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1.
As feedback from Three Mile Island No. 2, a large amount of human–machine interface (HMI) design has been proposed to support
operators during accidents by presenting information on plant status, some of which is implemented in commercial nuclear power
plants (NPPs). However, it has not yet been discussed what role HMI should play under conditions where operators must take
action as instructed under emergency operating procedure. Regarding this principal issue, an HMI design is proposed together
with specific screen images. The advantage of this design is based on the involvement of an ex-operator in NPP in this paper.
The participation of users in the design of HMI has been rare. Accordingly the proposed HMI is comprehensive for average operators
and is expected to be acceptable for future implementation in commercial NPPs. The effectiveness of the proposed HMI has been
examined in a small experiment. 相似文献
2.
Exploring Context-aware Information Push 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Despite much interest over recent years in the area of context-aware computing, there are still a number of significant gaps
in our understanding of the HCI issues associated with such systems. One particular issue that remains relatively unexplored
is how to design around the apparently conflicting goals of adapting to changes in context while at the same time adhering
to the principle of predictability. In this paper, we describe our exploration into this issue through two alternative designs
of an interactive context-aware tourist guide. One original design was based around information pull, i.e. the emphasis is
on the user to decide when context-aware information is presented. Our second design incorporates the notion of information
push whereby the actual presentation of context-aware information is triggered by contextual events, e.g. changes in the user’s
location or changes to the opening times of attractions. Through the evaluation of these alternative designs we hope to gain
a better understanding of the usability implications relating to push vs. pull in both this specific domain and in interactive
context-aware systems in general. 相似文献
3.
This paper presents an ethnographically informed investigation into the use of an organisational memory, focusing in particular
on how information was used in the performance of work. We argue that understanding how people make use of distributed knowledge
is crucial to the design of an organisational memory. However, we take the perspective that an ‘organisational memory’ is
not technology dependent, but is an emergent property of group interaction. In this sense, the technology does not form the
organisational memory, but provides a novel means of augmenting the co-ordination of collaborative action. The study examines
the generation, development and maintenance of knowledge repositories and archives. The knowledge and information captured
in the organisational memory enabled the team members to establish a common understanding of the design and to gain an appreciation
of the issues and concerns of the other disciplines. The study demonstrates why technology should not be thought of in isolation
from its contexts of use, but also how designers can make use of the creative flexibility that people employ in their everyday
activities. The findings of the study are therefore of direct relevance to both the design of knowledge archives and to the
management of this information within organisations. 相似文献
4.
The Importance of Context in Information System Design: An Assessment of Participatory Design 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper is predicated on requirements analysis as the Achilles heel of information systems development, and accepts that
information systems often disappoint. Most design paradigms can be located within a rationalistic framework polarised by requirements
analysis and system delivery. Such traditional design paradigms are seen as palliatives that prevent us moving toward more
satisfying information systems. It is argued that this rationalistic framework forces us to identify, and attempt to solve,
problems that are symptomatic of the approach adopted. A pluralistic framework for information system development is presented
which rejects the notions of requirements analysis and system optimality. Participatory design, derived from the field of
human computer interaction, is located within this framework and identified as a possible paradigm for information system
development. A case study is conducted to assess the benefits of participatory design techniques and to evaluate the extent
to which participatory design can overcome the failings of traditional methodologies. 相似文献
5.
Display Design of Process Systems Based on Functional Modelling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The prevalent way to present information in industrial computer displays is by using piping and instrumentation diagrams.
Such interfaces have sometimes resulted in difficulties for operators because they are not sufficient to fulfil their needs.
A systematic way that supports interface design therefore has to be considered. In the new design framework, two questions
must be answered. Firstly, a modelling method is required to describe a process system. Such a modelling method can define
the information content that must be displayed in interfaces. Secondly, how to communicate this information to operators efficiently
must be considered. This will provide a basis for determining the visual forms that the information should take. This study
discusses interface design of human–machine systems from these two points of view. Based on other scholars’ work, a comprehensive
set of functional primitives is summarised as a basis to build a functional model of process systems. A library of geometrical
presentations for these primitives is then developed. To support effective interface design, the concept of ‘functional macro’
is introduced and a way to map functional model to interface display is illustrated by applying several principles. To make
our ideas clear, a central heating system is taken as an example and its functional model is constructed. Based on the functional
model, the information to be displayed is determined. Several functional macros are then found in the model and their corresponding
displays are constructed. Finally, by using the library of geometrical presentations for functional primitives and functional
macros, the display hierarchy of the central heating system is developed. Reusability of functional primitives makes it possible
to use the methodology to support interface design of different process systems. 相似文献
6.
Location is one of the most important elements of context in ubiquitous computing. In this paper we describe a location model, a spatial-aware communication model and an implementation of the models that exploit location for processing and communicating context. The location model presented describes a location
tree, which contains human-readable semantic and geometric information about an organisation and a structure to describe the
current location of an object or a context. The proposed system is dedicated to work not only on more powerful devices like
handhelds, but also on small computer systems that are embedded into everyday artefact (making them a digital artefact). Model and design decisions were made on the basis of experiences from three prototype setups with several applications,
which we built from 1998 to 2002. While running these prototypes we collected experiences from designers, implementers and users and formulated them as guidelines in this paper. All the prototype applications heavily use location information for providing their functionality. We found
that location is not only of use as information for the application but also important for communicating context. In this
paper we introduce the concept of spatial-aware communication where data is communicated based on the relative location of
digital artefacts rather than on their identity.
Correspondence to: Michael Biegl, Telecooperation Office (TecO), University of Karlsruhe, Vincenz-Prieβritz-Str. 1 D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Email: michael@teco.edu 相似文献
7.
Claudia Wenzel Heiko Maus 《International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition》2001,3(4):248-260
Knowledge-based systems for document analysis and understanding (DAU) are quite useful whenever analysis has to deal with
the changing of free-form document types which require different analysis components. In this case, declarative modeling is
a good way to achieve flexibility. An important application domain for such systems is the business letter domain. Here, high
accuracy and the correct assignment to the right people and the right processes is a crucial success factor. Our solution
to this proposes a comprehensive knowledge-centered approach: we model not only comparatively static knowledge concerning
document properties and analysis results within the same declarative formalism, but we also include the analysis task and
the current context of the system environment within the same formalism. This allows an easy definition of new analysis tasks
and also an efficient and accurate analysis by using expectations about incoming documents as context information. The approach
described has been implemented within the VOPR (VOPR is an acronym for the Virtual Office PRototype.) system. This DAU system
gains the required context information from a commercial workflow management system (WfMS) by constant exchanges of expectations
and analysis tasks. Further interaction between these two systems covers the delivery of results from DAU to the WfMS and
the delivery of corrected results vice versa.
Received June 19, 1999 / Revised November 8, 2000 相似文献
8.
Bing Wang 《International Journal on Digital Libraries》1999,2(2-3):91-110
A digital library (DL) consists of a database which contains library information and a user interface which provides a visual
window for users to search relevant information stored in the database. Thus, an abstract structure of a digital library can
be defined as a combination of a special purpose database and a user-friendly interface. This paper addresses one of the fundamental aspects of such
a combination. This is the formal data structure for linking an object oriented database with hypermedia to support digital
libraries. It is important to establish a formal structure for a digital library in order to efficiently maintain different
types of library information. This article discusses how to build an object oriented hybrid system to support digital libraries.
In particular, we focus on the discussion of a general purpose data model for digital libraries and the design of the corresponding
hypermedia interface. The significant features of this research are, first, a formalized data model to define a digital library
system structure; second, a practical approach to manage the global schema of a library system; and finally, a design strategy
to integrate hypermedia with databases to support a wide range of application areas.
Received: 15 December 1997 / Revised: June 1999 相似文献
9.
People wish to maintain a level of awareness of timely information, including presence of others in the workplace and other
social settings. We believe this provides better exchange, coordination and contact within a community, especially as people
work in asynchronous times and distributed locations. The challenge is to develop lightweight techniques for awareness, interaction
and communication using shared information appliances. In this paper, we describe the design of an exploratory responsive display projected within a shared workspace at the MIT
Media Lab. The system uses visual sensing to provide relevant information and constructs traces of people’s activity over
time. Such aware portals may be deployed in casual workplace domains, distributed workgroups, and everyday public spaces. 相似文献
10.
With regard to the design of information content in information display, it is often claimed that the abstraction hierarchy
(AH) of the work domain should be considered as a basis for identifying and structuring the information content. The primary
advantage of AH-based analysis and design is that functionally abstracted information can systematically be identified and
provided to the operator, which has rarely been presented in traditional displays. This study evaluated the effectiveness
of providing functional information, which was abstracted and represented based on goal–means analysis along the AH, to the
operator in two task situations (fault diagnosis and operation). The results showed that the operator’s performance was improved
with the high-level information, and the latter’s utility became greater when the goal–means relations between information
at different abstraction levels were exhibited. From the results, three design principles for information display can be drawn.
First, information should be identified and displayed at multiple abstraction levels. Second, the goal–means relations among
the abstraction levels should be explicitly presented, especially for analytical cognitive tasks. Third, information layout
should support information integration along decomposition structure within an abstraction level as well as along abstraction
levels. 相似文献
11.
Release Planning in Market-Driven Software Product Development: Provoking an Understanding 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pär Carlshamre 《Requirements Engineering》2002,7(3):139-151
12.
D. Benyon 《Cognition, Technology & Work》2002,4(3):180-196
When system developers design a computer system (or other information artefact), they must inevitably make judgements as
to how to abstract the domain and how to represent this abstraction in their designs. Over the years human–computer interaction,
or more generally information systems design, has had a history of developing competing methods and models for both the process
and products of its development. Various paradigms have been suggested, often trying to keep pace with the changing nature
of the design problem; from batch processing to interactive systems to work situations and most recently to designing for
household environments. It appears timely, then, to review the nature of the design problem that faces the developers of human–computer
systems and to consider some of the impact that different representations and different conceptualisations may have on their
activities. Green (1998) has suggested that a single model of developing human–computer systems is not desirable, instead
arguing for a number of limited theories each of which provides a useful perspective. The aim of this paper is to place competing
methods side by side in order to see their strengths and weaknesses more clearly. The central tenet of the paper is that different
views of both the human–computer system design process and the different abstractions, or models, that are produced during
the design process have varying degrees of utility for designers. It is unlikely that any single method or modelling approach
will be optimal in all circumstances. Designers need to be aware of the range of views that exist and of the impact that taking
a particular approach may have on the design solution. 相似文献
13.
Data overload is a condition where a practitioner, supported by artefacts and other practitioners, finds it extremely challenging
to focus in on, assemble and synthesise the significant subset of data for the problem context into a coherent situation assessment,
where the subset is a small portion of a vast data field. In order to predict vulnerabilities in intelligence analysis that
might arise when traditional strategies for coping with data overload are undermined, we conducted an observational study
in a simulated setting. Ten professional intelligence analysts analysed the causes and impacts of the Ariane 501 accident.
When study participants performed a time-pressured analysis outside their base of expertise based on sampling reports from
a large set, some made inaccurate statements in verbal briefings. Participants that made no inaccurate statements spent more
time during the analysis, read more documents, and relied on higher-quality documents than participants who made inaccurate
statements. All participants missed potentially available relevant information and had difficulty detecting and resolving
data conflicts. Sources of inaccurate statements were: (1) relying upon default assumptions, (2) incorporating inaccurate
information and (3) incorporating information that was considered accurate at one point in time. These findings have design
implications and point to evaluation criteria for systems designed to address the data overload problem in intelligence analysis. 相似文献
14.
In this paper we describe a prototype spatial audio user interface for a Global Positioning System (GPS). The interface is
designed to allow mobile users to carry out location tasks while their eyes, hands or attention are otherwise engaged. Audio
user interfaces for GPS have typically been designed to meet the needs of visually impaired users, and generally, though not
exclusively, employ speech-audio. In contrast, our prototype system uses a simple form of non-speech, spatial audio. This
paper analyses various candidate audio mappings for location and distance information. A variety of tasks, design considerations,
design trade-offs and opportunities are considered. The findings from pilot empirical testing are reported. Finally, opportunities
for improvements to the system and for future evaluation are explored. 相似文献
15.
Automatic defect classification for semiconductor manufacturing 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Paul B. Chou A. Ravishankar Rao Martin C. Sturzenbecker Frederick Y. Wu Virginia H. Brecher 《Machine Vision and Applications》1997,9(4):201-214
Visual defect inspection and classification are important parts of most manufacturing processes in the semiconductor and electronics
industries. Defect classification provides relevant information to correct process problems, thereby enhancing the yield and
quality of the product. This paper describes an automated defect classification (ADC) system that classifies defects on semiconductor
chips at various manufacturing steps. The ADC system uses a golden template method for defect re-detection, and measures several
features of the defect, such as size, shape, location and color. A rule-based system classifies the defects into pre-defined
categories that are learnt from training samples. The system has been deployed in the IBM Burlington 16 M DRAM manufacturing
line for more than a year. The system has examined over 100 000 defects, and has met the design criteria of over 80% classification
rate and 80% classification accuracy. Issues involving system design tradeoff, implementation, performance, and deployment
are closely examined. 相似文献
16.
Method engineering (ME) deals with the selection and assembly of situation-specific methods for information systems development.
In this paper we use ME with a somewhat unusual perspective, that is, an educational one. We introduce a procedure for the
evaluation of information systems curricula within an ME framework. Using this approach it is possible to quantitatively characterise
and compare information systems curricula, showing their relative strengths and weaknesses. As an example we evaluate three
model curricula (IS’90, IS’97 and ISCC’99) and analyse their differences and similarities. 相似文献
17.
A real-time vision module for interactive perceptual agents 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bruce A. Maxwell Nathaniel Fairfield Nikolas Johnson Pukar Malla Paul Dickson Suor Kim Stephanie Wojtkowski Thomas Stepleton 《Machine Vision and Applications》2003,14(1):72-82
Abstract. Interactive robotics demands real-time visual information about the environment. Real-time vision processing, however, places
a heavy load on the robot's limited resources, which must accommodate multiple other processes running simultaneously. This
paper describes a vision module capable of providing real-time information from ten or more operators while maintaining at
least a 20-Hz frame rate and leaving sufficient processor time for a robot's other capabilities. The vision module uses a
probabilistic scheduling algorithm to ensure both timely information flow and a fast frame capture. In addition, it tightly
integrates the vision operators with control of a pan-tilt-zoom camera. The vision module makes its information available
to other modules in the robot architecture through a shared memory structure. The information provided by the vision module
includes the operator information along with a time stamp indicating information relevance. Because of this design, our robots
are able to react in a timely manner to a wide variety of visual events. 相似文献
18.
Fabio Casati Maria Grazia Fugini Isabelle Mirbel Barbara Pernici 《Requirements Engineering》2002,7(2):73-106
Workflow management systems are becoming a relevant support for a large class of business applications, and many workflow
models as well as commercial products are currently available. While the large availability of tools facilitates the development
and the fulfilment of customer requirements, workflow application development still requires methodological guidelines that
drive the developers in the complex task of rapidly producing effective applications. In fact, it is necessary to identify
and model the business processes, to design the interfaces towards existing cooperating systems, and to manage implementation
aspects in an integrated way. This paper presents the WIRES methodology for developing workflow applications under a uniform
modelling paradigm – UML modelling tools with some extensions – that covers all the life cycle of these applications: from
conceptual analysis to implementation. High-level analysis is performed under different perspectives, including a business and an organisational perspective. Distribution, interoperability and cooperation with external information systems are considered in this early
stage. A set of “workflowability” criteria is provided in order to identify which candidate processes are suited to be implemented
as workflows. Non-functional requirements receive particular emphasis in that they are among the most important criteria for
deciding whether workflow technology can be actually useful for implementing the business process at hand. The design phase
tackles aspects of concurrency and cooperation, distributed transactions and exception handling. Reuse of component workflows,
available in a repository as workflow fragments, is a distinguishing feature of the method. Implementation aspects are presented
in terms of rules that guide in the selection of a commercial workflow management system suitable for supporting the designed
processes, coupled with guidelines for mapping the designed workflows onto the model offered by the selected system. 相似文献
19.
Domenico Ferrari 《Multimedia Systems》1998,6(3):179-185
The research done by the Tenet Group in multimedia networking has reached a point where it may be useful to reflect on the
significance of its results for the current debate on how integrated-services internetworks should be designed. Such reflections
constitute the main subject of this paper. The principles of the work and the conclusions reached so far by the Tenet researchers
are discussed in the light of the conflict between the two major technologies being proposed to build future information infrastructures:
namely, the Internet and the ATM technologies. The Tenet approach suggests one feasible way for resolving the conflict to
the advantage of all the users of those infrastructures. This paper discusses various fundamental aspects of integrated-services
network design: the choice of the service model, the type of charging policy to be adopted, and the selection of a suitable
architecture. 相似文献
20.
This paper describes metaphors and design strategies used to conceive and develop a hand-held, location-aware tourist guide
that delivers information related to the surrounding space mainly by reacting to the physical movements of the visitors. The
guide is designed to minimise the boundary between the physical space and the related information through a number of situated
and contextual-aware interaction mechanisms. These mechanisms are conceived to support the activity both at individual and
social level. 相似文献