多发多收SAR编码正交信号设计及性能分析

多发多收(MIMO)雷达是一种新的雷达体制,具有许多突出的优点.将MIMO技术应用于对地观测的SAR系统,将为高性能地完成高分辨率、宽测绘带成像和GMTI等功能提供有效途径.正交波形优化设计是MIMO雷达研究中的基础性关键问题.首先针对SAR应用的特点,考虑同频编码正交信号之间互相关能量影响,提出了综合积分旁瓣比指标定义.然后通过理论分析和一维数值仿真论证了同频编码正交信号综合积分旁瓣比性能无法满足SAR成像的要求;再通过数值仿真验证了失配滤波处理仍然无法改善同频编码正交信号的综合积分旁瓣比性能.最后优化设计了一组相位编码正交信号作为MIMO-SAR发射信号,通过MIMO-SAR成像和InSAR仿真试验,进一步验证了分析结论的有效性.     

MIMO雷达技术综述

多输入多输出（Multiple input multiple output,MIMO）雷达是把无线通信系统中的多个输入和多个输出技术引入到雷达领域,并和数字阵列技术相结合而产生的一种新体制雷达。由于采用了波形分集技术,MIMO雷达拥有许多传统相控阵雷达所无法比拟的优越性。本文对MIMO雷达进行了评述。首先对MIMO雷达的概念和原理进行了说明,并指出其同相控阵雷达的关系;然后对MIMO雷达的特点进行了分析,并据此给出MIMO雷达相对传统相控阵雷达存在的优势和缺点;最后结合MIMO雷达的特点和优势,给出MIMO雷达的几种潜在应用。     

极化MIMO雷达隐身目标检测性能研究*

多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达使用了远距分布的阵元,它利用了信号的空间分集增益来获取更多的目标信息。极化是另一种可以提高雷达系统性能的分集方式。当应对隐身目标时,传统的极化雷达在某些观测角度会遭受到较大的目标雷达截面积(RCS)衰减,而无法获得较好的检测性能。而在一个雷达系统中同时利用这两种分集增益,可以得到一种比传统极化雷达更具优势的新雷达检测系统——极化统计MIMO雷达,它可以更好地应对隐身目标检测。给出了相应的模型,并推导出了该雷达系统的检测性能解析式。将其与传统相控阵及非极化统计MIMO雷达比较,可以看到极化统计MIMO雷达的检测性能更佳。联系到隐身目标的特性,极化MIMO雷达的检测器特性应对它时具有显著优势。最后,以上方法通过仿真得到了验证。     

知识辅助的机载MIMO雷达降秩STAP算法

研究机载平台下的MIMO雷达空时自适应处理技术(STAP),基于广义旁瓣相消结构的多级维纳滤波器,提出了一种利用先验知识约束的MIMO雷达降秩STAP算法。通过利用干扰方向知识以及基于扁长椭球波函数估计的杂波子空间知识,在保证杂波抑制性能的基础上,大大降低了机载MIMO雷达STAP算法的运算量和样本需求量。同时,考虑了知识不匹配情况下,知识辅助对算法收敛性能的影响。仿真结果表明,当知识存在一定误差时,该算法仍能有效地改善STAP算法的收敛性能。     

MIMO SAR OFDM chirp waveform design and GMTI with RPCA based method

Multiple-input multiple-output synthetic aperture radar (MIMO SAR) has drawn wide attention for its increased degrees of freedom (DOFs) compared to the traditional multi-channel SAR (MC-SAR) system. The MIMO SAR system, which makes each antenna illuminate one subswath, can widen the range swath without decreasing PRF. One of the foremost tasks involved in the MIMO SAR system is the waveform design at the transmitter. Moreover, at the receiver, how to accurately separate the auto-correlation signal from the cross-correlation interferences is the other important issue. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) chirp signal designing method is firstly proposed, which is based on low cross-correlation interferences and good peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR) rules. Using the designed OFDM chirp signals, the focused signal of MIMO SAR system matched the robust principal component analysis (RPCA) basic model. The moving target (sparse signal), clutter (low-rank signal) and noise (noise signal) can be separated directly. Hence, RPCA based method can be employed for ground moving target indication (GMTI) with no need for extracting the matched signal or suppressing the unmatched interferences. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the waveform designing method and GMTI with RPCA based method for MIMO SAR system.     

On detection performance and system configuration of MIMO radar

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is a new concept with some new characteristics, such as multiple orthogonal waveforms and omnidirectional coverage. Based on Stein’s lemma, we use relative entropy as a precise and general measure of error exponent to study detection performance for both MIMO radar and phased array radar. And based on derived analytical results, we further study the system configuration problem of Bistatic MIMO radar systems, where transmitters and receivers are located in different positions. Some interesting results are presented. For phased array radar, when the total numbers of transmitters and receivers are fixed, we should alwaysmake the number of transmitters equal to the number of receivers. For MIMO radar, we should use a small number of transmitters in low signal noise ratio (SNR) region, and make the number of transmitters equal to the number of receivers in high SNR region. These results are instructive for deployment of bistatic MIMO radar systems in the future. Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60602048), in part by aviation science funds of China (Grant No. 20060112118), and in part by the National Ministry Foundation of China (Grant No. 20094010040)     

一种M~2发N~2收MIMO雷达平面阵列及其三维成像方法

具有二维合成孔径的宽带雷达阵列可实现对飞行目标的单次快拍实时三维成像,然而,这需要超乎实际的天线阵元,且当发射信号频率很高时,天线阵元间隔难以满足空间采样定律,造成方位分辨率的下降.本文提出了一种M2发N2收的MIMO雷达平面阵列,它可通过MIMO技术等效成具有(MN)2个阵元的均匀矩形阵列,实现对空中目标的实时三维成像.该MIMO雷达阵列还与ISAR技术相结合,利用ISAR的时间采样来替代实际阵元的空间采样,进一步减少实际天线阵元个数,同时也能增加采样密度,使采样间隔满足采样定律.本文基于该MIMO雷达阵列的实时三维成像模型和MIMO-ISAR三维成像模型均进行了推导和论证,仿真实验也验证了其有效性.     

十字形二维稀疏混合MIMO相控阵雷达收发阵列设计

针对二维混合多输入多输出(MIMO)相控阵雷达发射子阵分割带来的自由度损失进而影响雷达系统参数估计性能的问题,提出一种基于十字阵的二维稀疏混合MIMO相控阵雷达收发阵列设计方法.首先,结合稀疏阵列-共轭嵌套阵对混合MIMO相控阵雷达的收发端进行稀疏设计;其次,对混合MIMO相控阵雷达产生的合阵进行做差处理,得到阵元位置差的差异阵列;最后,通过空间平滑处理进行波达方向估计.仿真实验表明,相较于传统的二维混合MIMO相控阵雷达,所提出方法仅利用两个互相垂直的一维线阵便可形成阵列的二维平面扩展,同时,在不增加阵元个数的前提下可有效扩展雷达阵列虚拟阵元数目,提高阵列的自由度以及波达方向估计性能.     

Parameter identifiability of space-time MIMO radar

In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, the maximum number of targets which can be uniquely identified, also known as the parameter identifiability, is one of the most basic issues. In this paper, the parameter identifiability is extended from the space-only MIMO radar to the space-time MIMO radar. According to the parameter identifiability conditions derived, the maximum number of targets which can be identified by the space-time MIMO radar is presented. Comparing with space-only MIMO radar, the parameter identifiability of space-time MIMO radar is significantly enhanced by exploiting both the spatial and temporal characteristics of the transmitted waveforms. The results are validated by several numerical examples.     

On detection performance of MIMO radar for Rician target

By using spatial diversity, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar can improve detection performance for fluctuating targets. In this paper, we propose a spatial fluctuation target model for MIMO radar, where targets are classified as non-fluctuating target, Rayleigh target and Rician target. Based on Stein’s lemma, we use relative entropy to study detection performance of optimum detector for Rician target. It is found that in low signal noise ratio (SNR) region, the performance improvement of MIMO ra...     

色噪声环境下双基地MIMO雷达相干目标角度估计算法

通过研究多输入多输出(Multiple input and multiple out,MIMO)雷达的角度估计算法,针对色噪声环境下双基地MIMO雷达相干目标角度估计问题,基于双基地MIMO雷达的信号模型,利用MIMO雷达的接收数据,通过四阶累积量的计算消除了色噪声的影响,并证明得到的一组矢量包含所有目标的角度信息;然后利用得到的四阶累积量矢量构造出块Hankel矩阵,并证明该矩阵的秩等于目标总数,且不受信号相干性的影响,通过奇异值分解,结合ESPRIT算法实现了色噪声环境下对相干目标的角度估计.算法结合四阶累积量和MIMO雷达的估计性能,具有自动抑制加性高斯白噪声和色噪声的能力,实现了相干目标的有效估计和参数的自动配对,提高了抗噪能力,更利于在实际中应用.最后计算机仿真结果证实了算法的有效性和可行性.     

数字子阵级MIMO雷达设计方法

设计并实现了一种集中式数字子阵级MIMO雷达实验系统,该系统在子阵间实现正交二相相位编码信号发射,接收端实现了子阵级发射数字多波束合成与接收数字多波束合成,有效完成了对民航飞机的观测。子阵多波束与子阵正交波形发射成倍简化了系统设计复杂度,具有良好的工程应用价值,使得MIMO雷达功能可作为数字相控阵雷达的典型工作模式在数字阵中推广应用。     

On the role of waveform diversity in MIMO radar

MIMO radar employs multiple antennas to simultaneously transmit diverse waveforms, as well as multiple antennas to receive the radar returns. This paper studies the role of waveform diversity in MIMO radar as separate and distinct from the role of the multiple transmit antennas. This is done by comparing a MIMO radar system to a scanning phased array radar which uses the same transmit and receive arrays but only a single waveform. The performance characteristics of the two systems, in terms of the ambiguity function and the spatial response, are compared for single pulse operation as well as multi-pulse operation with coherent integration. Both element-space and beam-space systems are considered.     

基于TDM信号的反无人机MIMO雷达系统

随着无人机威胁的日益增大,对低成本三坐标雷达的需求也逐渐增长。鉴于多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output, MIMO)技术已在通信领域得到了广泛应用,有效降低了硬件成本,可将MIMO技术引入三坐标雷达领域用于对无人机目标的探测。因此,介绍了一种基于时域复用(time-division multiplexing, TDM)信号的MIMO雷达系统。时域复用方式通过对发射单元发射时间的控制实现信号优良正交性能,并有效降低了信号产生单元与发射信道的复杂度。基于TDM信号形式,进行了MIMO雷达天线设计,给出了时分信号正交解调与数字波束形成处理的流程。计算机仿真也验证了TDM信号条件下的MIMO雷达点目标成像与波束形成的能力。     

基于叠加导频的雷达与通信一体化信号处理算法研究

MIMO-OFDM技术日益成熟,MIMO系统为雷达通信一体化系统提供了硬件支持,OFDM调制为通信感知一体化系统提供了合适的调制方法;传统通信系统的接收方只接收通信信息而浪费了携带的信道信息,后者正是雷达系统所需的信息,通感一体化系统也提高了信息利用率;在通信感知一体化系统的存在诸多不同形式中,采用了叠加导频的系统,验证了叠加导频相较于传统导频策略的优越性,并研究了基于叠加导频的雷达系统的性能;直接使用香农公式计算通信雷达融合信道的信道容量,并研究两部分功率比对于系统互信息的影响。     

MIMO雷达正交多相编码信号优化

为获得较好的波形分集增益与避免波形间串扰,MIMO（Multi-Input Multi-Output）雷达一般要求发射正交信号。已有的正交相位编码信号对多普勒偏移敏感,制约了其在MIMO雷达中的应用。提出一种具有较好多普勒容限的正交多相编码信号优化设计方法,联合考虑目标静止、匀速运动和匀加速运动场景下MIMO雷达脉压输出,并将其转化为一个多目标优化问题,基于自适应克隆选择算法进行求解。最后,进行仿真实验。结果表明,相比典型的Deng编码和Khan编码,设计的多相编码信号具有更好的正交性能、更大的速度、加速度容限,更适合MIMO雷达系统应用。     

An improved OFDM chirp waveform used for MIMO SAR system

Special attention has been devoted to multi-input multi-output(MIMO)synthetic aperture radar(SAR)systems in recent years.The applications of MIMO SAR systems which involve 3D imaging,highresolution wide-swath remote sensing,and multi-baseline interferometry are seriously limited to the orthogonal waveforms.Although orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)chirp waveforms can be used for MIMO SAR systems to avoid intra-pulse interferences,there is a small frequency shift between the transmitted OFDM pulses.This vulnerable shift,which can not only affect the waveform orthogonality,but also introduce residual phase error,renders the OFDM waveforms impractical.In this paper,an improved OFDM chirp waveform which works without the mentioned shift is presented,along with the novel modulation and efficient demodulation procedures.Comparison between the improved and the conventional OFDM chirp waveforms is detailed.The influence of random noise,quantization error,and Doppler shift on the orthogonality of OFDM waveform is also investigated in this paper.Theoretical analysis and simulation results illustrate the feasibility of this waveform scheme.     

Total ionizing radiation effects of 2-T SONOS for 130 nm/4 Mb NOR flash memory technology

In this paper,we have studied the total ionizing dose(TID)radiation response up to 2 Mrad(Si)of silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon(SONOS)memory cells and memory circuits,fabricated in a 130 nm complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)SONOS technology.We explored the threshold voltage(VT)degradation mechanism and found that the VT shifts of SONOS cells depend on the charge state;simply programming the cell to a higher VT cannot compensate for the radiation induced VT loss.The off-state current(Ioff)increase in the SONOS cell is also studied in this paper.Both VT and Ioffdegradation would affect the memory system.Read data failures are mainly caused by VT shifts under irradiation,and program and erase failures are mainly caused by increased Ioff,which overloads the charge pumping circuit.By varying the reference current,our 4 Mb NOR flash chip has the potential to survive a radiation dose of 1 Mrad(Si)in read mode.     

MIMO雷达最大似然参数估计

多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达使用多个天线同时发射多个独立探测信号,并使用多个天线接收目标回波信号.本文考虑了发射空域分集、相干接收MIMO雷达模型及其最大似然(ML)参数估计方法.基于最大似然准则,本文推导了两种渐近最大似然算法.仿真实验的结果表明,在均匀噪声模型中,其中一种渐近算法与基于延迟求和波束形成的最大似然算法性能接近,而另一种渐近算法性能略差,但具有较低的计算复杂度.而在非均匀噪声模型中,本文所提出的两种渐近最大似然算法的性能均优于基于延迟求和波束形成的最大似然算法.     

双基地MIMO雷达中基于传播算子的DOD和DOA估计算法

多输入多输出(Multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO)雷达利用多个天线发送和接收信号,具有超过传统相控阵的潜在优势.本文提出一种双基地MIMO雷达中基于传播算子的离开角(Direction of departure,DOD)和到达角(Direction of arrival,DOA)估计...