高压正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4锂离子电池阻燃电解液的研究

研究了甲基磷酸二甲酯(DMMP)含量对1 mol/L Li PF6/EC∶DEC∶EMC(1∶1∶1)电解液的电化学稳定性、热稳定性及电导率的影响,并首次将含DMMP的阻燃电解液应用于高压材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4中。结果表明,加入DMMP添加剂后电解液的热稳定性得到提高,但是该添加剂电解液的电导率有所降低。研究了DMMP对LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4扣式电池的电化学性能的影响,循环伏安测试表明,几乎不影响电解液在高压条件下的使用,充放电测试结果表明,DMMP的使用会降低电池的循环性能,当DMMP含量为5%时,对电池的循环性能影响较小。此外,交流阻抗(EIS)分析表明,DMMP对循环性能影响的主要原因是内阻随着循环的增加而增大。     

锂电池正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4的充放电性能研究

采用高分子网络法制备锂离子电池LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料,利用XRD,SEM及电化学测试对其进行表征,研究了煅烧温度对LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4的微观结构,形貌及其电化学性能的影响。研究结果表明,采用高分子网络法制备的LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4材料颗粒小,粒度分布均匀,850度煅烧制得的LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4电化学性能最好,大倍率3C放电循环20次比容量保持率为97.8%。     

碳包覆对LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4电化学性能的影响

以蔗糖为碳源,采用溶液沉积-真空热解法制备了LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/C复合材料。用热重与差热分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析及电化学测试等手段对LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/C的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明,蔗糖热分解后在LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4颗粒的表面包覆形成了一层无定形碳。无定形碳可以有效阻止LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4颗粒的聚集,增加电极的导电面积,降低电池极化,从而改善LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4的电化学性能。与未包覆的LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4粉末相比,LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/C复合材料具有更高的可逆容量、更稳定的循环性能和更好的倍率性能。0.2C放电时,LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/C复合材料的首次放电容量达到144.8mA.h.g-1,经60次循环后平均每次循环的容量损失仅为0.0081%。而1.0C和2.0C放电时,LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/C复合材料的首次放电容量分别保持在131.9mA.h.g-1和122.4mA.h.g-1。     

离子液体作为电解液添加剂用于高压锂离子电池

合成了功能化离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺盐(BMIMTFSI)作为高压锂离子电池电解液添加剂,用于抑制有机溶剂的氧化,以提高碳酸酯类电解液的耐高压性。分别采用充放电测试、电化学交流阻抗(EIS)、循环伏安法(CV)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等研究了LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/Li电池的电化学行为和LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4材料表面形貌。结果表明,当在电解液中添加20%(体积分数) BMIMTFSI时,LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/Li电池在室温、0.2C下的最高放电比容量是126.81 mA·h·g~(-1),5C下的放电比容量为109.36 mA·h·g~(-1),比在1 mol·L~(-1)LiPF_6-EC/DMC电解液中的放电比容量提高了91.7%;且该电池在0.2C下循环50圈后的放电比容量保持率在95%左右,比用碳酸酯类电解液提高了近10%。SEM结果表明,在碳酸酯类电解液中加入BMIMTFSI后,LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4电极表面附着了一层均匀且致密的固态电解质界面(SEI)膜。     

ZnF_2包覆对锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料,并利用Zn F2对其表面进行包覆改性。XRD、SEM和TEM测试表明,包覆处理不影响材料的晶体结构,2%(质量分数,以LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4质量计,下同)的Zn F2在LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4表面形成了约7 nm厚均匀包覆层。对未包覆的LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4和1%、2%、3%的Zn F2包覆后的LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4的电化学性能进行了考察,发现Zn F2包覆能够减弱电解液与LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料之间的相互作用,稳定电极表面,提高材料的电化学性能。其中,2%Zn F2包覆样品表现出最佳的循环性能和倍率性能,0.2C电流倍率下循环200圈后,其放电比容量维持在109.0 m A·h/g,保持率为79.7%;5 C电流倍率下循环500圈后,放电比容量维持在94.2 m A·h/g,保持率为85.6%。     

高电压正极与电解液添加剂相容性研究

采用1,2-二甲基-4-硝基苯(DMNB)作为提高锂离子电池充放电效率的添加剂。基础电解液组分为1 mol/L的六氟磷酸锂/碳酸乙烯酯(EC)+碳酸二甲酯(DEC)+碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)(1∶1∶1,体积比)。采用恒流充放电测试、线性伏安曲线(LSV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等手段研究了添加剂DMNB对电解液电化学稳定窗口的影响,以及DMNB与高电压正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4的相容性。结果表明:DMNB作为电解液添加剂,可以优先于基础电解液发生少量氧化分解,在高电压正极表面形成稳定致密的SEI膜。添加质量分数为0.2%的DMNB提高了LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/Li电池充放电效率、以及常温和高温容量保持率。     

LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/Li_4Ti_5O_(12)全电池的制备及电化学性能研究

以5 V高电压LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4为正极材料,高安全性Li_4Ti_5O_(12)为负极材料制备了LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4/Li_4Ti_5O_(12)全电池,重点研究了正负极容量配比对电池电化学性能的影响。其中正极容量过量40%的电池具有最好的倍率和循环性能,在0.5 C电流下,P/N=1.4的电池的最高放电比容量为164.1 m Ah·g~(-1),循环200次的容量保持率为88%;在2 C电流下,P/N=1.4的电池的最高放电比容量为135.2 m Ah·g~(-1),循环740次的容量保持率为91.1%。P/N=1.4的电池良好的倍率和循环性能与其内阻较小、电池极化较小等因素有关。     

LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4高压锂离子正极材料改性研究进展

LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4具有三维锂离子传输通道、4.7V的高平台电压,成为最有潜力的锂离子动力电池正极材料之一。但是,过渡金属Mn易溶于电解液,使电池循环性能和倍率性能变差。总结了Li_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4正极材料的改性进展,在此基础上,提出了材料改性的研究方向。     

磷酸三苯酯对锂离子电池安全性及电化学性能的影响

研究了磷酸三苯酯(TPP)含量对1mol·L-1LiPF6/EC:DEC:EMC(1:1:1)+1.5%VC电解液的电化学稳定性、热稳定性及电导率的影响,结果表明:10%以下TPP添加剂的引入提高了电解液的热稳定性,几乎不影响电解液的电化学窗口,但是该添加剂降低了电解液的电导率。研究了TPP对方型电池的电化学性能及安全性的影响,充放电测试结果表明,TPP的使用会降低电池的循环性能,6%以下的TPP含量对电池的循环性能影响较小;热冲击、针刺及过充安全性测试结果表明,4%～8%含量的TPP能够改善电池的150℃热冲击能力,降低针刺过程中电池的表面温度,提高了锂离子电池的安全性。此外,交流阻抗(EIS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,TPP对循环性能影响的主要原因是正负极表面过多SEI膜的形成及负极片的部分破裂。     

三(三甲基硅烷)磷酸酯对三元锂离子电池高电压性能的影响

研究三(三甲基硅烷)磷酸酯(TMSP)作为电解液添加剂对三元LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_2(LNCM523)正极材料锂离子电池高电压性能的影响。线性伏安扫描测试(LSV)、交流阻抗图谱(EIS)、全电池电性能测试等表征结果表明,在高电压下TMSP能优先在正极材料表面形成稳定的CEI膜,有效抑制电解液的氧化分解,其在循环过程中具有较低的阻抗增长率,使LNCM523电池高电压下的循环性能得到有效提高。     

Victrex® poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex® poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)

Properties of two high performance engineering thermoplastics, amorphous polyethersulfone (PES) and semicrystalline polyetheretherketone (PEEK), are discussed. Both resins can be processed by conventional techniques, compounded with high performance fibers, and have high service temperature (up to 300°C). Due to the amorphous character PES can be dissolved and spray coated into metals.     

Photopyroelectric Spectroscopic Studies of ZnO-MnO(2)-Co(3)O(4)-V(2)O(5) Ceramics

Photopyroelectric (PPE) spectroscopy is a nondestructive tool that is used to study the optical properties of the ceramics (ZnO + 0.4MnO(2) + 0.4Co(3)O(4) + xV(2)O(5)), x = 0-1 mol%. Wavelength of incident light, modulated at 10 Hz, was in the range of 300-800 nm. PPE spectrum with reference to the doping level and sintering temperature is discussed. Optical energy band-gap (E(g)) was 2.11 eV for 0.3 mol% V(2)O(5) at a sintering temperature of 1025 °C as determined from the plot (ρhυ)(2)versushυ. With a further increase in V(2)O(5), the value of E(g) was found to be 2.59 eV. Steepness factor 'σ(A)' and 'σ(B)', which characterize the slope of exponential optical absorption, is discussed with reference to the variation of E(g). XRD, SEM and EDAX are also used for characterization of the ceramic. For this ceramic, the maximum relative density and grain size was observed to be 91.8% and 9.5 μm, respectively.     

(Ba_(1-α)Sr_α)_(4.8)(Sm_(0.7)La_(0.3))_(8.8)Ti_(18)O_(54)陶瓷的微波介电性能

采用固相合成法制备了(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54(α=0.1～0.5)系陶瓷,表征了该陶瓷的相组成和显微结构,测试了微波介电性能.结果表明:α=0.3时,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷为单相的新钨青铜结构固溶体.α>0.3时,相继出现了第二相BaLa2Ti4O12和La0.66TiO2.993.随α的增加,(Ba(1-α)Srα)4.8(Sm0.7La0.3)8.8Ti18O54系陶瓷的相对介电常数(εr)先增大后有所波动,品质因数(Qf)先增大后减小,谐振频率温度系数(τf)单调减小.α=0.3时,在1 350℃烧结的陶瓷的微波介电性能最佳:εr=98.77,Qf=5184GHz,τf=10.9×10-6/℃,优于不掺杂的BaO-Sm2O3-TiO2陶瓷的.     

Calcium silicate hydrate (II) (“C-S-H(II)”)

This semicrystalline phase, originally named ‘calcium silicate hydrate(II)’ by Taylor (1950), has been studied with X-rays, electron optics, chemical investigation of silicate anion type, infrared spectra, and thermal methods. It is structurally related to jennite (C₉S₆H₁₁) and probably also to the fibrous CSH of cement pastes, the three phases forming a sequence of decreasing crystallinity. The specimen studied had approximate composition C₂SH_3.2 after standing over saturated CaCλ₂ at about 15°C. CSH(II) contains metasilicate chains and pyrosilicate groups and has a disordered layer structure. Much of the water can be lost reversibly without significant change in lattice parameters.     

Poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid)

Summary In the present work we describe, the synthesis and characterization of a new gel obtained by crosslinking a cooligomer of butadiene-acrylic acid (BuAA), by reaction with acrylonitrile and acrylic acid. The purified product was characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses and scanning electronic microscopy. The thermal properties were studied and swelling indexes were determined in different solvents and at different pH values. The capacity of poly(butadiene-acrylic acid(g)acrylonitrile(g)acrylic acid) [gel A] to separate different organic substances, such as amino acids and colorants, was determined.     

Thermal studies of blends of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPSS) and with poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPSE)

The miscibilities of poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPS/PPSS) and poly(phenylene) sulfide/poly(phenylene sulfide ether) (PPS/PPSE) blends were invesigated in terms of shifts of glass transition temperatures T_g of pure PPS, PPSS, a dn PPSE. The crystallization kinetics of PPS/PPSS blends was also studied as a function of molar composition. The PPS/PPSS and PPS/PPSE blends are respectively partially and fully miscible. PPSE shows a plasticizing effect on PPS as does PPS on PPSS, which necessarily improves te processibility in the respective systems. We can control T_g and melting temperature T_m of PPS by varying amounts of PPSE in blends. The melt crystallization temperature T_mc of PPS/PPSE blends was higher than that of the PPSE homopolymer. Therefore, these blends require shorter cycle times in processing than pure PPSE. The overall rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends follows the Avrami equation with an exponent ?2. The maximal rate of crystallization for PPS/PPSS blends occurs at a temperatre higher by 10°C than that for PPS, while the crystallization half time t_1/2 is 4 times shorter. In the cold crystallization range, crystal growth rates increase and Avrami exponents decrease significantly as the temperature increases.     

Photooxidative stability of substituted poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA)

The addition of side groups to improve the photooxidative stability of polymers used in polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is explored. Infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry techniques are used to study the effects of chemical substitution of the reactive vinylene moiety in poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV). The bond order of the vinylene group in small oligomers is calculated using semiempirical techniques to assess the improvement in stability toward oxidants such as singlet oxygen. We find that PPV dimers allow relative comparisons across a range of possible substitutions. Experimental results correlate well with these calculations. The addition of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as nitrile groups, to the vinylene moiety is found to be particularly effective in reducing the reactivity of alkoxy-substituted PPV toward singlet oxygen. The photooxidative stability of a poly(phenylene acetylene) (PPA) derivative is also studied. It appears that this family of polymers is more stable toward photooxidation than are its PPV analogs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2451–2458, 1998     

Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state ¹H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.