甘油酯交换法制备碳酸甘油酯催化剂的研究进展

生物柴油是公认的可再生能源,酯交换法产生生物柴油的主要副产物是甘油.以甘油为原料制备高附加值的碳酸甘油酯(GC)是生物柴油副产物综合利用的有效途径之一.甘油与碳酸酯的酯交换反应是一条绿色、直接、高产率、工业可行的GC合成路线.本文综述了近年来甘油酯交换合成GC催化剂的研究进展,期望为该领域新型催化剂的设计及制备工艺优化...     

甘油氢解制二元醇的研究进展

近年来,随着国内外生物柴油产业的快速发展,生成大量副产物甘油,合理利用过剩的甘油将有助于整个生物柴油产业的经济效益。本文针对以甘油为底物,催化氢解合成高附加值二元醇的研究进行了综述,介绍了甘油催化氢解成二元醇的反应机理和研究现状,并对发展前景作了展望。     

其他

亨斯迈工业化生产碳酸甘油酯美国亨斯迈公司近期以生物柴油的副产物甘油为原料,实现了碳酸甘油酯工业化生产。该公司所产的碳酸甘油酯为生物基专用化学品,可用作反应     

甘油化学催化转化研究进展

如今随着生物柴油产业的蓬勃发展,其副产物甘油的再利用也越来越受到关注。文章从甘油酯化、氧化、氢解3个方面概述了甘油催化转化为其它化学品的国内外研究进展,由于篇幅所限,涉及的催化剂体系仅限于有利于工业化的多相催化剂体系。     

生物柴油联产乳酸完善产业链

中科院西双版纳热带植物园生物能源组日前在生物柴油制备及副产物甘油高附加值转化方面取得新进展。新工艺在获得高转化率生物柴油的同时,还充分利用了副产物甘油,使生物柴油生产链更加完整。寻求活性高、可回收和重复利用的新型催化剂一直是生物柴油研究的热点方向之一。在生物柴油迅猛发展的同时,副产物甘油也随之大量产生,因此如何把副产甘油转化为高附加值产品已成为新的关注点。该生物能源组经过大量实验研究,提出生物柴油与乳酸联产的新工艺——以固体硅酸钠为催     

甘油制备碳酸甘油酯催化剂的研究进展

碳酸甘油酯(Glycerol Carbonate,GC)是一种绿色有机化合物,广泛用于制备化学中间体、聚合物、表面活性剂等众多工业化学品,也被用作燃料添加剂、生物基溶剂等。甘油是生物柴油生产中的一种副产物,来源丰富、价格便宜,同时甘油的充分利用也有助于生物柴油行业的发展。近年来开发了基于甘油制备GC的新方法,主要包括CO₂和甘油的直接反应、尿素甘油解、甘油和碳酸酯的酯交换。本文综述了近年来特别是2018年以来,用甘油制备GC在催化剂方面的研究进展,期望为该领域新型催化剂的设计及制备工艺优化提供积极有益的借鉴。     

甘油法合成缩水甘油

以ZnSO4为催化剂,甘油和尿素反应合成碳酸甘油酯,分别以IR和MS对产物进行了结构表征。碳酸甘油酯在磷酸钠催化下脱掉一分子CO2得到缩水甘油。重点对碳酸甘油酯脱CO2得到缩水甘油的反应时间、反应温度、反应压力、催化剂种类及用量等因素进行了考察。并通过响应面分析法得到了适宜的反应条件为：反应时间4 h、反应温度215 ℃、反应压力2 kPa、催化剂用量2.5%（质量分数）。缩水甘油经旋转蒸发提纯,通过IR、HNMR进行了鉴定,GC测定产率可达到83.8%。     

生物柴油副产物甘油的高附加值利用

生物柴油的生产过程中都会产生副产物甘油,随着生物柴油的规模化发展,副产物甘油的合理利用成为生物柴油产业发展的关键问题之一. 粗甘油的有效再利用有利于降低生物柴油的生产成本和解决环境污染问题. 粗甘油可以通过各种工艺路线转化为1,3-丙二醇、环氧氯丙烷、乳酸、聚羟基脂肪酸酯、氢、二羟基丙酮和1,2-丙二醇等具有市场前景的高附加值产品. 目前技术比较成熟并进入产业化阶段的粗甘油利用工艺路线是生物法生产1,3-丙二醇和化学法生产环氧氯丙烷,其他工艺路线多数还处在实验室研究阶段. 本文以粗甘油综合利用为中心对目前研究进展和产业现状进行了综述.     

亨斯迈工业化生产碳酸甘油酯

美国亨斯迈公司最近以生物柴油的副产物甘油为原料,实现了碳酸甘油酯工业化生产。该公司所产的碳酸甘油酯为生物基专用化学品,可用作反应中间体和溶剂,还可以合成聚合物,或与异氰酸盐、丙烯酸酯类产品反应,用于涂料、胶粘剂和润滑剂等领域。此外,该产品因具备优异的溶解性能,可以广泛地应用于个人护理品等领域。     

异相催化尿素法制备碳酸甘油酯研究

以甘油和尿素为原料,尿素法合成碳酸甘油酯。研究了四种催化剂催化合成碳酸甘油酯的催化特性。通过对各种催化剂的筛选,发现经过焙烧后的贝壳固体碱催化效果最好。通过正交实验,以温度、催化剂用量、尿素甘油物质的量比、反应时间为变量,进行四因素三水平的正交实验,实验结果表明:实验温度为155℃,催化剂用量为2.5%,尿素甘油物质的量比为1.4:1,反应时间确定为1.5h,得到最优实验条件,甘油的转化率可以达到74.21%。     

A review of ionic liquids as catalysts for transesterification reactions of biodiesel and glycerol carbonate production

Biodiesel production has been rapidly increasing due to the strong governmental policies and incentives provided leading to an oversupply of its by-product, glycerol. Therefore, finding ways of utilizing glycerol is essential to increase the net energy and sustainability of biodiesel. Ionic liquids have been used successfully as catalyst for both the production of biodiesel and the conversion of glycerol to glycerol carbonate. These catalysts are relatively environmentally friendly as they have the potential to enable sustainable processes. Herein, the prospect of using ionic liquids to catalyze transesterification triglycerides for the production of biodiesel and the conversion of glycerol to glycerol carbonate will be discussed. Elucidation of the reaction mechanism is expected to provide an in-depth understanding of the process with respect to the effects of cation and anion based on the reactions of interest.     

(CaO-MgO)@Fe3O4/C磁性固体碱催化甘油制备碳酸甘油酯

以活性炭、尿素和FeCl_3·6H_2O为原料得到Fe(OH)3,通过N2气氛还原得到磁核Fe_3O_4/C,随后将其置于CaCl_2与MgCl_2·6H2O溶液中超声分散,通过共沉淀法得到前驱体,焙烧制得磁性非均相固体碱催化剂(CaOMgO)@Fe_3O_4/C。对磁性非均相固体碱催化剂〔(CaO-MgO)@Fe_3O_4/C〕进行了磁滞回线、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、CO_2-TPD及N_2的吸附-脱附(BET)测试。结果表明,CaO-MgO均匀地分散在磁核Fe_3O_4/C表面,催化剂在700℃有个强峰,具有较强的碱强度,磁化强度为23.8 emu/g,显示出较好的磁性。以碳酸二甲酯与甘油制备碳酸甘油酯作为探针反应,考察了(CaO-MgO)@Fe_3O_4/C催化剂的催化性能,得到在温度为85℃,n(碳酸二甲酯)∶n(甘油)=5∶1,催化剂用量为甘油质量的3%,反应时间为1 h的条件下,碳酸甘油酯的收率达到98.80%,甘油的转化率达到99.48%。催化剂重复使用6次后,碳酸甘油酯的收率为94.45%。     

碘化铯催化二氧化碳与甘油合成甘油碳酸酯

以不同碱金属(铵)卤化物为催化剂,考察了其在二氧化碳与甘油合成甘油碳酸酯反应中的活性。采用环氧丙烷为溶剂及耦合剂,极大提高了反应的转化率。实验结果发现碘化物具有较好的催化活性。以碘化铯为催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应压力、反应物摩尔比和催化剂用量对反应结果的影响。在最佳反应条件下(环氧丙烷0.3 mol,甘油0.1 mol,反应温度120℃,反应时间1.5 h,反应压力3.0 MPa,催化剂用量0.15 g),甘油的转化率为86.5%,甘油碳酸酯的产率为81.6%。     

CaO催化制备碳酸甘油酯

以甘油和碳酸二甲酯为原料,CaO为催化剂合成了碳酸甘油酯。通过正交实验及单因素实验,考察了反应温度、回流温度、碳酸二甲酯用量、催化剂用量、反应时间对反应的影响,确定了优化工艺条件:反应温度75℃,回流温度60℃,碳酸二甲酯与甘油摩尔比2.5∶1,催化剂质量分数0.8%(以原料总质量计,下同),反应时间2h,在该条件下,甘油转化率及碳酸甘油酯收率分别可达97.89%和96.78%。CaO的存储稳定性及重复利用性实验结果表明,CaO虽具有较佳的存储稳定性,但其重复利用性较差,使用1次后活性即显著降低。     

Glycerol carbonate synthesis from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate using guanidine ionic liquids

A large number of surplus glycerol from the biodiesel production can be used as renewable feedstock to produce glycerol carbonate.In this paper,a series of guanidine-based ionic liquids were synthesized to catalyze the transesterification of glycerol and dimethyl carbonate.The tunable basicity and the anion-cation cooperative effect were responsible for the obtained results.The [TMG][TFE] showed the best activity turnover frequency (TOF) of 1754.0 h-1,glycerol (GL) conversion of 91.8％,glycerol carbonate (GC) selectivity of 95.5％) at 80 ℃ with 0.1 mol％ catalyst for 30 min.The reaction mechanism of the transesterification was also proposed.     

Production of biodiesel with glycerol carbonate by non‐catalytic supercritical dimethyl carbonate

New biodiesel production processes comprising one‐step and two‐step supercritical dimethyl carbonate methods have been pioneered. The use of dimethyl carbonate allows the reaction conditions to be mild and thus avoid unwanted deterioration of substrates during reaction. In this process, without any catalyst applied, supercritical dimethyl carbonate converts triglycerides (rapeseed oil) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) along with glycerol carbonate as a value‐added by‐product, instead of glycerol. Free fatty acids could be also converted into FAME so that the total yield of biodiesel for both methods resulted in over 96 wt%. In addition, the produced FAME satisfy the fuel requirements for the international standards of biodiesel specification.     

多孔材料在催化CO2与环氧化物环加成反应中的研究进展

以CO2为原料与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯是实现CO2资源利用最为有效的途径之一，也是缓解温室效应的有效方式之一。在该反应中催化剂的选择至关重要，多孔材料由于具有相对密度低、强度高、比表面积大、稳定性好、合成方法多样等优点而被广泛应用于催化CO2环加成。重点综述了近年来无机多孔材料、多孔有机聚合物材料、金属有机骨架材料在催化CO2与环氧化物合成环状碳酸酯中的研究进展，介绍了各催化剂的优缺点并对未来多孔材料的发展进行了展望。     

An integrated catalytic approach for the production of hydrogen by glycerol reforming coupled with water-gas shift

Reaction kinetics measurements of glycerol conversion on carbon-supported Pt-based bimetallic catalysts at temperatures from 548 to 623 K show that the addition of Ru, Re and Os to platinum significantly increases the catalyst activity for the production of synthesis gas (H₂/CO mixtures) at low temperatures (548–573 K). Based on this finding, we demonstrate a gas phase catalytic process for glycerol reforming, based on the use of two catalyst beds that can be tuned to yield hydrogen (and CO₂) or synthesis gas at 573 K and a pressure of 1 atm. The first bed consists of a carbon-supported bimetallic platinum-based catalyst to achieve conversion of glycerol to a H₂/CO gas mixture, followed by a second bed comprised of a catalyst that is effective for water-gas shift, such as 1.0% Pt/CeO₂/ZrO₂. This integrated catalytic system displayed 100% carbon conversion of concentrated glycerol solutions (30–80 wt.%) into CO₂ and CO, with a hydrogen yield equal to 80% of the amount that would ideally be obtained from the stoichiometric conversion of glycerol to H₂ and CO followed by equilibrated water-gas shift with the water present in the feed.     

Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification: Catalyst screening and reaction optimization

The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification is reported. Firstly, a catalyst screening has been performed by studying the influence of different basic and acid homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts on reaction results. Catalytic activity is extremely low for acidic catalysts indicating that reaction rate is very slow. On the contrary, high conversions and yields are obtained for basic catalysts. Catalytic activity increases with catalyst basic strength. The best heterogeneous catalyst is CaO. Calcination of CaO increases dramatically its activity due to calcium hydroxide removal from its surface. A reaction optimization study has been carried out with CaO as catalyst by using a factorial design of experiments leading to operation conditions for achieving a 100% conversion and a >95% yield at 1.5 h reaction time: 95 °C, catalyst/glycerol molar ratio = 0.06 and dimethyl carbonate/glycerol molar ratio = 3.5. Carbonate glycerol can be easily isolated by filtering the catalyst out and evaporating the filtrate at vacuum. Leaching of catalyst in reaction medium was lower than 0.34%. Catalyst recycling leads to a quick decrease in both conversions and yields probably due to a combination of catalyst deactivation by CaO exposure to air between catalytic runs, and a decrease in the catalyst surface area available for reaction due to particle agglomeration.     

尿素与甘油反应制甘油碳酸酯的绿色合成工艺

以甘油和尿素为原料,探讨了低甘油含量的甘油碳酸酯环境友好的合成工艺。考察了催化剂的结构、反应条件等因素对甘油转化率的影响,结果表明在390℃煅烧3 h的硫酸锌催化效果最好。采用甘油与尿素反应后再与碳酸酯反应的偶合反应方式,所得甘油碳酸酯中甘油的含量仅为0.6%,降低了合成成本。