提高脉冲爆震发动机工作频率的实验研究

实验采用汽油为燃料,压缩空气为氧化剂,通过改善气源、点火结构以及燃油雾化效果的方法,对如何提高脉冲爆震发动机工作频率进行了实验研究．脉冲爆震发动机的最高工作频率可达35Hz,此时得到的平均推力为142．8N．测试了不同爆震频率下的爆震波压力、推力及爆震波速,所测得的爆震波压力、波速和结构接近充分发展的理想爆震波,说明已产生了稳定的、充分发展的爆震．脉冲爆震发动机的平均推力随着工作频率的提高接近线性增大．     

关于爆震波除灰器系统设计的理论研究

通过对锅炉爆震波除灰器系统设计和应用实践的理论研究,认为:其指导理论的基础应当是爆震燃烧理论;认清爆震燃烧中C-J爆震波理论模型、ZND爆震波结构模型和缓燃向爆震转变的DDT过程,了解爆震波的形成和传播的机理,对于成功设计锅炉爆震波除灰器系统具有决定性的作用;为了使设计对工程具有较强的针对性,提出系统设计的主要环节应当注意的有关要求.     

脉冲爆震火箭发动机间接起爆实验研究

采用航空煤油为燃料、氧气为氧化剂、压缩氮气为隔离气体,进行了大量的两相脉冲爆震火箭发动机原理性实验。利用8个压力传感器测量了爆震室轴向沿程的压力,所测得爆震波压力接近充分发展的C—J爆震波。两个实验模型分别使用了0．45和0．9m的Shchelkin螺旋作为DDT（deflagration to detonation transition）间接起爆的增强装置。实验模型Ⅰ的DDT距离约为0．65m,爆震波速约为1873m／s;实验模型Ⅱ的DDT距离约为0．55m,爆震波速约为1838m／s。两种实验模型DDT距离的差异主要是由爆震室内Shchelkin螺旋长度不同引起的。虽然Shchelkin螺旋在缩短DDT距离上起到积极作用,但在形成充分发展爆震波后会降低爆震波的强度。     

填充系数对脉冲爆震发动机压力波影响的实验研究

以汽油为燃料，空气为氧化剂，在内径为56mm的脉冲爆震发动机模型内成功地产生了充分发展的爆震。测试了在同一余气系数α、不同填充系数β下的爆震波压力，并对其变化进行了分析。分析实验结果发现，在同一余气系数下，爆震室长度一度时，随着填充系数的减小，爆震波压力降低，使脉冲爆震发动机模型性能下降。当填充系数小于临界填充系数βci时，爆震室内的燃烧方式为爆燃，而不能形成爆震。     

脉冲爆震发动机性能计算与分析

本文在ZND爆震波理论基础上,结合脉冲爆震发动机工作原理,介绍了单次爆震火箭式脉冲爆震发动机推力,比冲性能参数的计算方法,以性能分析模型为基础分析了物理参数、化学参数、结构参数等因素对发动机性能的影响,为火箭式脉冲爆震发动机优化设计提供参考。     

多循环喷雾爆震的特性研究

在无阀式脉冲爆震发动机模型机上进行了多循环喷雾两相爆震的实验研究．点火后爆震管内压力上升需要一定的延迟时间,但是迅速增压过程是在火焰传播到一定区域后开始的,在该区域形成向两个方向传播的压缩波,向未燃区传播的压缩波不断加强,形成爆震波,向已燃区传播的压缩波不断衰减;爆震峰值压力沿流向不断增加,压力上升速度加快,峰值随机差异放大;通过对压力历程的分析,用两种方法估算了两相爆震波诱导区的长度．实验中发现,两相爆震的点火延迟时间远大于爆燃向爆震转变的时间,两者之和相对于高频爆震循环非常可观,是限制两相脉冲爆震发动机频率提高的关键因素,并分析了多循环工作时的吸气和排气过程．     

毫米量级微管内单次爆震

采用高速摄影仪拍摄和压力测量的方法,研究了乙炔/空气混合气体在毫米量级微管中的单次爆震燃烧特性.测量得到内径10 mm的不锈钢管内的爆震波压力为2.7 MPa,速度为1 428.6 m/s.通过高速摄像仪观察到有机玻璃管中存在3种不同的火焰形态:振荡火焰、缓燃火焰和爆震火焰,有机玻璃管中的爆震波速度约为1 450 m/s.实验表明,乙炔/空气混合气体在两种不同材料的毫米量级微管中均可实现爆震燃烧.     

压力波扰动对内燃机缸内爆震波形成的影响

内燃机小型化成为了一种公认的节能减排技术,但却会诱发"超级爆震".由于其伴随爆震波的形成,极具破坏性,因此亟需揭示其形成过程及影响因素.本研究通过爆震容弹实验发现,在爆震波形成前总会伴随缸内小扰动波的增强.通过数值模拟,对比了存在和不存在小扰动增强下的缸内燃烧过程,发现如果没有小扰动增强,末端混合气不会形成爆震波.因此...     

喷雾爆震起爆过程实验观察

实验测量了爆震室内不同轴向位置的压力和离子信号的演变过程,并利用高速阴影系统直接观察了透明方形管道内汽油/空气两相混合物动态填充过程中,弱火花点火后火焰加速传播、火焰与障碍物的相互作用、激波的出现、热点形成、爆燃向爆震转变、爆震波在障碍物管道中和光滑管道中的传播过程,分析影响爆震波传播速度的关键因素,用烟膜板记录了起爆区的胞格结构.     

分开喷注方式下旋转爆震发动机三维数值模拟

对环缝-小孔喷注方式下旋转爆震发动机内流场进行三维数值模拟,氧化剂(空气)由环缝喷入环形燃烧室,燃料H2由周向均匀分布的90个小孔喷入环形燃烧室.分析了燃料与氧化剂的混合效果以及三维旋转爆震波的发展过程.研究结果表明:环缝的喷注压力对混合效果的影响较大,过大的环缝喷注压力不利于燃料与氧化剂的混合;对于环缝-小孔喷注方式存在最短混合距离,爆震波在该距离内传播极不稳定,通常会经历爆震波的形成-消失-再形成等过程.要获得稳定传播的旋转爆震波,爆震波高度需大于该最小混合距离.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.