O2/H2O气氛下CH4燃烧特性与置换天然气水合物联产方案

对O2/N2, O2/CO2和O2/H2O三种气氛下CH4燃烧特性及主要污染物生成进行了数值模拟,将出口O2浓度作为污染物排放的协同考虑因素,提出了基于O2/H2O气氛燃烧置换天然气水合物的新技术方案,比较了3种燃烧气氛对甲烷燃烧温度、燃烧速率、污染物(NOx和碳黑)生成量及燃烧效率等的影响. 结果表明,相较于O2/N2和O2/CO2气氛,O2/H2O气氛下燃烧温度最低、燃烧速率最高、污染物生成量最少、燃烧效率最高、出口O2浓度最低. 确定了与传统燃烧温度分布特征曲线相匹配的浓度配比为32vol% O2/68vol% H2O. 基于模拟研究结果,提出了一套O2/H2O燃烧技术与开发天然气水合物联产的技术新思路.     

煤粉锅炉富氧燃烧的数值模拟研究

以一台600MW四角切圆煤粉锅炉为研究对象,通过Gambit软件建立炉膛的三维结构及网格生成,在FLUENT软件中选择合理的数学模型,进行了空气气氛和富氧气氛下炉内煤粉燃烧的数值模拟.模拟结果表明:O2/CO2气氛下,由于CO2具有较高的比热容,炉膛内烟气的蓄热能力及着火热增加,炉膛整体温度下降,火焰中心上移.随着氧气浓度的提高,煤粉的燃烧得到强化,炉内温度升高,炉内高温区变大,火焰中心逐渐下移,有利于煤粉的着火和燃烧.     

O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧SO2/NO析出特性

在水平管式炉上研究了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度、温度及石灰石添加等各参数对O₂/CO₂气氛下徐州烟煤和龙岩无烟煤燃烧过程中SO₂/NO排放特性的影响。结果发现,O₂/CO₂气氛下,烟煤和无烟煤燃烧SO₂/NO的析出规律与空气气氛下不同,同等O₂浓度下析出量比空气气氛下小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,随着O₂浓度的提高,烟煤和无烟煤SO₂/NO排放量均增大;随着CO₂浓度的升高, SO₂/NO排放量均减小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,石灰石添加对SO₂排放的抑制作用低于空气气氛下;石灰石添加对NO的排放有一定减排作用。对煤灰的元素分析显示O₂/CO₂燃烧对SO₂的抑制主要是由于煤灰的自固硫能力增强,而对NO的减排作用则是促进燃料N向其他含N气体的转换。     

O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧SO2/NO析出特性

在水平管式炉上研究了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度、温度及石灰石添加等各参数对O₂/CO₂气氛下徐州烟煤和龙岩无烟煤燃烧过程中SO₂/NO排放特性的影响。结果发现,O₂/CO₂气氛下,烟煤和无烟煤燃烧SO₂/NO的析出规律与空气气氛下不同,同等O₂浓度下析出量比空气气氛下小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,随着O₂浓度的提高,烟煤和无烟煤SO₂/NO排放量均增大;随着CO₂浓度的升高, SO₂/NO排放量均减小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,石灰石添加对SO₂排放的抑制作用低于空气气氛下;石灰石添加对NO的排放有一定减排作用。对煤灰的元素分析显示O₂/CO₂燃烧对SO₂的抑制主要是由于煤灰的自固硫能力增强,而对NO的减排作用则是促进燃料N向其他含N气体的转换。     

水泥工业煤粉富氧燃烧NO释放特性实验研究

在回转炉实验台架上,分别研究了掺石灰石及掺CaO的情况下,N2/O2、CO2/O2气氛及氧浓度对典型煤种在富氧燃烧条件下燃烧释放NO的影响规律.研究结果表明:CO2/O2气氛下煤粉燃烧NO释放总量较N2/O2气氛下少;CO2/O2气氛下氧浓度的增加对煤粉燃烧NO释放有促进作用;石灰石及CaO对煤粉燃烧NO的生成均具有催化作用,且CaO的催化作用更强.     

O2/CO2气氛煤焦的燃烧及其孔隙结构变化

采用热力工况与实际煤粉炉相近的沉降炉实验装置,制备了不同环境气氛下（O₂/N₂及O₂/CO₂气氛）、不同燃尽率的煤焦试样,并采用低温氮吸附仪和扫描电子显微镜测定了其孔隙结构和表面形貌。结果表明,在相同的操作条件下,相同O₂浓度的O₂/CO₂气氛下煤焦的燃烧速率较慢、燃尽率较低,各试样的孔比表面积和比孔容积均较小。两种气氛下燃尽过程孔结构参数（SBET和VBJH）均呈减小趋势,且在孔径变化较明显的区域内（<5 nm）在CO₂气氛下煤焦的孔径分布较小且与煤种相关。SEM图像显示CO₂气氛下的煤焦表面致密,孔隙较少,其定性结果与N₂吸附法的定量测量结果吻合较好。     

煤粉O2/CO2燃烧时PM2.5及其Fe、S的生成特性

沉降炉实验研究了煤粉O2/CO2燃烧时PM2.5的生成特性和主要成灰元素中危害较大的Fe、S元素生成特性.实验用DT烟煤、NMG褐煤和XLT褐煤,实验温度1300℃,在O2/CO2=1:9,1:4,3:7和O2/N2=1:4气氛下燃烧.低压撞击器(DLPI)按不同粒径大小从0.03～9.8μm共分为13级,分别收集燃烧...     

O2/CO2气氛中水蒸气预混CH4燃烧特性与烟气余热梯级利用方案

对O2/CO2气氛中甲烷预混水蒸气燃烧特性及主要污染物生成进行了数值模拟研究,在加湿燃烧的基础上提出一种全新的清洁燃烧方式,即在保证甲烷流量一定时,通过改变入口处水蒸气的质量分数,研究水蒸气预混比Rf(0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4和0.5)对燃烧流场、燃烧组分和污染物浓度的影响。结果表明,随Rf增大,燃烧反应速率上升、燃烧效率提高且污染物排放量降低。模拟所得甲烷预混水蒸气的最优气氛为81%CH4/19%H2O,提出了一种高效节能的O2/CO2气氛下水蒸气预混CH4燃烧与烟气余热梯级利用方案。     

925银电极上同步电化学还原NO2-与CO2合成尿素

引言煤炭、石油等化石燃料燃烧的同时会产生大量氮氧化物(NOx)和二氧化碳(CO2),导致地球的生态系统遭受严重破坏[1]。NOx是导致酸雨、光化学烟雾的主要污染物,而CO2是主要的温室气体。目前国内外使用比较广泛的NOx废气处理方法可分为干法和湿法两大类,其中干法可以分为选择性催     

O_2/CO_2条件下煤粉燃烧特性数值模拟研究

O_2/CO_2燃烧技术是燃烧后捕集和存储CO2的有效方法之一,研究CO2氛围的煤粉燃烧特性对于明确煤粉着火特性和锅炉温度场分布至关重要。本文运用FLUENT软件非预混燃烧模型对O_2/CO_2气氛下二维通道内煤粉燃烧过程进行数值模拟,针对两种典型Ⅲ类烟煤抚顺/水城煤种进行模拟,研究不同氧分压下煤粉燃烧的温度场分布,结果表明:在氧分压2%到20%范围内,随着氧分压的增加,由于有更多的O_2与煤粉反应,温度场分布高温区域有逐渐减小的趋势。在30%氧分压下,温度场分布高温区域变大,这主要是火焰温度过高,辐射区域较大的缘故。     

O2/N2、O2/CO2和O2/CO2/NO气氛下煤粉燃烧NOx排放特性

利用滴管炉研究了O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/CO₂/NO气氛下煤燃烧过程中NO_x的排放特性。实验结果表明,在O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂气氛下,高温或高O₂浓度均使NO排放量增加。O₂/CO₂气氛下NO排放量比O₂/N₂气氛下NO排放量低大约30%～40%。在O₂/CO₂/NO气氛下,温度不同时,O₂浓度变化对NO排放量的影响规律不同,对循环NO降解的影响规律也不同。高温不利于循环NO降解。随停留时间的延长NO排放量出现两个峰值。     

EFFICIENT DESULFURIZATION IN O2/CO2 COMBUSTION: DEPENDENCE ON COMBUSTION CONDITIONS AND SORBENT PROPERTIES

Based on experiments on desulfurization, CaSO₄ decomposition, and a system approach using theoretical analysis, efficient in-furnace desulfurization in O₂/CO₂ combustion was investigated. The influence of combustion conditions and sorbent properties on system desulfurization efficiency was clarified. The global desulfurization efficiency was found to increase with O₂ purity. The global desulfurization efficiency in a dry recycle was higher than that in a wet recycle. The global efficiency of in-furnace desulfurization decreased with initial O₂ concentration. As the temperature increased, the global desulfurization efficiency increased first and then decreased due to the decomposition of CaSO₄. In the temperature range investigated, the global desulfurization efficiency in O₂/CO₂ coal combustion was much higher than that of conventional coal combustion in air. The global desulfurization efficiency decreased with sorbent size. When the particle radius decreased to one quarter, the global desulfurization efficiency doubled, becoming as high as 80%. The global desulfurization efficiency was very different among the three sorbents investigated, whether in O₂/CO₂ combustion or in conventional air combustion. The global desulfurization efficiency increased in the order of Ca(OH)₂, scallop, and limestone in O₂/CO₂ combustion, but in the order of scallop, Ca(OH)₂, and limestone in conventional air combustion. Nevertheless, all three sorbents demonstrated much higher desulfurization efficiency in O₂/CO₂ combustion than in conventional air combustion.     

随机孔模型研究煤焦O2/CO2燃烧动力学特征

在热重分析仪上对焦作无烟煤焦和云浮烟煤焦O₂/CO₂条件下燃烧特性进行研究。确定在不同温度下不同煤焦O₂/CO₂燃烧的特征。利用随机孔模型(RPM)表征两种煤焦反应速率与碳转化率的关系,同时与未反应缩核模型(Model Ⅰ)和混合模型(Model Ⅱ)的拟合结果进行比较。研究表明,在不同反应条件下,随机孔模型具有最佳的拟合效果,相关系数都在0.986以上。比较RPM、ModelⅠ和Model Ⅱ计算结果发现,焦作无烟煤焦的O₂/CO₂等温燃烧的活化能比云浮烟煤焦的高,且同一煤种燃烧反应温度越高反应速率常数越大。由于随机孔模型的结构参数ψ可以很好地表现孔结构变化对煤焦燃烧反应的影响,因此随机孔模型能更加准确地描述煤焦O₂/CO₂燃烧特征。     

In situ diagnostics of Victorian brown coal combustion in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 mixtures in drop-tube furnace

Experimental investigation of the combustion of an air-dried Victorian brown coal in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ mixtures was conducted in a lab-scale drop-tube furnace (DTF). In situ diagnostics of coal burning transient phenomena were carried out with the use of high-speed camera and two-colour pyrometer for photographic observation and particle temperature measurement, respectively. The results indicate that the use of CO₂ in place of N₂ affected brown coal combustion behaviour through both its physical influence and chemical interaction with char. Distinct changes in coal pyrolysis behaviour, ignition extent, and the temperatures of volatile flame and burning char particles were observed. The large specific heat capacity of CO₂ relative to N₂ is the principal factor affecting brown coal combustion, which greatly quenched the ignition of individual coal particles. As a result, a high O₂ fraction of at least 30% in CO₂ is required to match air. Moreover, due to the accumulation of unburnt volatiles in the coal particle vicinity, coal ignition in O₂/CO₂ occurred as a form of volatile cloud rather than individual particles that occurred in air. The temperatures of volatile flame and char particles were reduced by CO₂ quenching throughout coal oxidation. Nevertheless, this negative factor was greatly offset by char-CO₂ gasification reaction which even occurred rapidly during coal pyrolysis. Up to 25% of the nascent char may undergo gasification to yield extra CO to improve the reactivity of local fuel/O₂ mixture. The subsequent homogeneous oxidation of CO released extra heat for the oxidation of both volatiles and char. As a result, the optical intensity of volatile flame in ∼27% O₂ in CO₂ was raised to a level twice that in air at the furnace temperature of 1273 K. Similar temperatures were achieved for burning char particles in 27% O₂/73% CO₂ and air. As this O₂/CO₂ ratio is lower than that for bituminous coal, 30-35%, a low consumption of O₂ is desirable for the oxy-firing of Victorian brown coal. Nevertheless, the distinct emission of volatile cloud and formation of strong reducing gas environment on char surface may affect radiative heat transfer and ash formation, which should be cautioned during the oxy-fuel combustion of Victorian brown coal.     

Comparisons of pulverized coal combustion in air and in mixtures of O2/CO2

Pulverized coal combustion in air and the mixtures of O₂/CO₂ has been experimentally investigated in a 20 kW down-fired combustor (190 mm id×3 m). Detailed comparisons of gas temperature profiles, gas composition profiles, char burnouts, conversions of coal–N to NO_x and coal–S to SO₂ and CO emissions have been made between coal combustion in air and coal combustion in various O₂/CO₂ mixtures. The effectiveness of air/oxidant staging on reducing NO_x emissions has also been investigated for coal combustion in air and O₂/CO₂ mixtures. The results show that simply replacing the N₂ in the combustion air with CO₂ will result in a significant decrease of combustion gas temperatures. However, coal combustion in 30% O₂/70% CO₂ can produce matching gas temperature profiles to those of coal combustion in air while having a lower coal–N to NO_x conversion, a better char burnout and a lower CO emission. The results also confirm that air/oxidant staging is very effective in reducing NO_x emissions for coal combustion in both air and a 30% O₂/70% CO₂ mixture. SO₂ emissions are proved to be almost independent of the combustion media investigated.     

Fe2O3催化无烟煤燃烧燃点降低机理的实验研究

利用TG-DTG法和DTA法研究了无烟煤催化燃烧时燃点的变化情况,结果表明Fe2O3可使无烟煤的燃点降低。基于无烟煤燃点的形成原因和催化热解过程,研究了催化热解过程中热解转化率、热解气组成、半焦表面结构的变化情况,结果表明Fe2O3促进了无烟煤的热解,热解转化率、热解气的组成明显变化,热解气热值增加。催化热解产生的半焦表面形貌粗糙,颗粒细碎,比表面积大。由于热解过程直接影响到点燃过程,因此通过催化热解的研究,可知催化燃烧过程中均相燃烧（热解气燃烧）提供给异相燃烧（半焦燃烧）的热量高于非催化燃烧。同时催化热解所得半焦的吸附氧气能力强,在低温时吸附氧气的速率较快,缩短了达到点燃时所需氧气浓度的时间,进而降低了无烟煤的燃点。     

Coal char combustion under a CO2-rich atmosphere: Implications for pulverized coal injection in a blast furnace

Pulverized coal injection (PCI) is employed in blast furnace tuyeres attempting to maximize the injection rate without increasing the amount of unburned char inside the stack of the blast furnace. When coal is injected with air through the injection lance, the resolidified char will burn in an atmosphere with a progressively lower oxygen content and higher CO₂ concentration. In this study an experimental approach was followed to separate the combustion process into two distinct devolatilization and combustion steps. Initially coal was injected into a drop tube furnace (DTF) operating at 1300 °C in an atmosphere with a low oxygen concentration to ensure the combustion of volatiles and prevent the formation of soot. Then the char was refired into the DTF at the same temperature under two different atmospheres O₂/N₂ (typical combustion) and O₂/CO₂ (oxy-combustion) with the same oxygen concentration. Coal injection was also performed under a higher oxygen concentration in atmospheres typical for both combustion and oxy-combustion. The fuels tested comprised a petroleum coke and coals currently used for PCI injection ranging from high volatile to low volatile bituminous rank. Thermogravimetric analyses and microscopy techniques were used to establish the reactivity and appearance of the chars.     

Effect of carbon dioxide on flame propagation of pulverized coal clouds in CO2/O2 combustion

CO₂/O₂ combustion of pulverized coal is one of the promising new technology in order to reduce the emission of CO₂ and NO_x from coal combustion furnaces. However, several experiments with pulverized coal burners show that temperature and stability of pulverized coal flame is reduced in this condition. CO₂ has distinctive thermodynamic and optical property compared with that of other gas, and it is important to know the effect of CO₂ on the flame stability of pulverized coal. In this study, effect of CO₂ on flame propagation velocity of pulverized coal clouds were studied experimentally using micro-gravity condition, and also numerically considering detailed radiation heat exchange using Monte Carlo method.Experiments were made by using spherical chamber with inner diameter of 200 mm. Micro-gravity condition was used in order to achieve uniform pulverized coal cloud in a chamber. Flame propagation velocity was measured from the photographic image of the flame front by using high speed camera. Results show that flame propagation velocity of pulverized coal cloud in CO₂/O₂ mixture gas decreases to about 1/3–1/5 of that in N₂/O₂ mixture gas at the same oxygen concentration. By using Ar/O₂ mixture gas, it is revealed that thermal diffusivity of gas seems to have a large effect on flame propagation velocity. From the numerical analysis using Monte Carlo method, effect of absorption of radiation by CO₂ gas is proven to be relatively small compared with that of thermodynamic property especially for heat capacity of CO₂. Consequently, it is clarified that reduction of flame stability in CO₂/O₂ combustion is mainly due to the larger heat capacity of CO₂ gas.