL) were derived from untrained consumers. The animals used in this experiment were sourced from three different properties and were of various ages, breed, and sex, and had been on various quality pastures. All carcases were subjected to immobilisation, spinal discharge and high voltage electrical stimulation and boned within 2 h of slaughter. All LL samples were frozen after boning according to the system applied at the abattoir and samples kept for consumer assessment and measurement of meat quality. The results showed, on average carcases entered rigor at high temperatures with a pH of 5.95 at 29.3 °C. With an average sarcomere length of 1.68 μm, some shortening was evident and there was a significant difference between lots in sarcomere length (P < 0.05). A large percentage (82%) of samples had a pH greater than 5.8 at the time of freezing. All samples taken for shear force analysis exceeded a recommended threshold for acceptable table meat of 49 N and there was no significant difference between lots (P > 0.05). Only 13.5% of the samples met the ‘good everyday’ requirement following sensory assessment and there were significant differences between lots for eating quality traits (P < 0.05). This work clearly shows that the application of effective electrical stimulation is not sufficient to ensure that hot boned sheep meat will be suitable as a table meat. These findings highlight the need for the inclusion of other intervention techniques.     

不同品种绵羊肉品质比较与分析

为研究不同绵羊品种的肉品质,以藏羊、乌珠穆沁羊、湖羊为研究对象,参考国标测定其基本物理指标、营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸,并进行分析比较。结果表明,藏羊肉熟肉率为64. 74%,极显著高于乌珠穆沁羊肉(P <0. 01),蛋白质含量最高,为19. 45%;乌珠穆沁羊肉剪切力为61. 03 N,极显著高于其他2种羊肉(P <0. 01),水分含量最高为76. 42%;湖羊肉中灰分含量、脂肪含量极显著高于藏羊肉和乌珠穆沁羊肉(P <0. 01)。藏羊肉、乌珠穆沁羊肉和湖羊肉中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别为41. 41%、39. 90%和40. 59%,其中藏羊肉更接近标准蛋白氨基酸指数。藏羊肉、乌珠穆沁羊肉和湖羊肉中饱和脂肪酸/不饱和脂肪酸分别为0. 85、1. 07、0. 88,均接近于营养协会推荐人体摄入脂肪酸的组成比例1∶1。结果显示,藏羊肉在食用品质、营养品质以及氨基酸和脂肪酸的构成比例等方面都表现出较好的品质。     

Effects of goat milk or milk replacer diet on meat quality and fat composition of suckling goat kids

The effects of a diet with goat milk "GM" or milk replacer "MR" on the meat quality and fat composition of suckling Murciano-Granadina kids were studied. MR consisted of powdered skimmed milk, coconut oil and fat, and cereal products and by-products. Raw meat quality (moisture, protein, lipids, ash, collagen, cholesterol, haem pigments, CIELab colour, pH and water retention capacity), fatty acid "FA" composition and eating quality of cooked meat (odour, flavour and texture) were determined. Diet had only a slight effect on raw meat quality but had a pronounced effect on fatty acid composition and eating quality of cooked meat. MR diet increased the water/protein proportion in the muscle. The saturated/unsaturated FA ratio in GM and MR fat was 0.94 and 2.27, respectively. The major FA in GM and MR fat were C16:0 and C18:1, respectively. Short-chain C4-C12 hardly accumulated in the adipose tissue of suckling kid, increasing the relative percentages of C14-C20. This effect was more pronounced in MR fat, due to the fact that MR contained more short-chain fatty acids than GM. MR diet gave cooked meat a more intense characteristic goat meat odour and flavour, more tenderness and more juiciness than the natural suckling diet. This fact could be related to differences in meat and fat composition.     

Bacteriological quality of sheep meat in Mhow town of India

The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial load in ready‐to‐sale sheep meat with special reference to Salmonella. Samples were collected from 100 sheep carcasses from retail meat shops in domestic markets. On carcasses, where bacterial counts were obtained, the mean of the log₁₀ aerobic plate count was 7.26 cfu g^?1, and that of total coliform count and total Escherichia coli count was 4.11 log₁₀ cfu g^?1 and 3.03 log₁₀ cfu g^?1, respectively. All the samples (100) were found positive for coliforms, 49.0% were positive for E. coli and 3.0% were positive for Salmonella. The isolates were serotyped as Salmonella infantis having antigenic structure 6, 7: r: 1, 5. Antibiogram revealed highest (100.0%) sensitivity towards amikacin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, colistin sulphate, gentamicin and nalidixic acid followed by cefuroxime and tetracycline (66.67% each) and cotrimoxazole (33.33%). All the strains were resistant to ampicillin.     

PCR identification of beef, sheep, goat, and pork in raw and heat-treated meat mixtures

A PCR assay has been developed for the specific and qualitative detection of pork (Sus scrofa domesticus), beef (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and goat (Capra hircus) in raw and heat-treated meat mixtures. A forward common primer was designed on a conserved DNA sequence in the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA), and reverse primers were designed to hybridize on species-specific DNA sequences of each species considered. The different sizes of the species-specific amplicons, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, allowed clear species identification. Analysis of experimental meat mixtures demonstrated that the detection limit of the assay was 1% (wt/wt) for each species analyzed. This assay can be useful for the accurate identification of these species, avoiding mislabeling or fraudulent species substitution in meat mixtures.     

Effect of microwave cooking on the microstructure and quality of meat in goat and lamb

Fat cell distribution in the structure of semimembranosus muscle of goat and lamb was studied. The effect of various heating methods including conventional, domestic and industrial microwave were investigated using fluorescent light microscopy. Frequency used for microwave heating was 2450 MHz with two wattages levels of 700 (domestic microwave) and 12000 (industrial microwave). All samples were heated to internal temperature of 70 °C. The roasted samples in conventional oven were compared with microwave cooking. Fat distribution was different in various heat treatments. The roasted samples had greater fat retention in semimembranosus muscle. Results showed that uneven distribution of fat in muscle system influenced fat loss during cooking. The fat cells in the interior of muscle were lost more slowly compared to the fat located near the surface of the muscle. The overall migration of fat globules during microwave cooking was higher than conventional cooking.     

Authentic sheep meat in the European Union: Factors influencing and validating its unique meat quality

Authentic meat products are gaining attention through their unique quality characteristics linked to their origin. Various factors are known to influence the quality of fresh meat. This review describes the different Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) lamb types and discusses the factors which influences its unique sensory and chemical characteristics. Flavour, aroma, texture and colour play an integral part in the sensory quality of denomination of origin fresh meat products. For authentic fresh sheep meat the sensory (as well as chemical) quality is largely influenced by diet followed by breed, age and gender. However, diet forms the link with the geographical area of origin, which together with the traditional production system and sheep breeds used, lends the product its authentic nature. This review shows how diet linked to origin can affect the quality of the meat and furthermore how other factors such as breed can also have an effect. Research relating to the authentic lamb types were evaluated and the shortcomings highlighted in order to assist with the development of PDO and PGI specifications in the future. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

冷藏山羊肉品质变化的核磁共振研究

利用低场核磁共振技术,研究了冷藏山羊肉中结合水、不易流动水和自由水的分布和变化情况。结果表明,羊肉中的结合水弛豫时间(T21)和不易流动水弛豫时间(T22)以及二者与总水分相对含量随冷藏时间的变化呈现明显的下降趋势,并且T21、T22与羊肉的滴水损失、pH、肉色有显著的相关性;低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)能够很好地表征山羊肉冷藏期间有关水分及品质变化情况,可用于山羊肉冷藏的货架期快速检测。     

牦牛肉品质特性研究进展

为了研究食用菌对贮藏过程中牦牛肉丸食用品质的影响。本研究以添加不同种类食用菌粉（香菇、猴头菇、牛肝菌、茶树菇）的牦牛肉丸为研究对象,测定分析不同处理组牦牛肉丸制品在贮藏期间的色泽、pH、保水性、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）、质构特性、流变特性、乳化活性（Emulsifying activity index,EAI）和乳化稳定性（Emulsifying stability index,ESI）等品质指标的变化与差异。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,在0~15 d的贮藏期内,添加香菇能够显著改善冷藏条件下牦牛肉丸的b^*值（15 d的b^*值较空白组低4.52）,添加牛肝菌、茶树菇可提高牛肉丸的pH（第15 d两组均为6.64）,添加香菇使牛肉丸保水性改善,香菇、猴头菇的添加显著提高牦牛肉丸的弹性和咀嚼性（P<0.05）,茶树菇的添加减缓了肉丸的EAI和ESI下降,添加食用菌对牦牛肉丸的凝胶能力有显著改善（P<0.05）,并一定程度抑制脂质氧化,其中香菇组TBARS最低;0~2 d贮藏期内,添加食用菌粉的牦牛肉丸感官评分更好。综上,香菇对于牦牛肉丸贮藏期间的各食用品质能够产生较好影响,其他食用菌能一定程度提高牦牛肉丸贮藏期内的部分食用品质,具有一定开发应用价值。