三嗪框架聚合物膜用于有机纳滤甲醇/正己烷分离

具备耐各种有机溶剂的微孔聚合物膜在有机纳滤领域逐渐受到重视。采用双氰基单体的超酸催化成环聚合反应，制备微孔框架聚合物薄膜(CTF-BP)，该膜具备良好的力学性能，可耐受甲醇和正己烷等常见有机溶剂。CTFBP膜内大量<1.0 nm的微孔通道使膜具备良好的筛分性能，其截留分子量为550。膜内含有的三嗪结构与羟基具有较强的亲和性，使甲醇的跨膜通量[1.10 L/(m²·h·bar)]显著高于黏度更低的正己烷通量[0.23 L/(m²·h·bar)]。采用纳滤操作将膜用于分离含低浓度甲醇的正己烷溶液[含5%(质量)甲醇的正己烷溶液]，结果显示甲醇/正己烷分离因子最高可达到1485，渗透液的总流量超过3.21 kg/(m²·h)。证实CTF-BP膜有望实现高效甲醇/正己烷分离。     

正渗透策略和化学清洗海水淡化反渗透膜

为解决海水淡化过程中反渗透膜的污染问题,研究了基于正渗透策略的反渗透产水、模拟反渗透浓水、模拟海水不同的组合清洗和清洗时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。针对不可逆污染,研究了不同化学清洗药剂、浸泡时间、浓度对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,正渗透策略清洗方式中,淡水/模拟反渗透浓水的组合清洗方式效果最佳,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至92.80%。此外,经质量分数为2%的柠檬酸溶液浸泡2 h后,再使用质量分数为1%的乙二胺四乙酸四钠盐和0.3%的三聚磷酸钠溶液浸泡1.5 h,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至96.27%。从SEM和AFM图可以看出,正渗透清洗策略并未对膜表面选择层造成损坏,且可以清洗膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物,因此,应用这种方法对污染的反渗透膜进行清洗,可延长化学清洗周期,减少化学清洗剂用量,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

国产纳滤膜脱除硝酸盐的试验研究

采用国产纳滤膜脱除水环境中的硝酸根离子,研究进液浓度、浓水流量、压力、温度等对纳滤膜的截留性能和通量的影响。结果表明,压力的升高有利于提高纳滤膜的截留率和产水通量,最佳压力为0.7 MPa,此时截留率和产水通量可达75.0%和153.7 L/(m²·h);适当的提升进水温度可以提高纳滤过程的截留率,最佳进水温度为39.3℃;进料浓度对截留过程有着显著的影响,进料浓度越低,纳滤膜的截留效果越好。     

中空纤维纳滤膜与反渗透膜的研究

根据界面聚合反应成膜原理,以哌嗪(PIP)或间苯二胺(m-PD)水溶液为水相,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)正己烷溶液为有机相,以聚砜中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,制备了一系列聚酰胺/聚砜纳滤或反渗透复合膜.研究了水相浓度、有机相浓度、界面聚合时间和温度等条件对复合膜性能的影响.结果表明:中空纤维纳滤复合膜在0.4 MPa、室温条件下,对2 g/L MgSO_4水溶液的通量可达36.64 L/(m~2·h),截留率为97.2%;中空纤维反渗透膜在0.7 MPa、室温条件下,对0.5 g/L的NaCl水溶液通量可达12.2 L/(m~2·h),截留率96.5%.     

磺化聚苯砜/聚砜纳滤脱色膜的制备及其性能研究

本文中引用一种新的高分子聚合物-磺化聚苯砜(SPPSU)制备纳滤脱色膜的涂覆层,将其与其余药品混合后制备成纳滤膜的表层涂覆液,从而制备成可分离开染料/无机盐混合液的纳滤脱色膜。经过优化调整SPPSU的浓度,磺化度,以及后处理温度三个变量,最终确定SPPSU浓度为1.5%,磺化度为35%,后处理温度为100℃时,其对刚果红的截留率最高可达99.6%,水通量最高可达142 L/(m²·h),与此同时硫酸钠的截留率低于5%;在甲基蓝与硫酸钠的混合液处理过程中,甲基蓝的截留率为92.5%,水通量为75 L/(m²·h),硫酸钠截留率在20%以下,实现了染料溶液与无机盐的有效分离,并在此基础上,将其与海德能的商业纳滤脱色膜进行对照,得出可以与HYDRACoRe10-LD的性能相似,而水通量却高出很多,说明此纳滤脱色膜有很好的应用前景。     

一种新型荷电纳滤膜的制备及其在镁锂分离中的应用

以N,N-双(3-氨丙基)甲胺和均苯三甲酰氯为两相单体，通过调节水相添加剂及后处理PEI涂覆工艺制备了具有高性能的荷正电复合纳滤膜。在0.5 MPa,2 000 mg/L氯化镁进料液的条件下，该纳滤膜对氯化镁的截留率为98.6%，通量为63.5 L/(m²·h)。采用荷正电纳滤膜对模拟卤水进行测试，纳滤膜对Mg²⁺和Li⁺的截留率为93.8%和5.2%，渗透通量为52.3 L/(m²·h)，分离因子S_Mg,Li为0.065，表现出极佳的选择分离性。     

基于MXene中间层的复合纳滤膜制备及其盐水分离性能研究

通过湿法化学刻蚀得到单层MXene纳米片后，采用旋涂法将MXene纳米片负载至基膜上作为中间层制备聚酰胺复合纳滤膜，并探讨了MXene不同负载浓度对复合纳滤膜通量及盐截留性能的影响。结果表明引入MXene作为中间层，使得圆泡状形貌在所得膜表面形成，当旋涂1 mL浓度为0.1 g/L MXene时，通量为24.2 L/(m²·h)，硫酸钠截留率为97.4%，相比传统膜(通量12.9 L/(m²·h)，硫酸钠截留率96.3%)性能提升明显。随着MXene旋涂负载浓度增加，通量逐渐减小，而硫酸钠截留率则存在先增加后减小再稳定的趋势，截留率最高可达98.8%(通量16.3 L/(m²·h))。     

氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合膜的制备及其纳滤分离性能的研究

本文以均苯四甲基酸酐(PMDA)、4,4-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)作为原料，在合成过程中加入氧化石墨烯进行掺杂，制备出氧化石墨烯/聚酰亚胺复合膜，并考察了其纳滤分离性能。结果表明，在1.6MPa，膜面流速为0.25m·s^-1，操作温度20℃的条件下，膜通量为46.9L·(m²·h)^-1,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺截留率分别为91.21%和77.78%；对比相同条件下的纯聚酰亚胺纳滤膜，膜通量提升33.47%,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺截留率分别提升了13.28%和18.98%。因为氧化石墨烯具有很高的比表面积，并且在表面具有大量的亲水基团等特殊结构，所以通过掺杂可以明显提高聚酰亚胺纳滤膜的分离性能。     

多层羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能

以PES微滤膜为基膜,采用多层涂覆法制备了多层羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)复合膜,测定了复合膜对BSA溶液(1 g/L)的过滤性能及其因素的影响。实验结果表明,膜的浸涂层数显著影响膜的通量和对BSA的截留率,在压差为0.2 MPa、pH=5.5时,8层CMCS复合膜对BSA溶液的截留率达到90%,初始通量为54.8 L/(m~2·h)。与商业PS50超滤膜相比,制备的8层CMCS复合膜初始通量是PS50超滤膜的2.2倍,而PS50超滤膜对BSA的截留率为98%,大于8层CMCS复合膜的截留率。对比8层CMCS复合膜对BSA的初始和平均截留率表明,BSA在膜上的吸附能提高膜的截留率。     

功能化碳纳米管/SMANa/聚醚砜导电分离膜的制备及性能

为改善聚醚砜(PES)导电分离膜的相容性和分离性能,将碱处理的苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMANa)和功能化碳纳米管按照不同质量比与PES共混,使用非溶剂诱导相分离法成功制备功能化碳纳米管/SMANa/聚醚砜导电分离膜,对分离膜的结构、形貌和分离性能进行测试。结果表明：通过碱处理苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物,成功制备具有良好分散性的SMANa。当功能化碳纳米管添加量为6 g时,导电分离膜的电阻率达到2.929 97×10⁴Ω·cm,纯水渗透通量达到1 188.1 L/(m²·h),而对牛血清蛋白(BSA)的截留率为91.46%。在通入30 V电压后,导电分离膜对刚果红、甲基蓝染料渗透通量分别达到584 L/(m²·h)和480 L/(m²·h),截留率均达到99.99%。     

氯化聚氯乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟RB5染料废水处理中的应用

以氯化聚氯乙烯（CPVC）超滤膜为基膜,采用单宁酸（TA）和哌嗪（PIP）在CPVC膜表面共沉积后与交联剂均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）进行界面聚合得到PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜,采用扫描电镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、红外光谱及接触角对PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜进行了表征,并探讨了干燥时间、TA/PIP浓度比、TA+PIP总浓度、TMC浓度对PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜微观结构与性能的影响。结果表明,TA/PIP浓度比最佳为7/3,TA/PIP层的最佳干燥时间为20min,PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着TA+PIP总浓度的增加和TMC浓度的增加而减少,对PEG1000的截留率均在90%以上。PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜纯水通量最大值为4.5L/(m² · h · bar),此时PEG1000的截留率达到95.8%。对模拟RB5染料废水的最大通量为4.3L/(m² · h · bar),此时RB5的截留率为95.4%,对模拟RB5染料废水的稳定性较好。     

PDMS/ZSM-5膜的制备及渗透汽化分离水中乙酸正丁酯和乙酸乙酯

为探究出适合分离水中的乙酸正丁酯和乙酸乙酯的新型渗透汽化膜材料,选用沸石ZSM-5 对聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)材料进行填充改性,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为支撑层,采用刮涂法制备PDMS/ZSM-5/PVDF复合膜渗透汽化分离水中的乙酸正丁酯和乙酸乙酯。采用SEM、接触角测量仪、FTIR、TGA和XRD等对膜材料物理化学性能进行表征,考察了膜材料的溶胀行为及渗透汽化性能。结果表明,ZSM-5在 PDMS 膜中分散均匀,且没有发生化学作用,并提高了膜材料的疏水性和热稳定性。随着ZSM-5添加量的增加,膜在乙酸正丁酯和乙酸乙酯的溶胀度和待分离组分在膜材料中的扩散速率不断增加。随着进料浓度和温度的增加,渗透通量不断增大,分离因子先增大后减小。随着ZSM-5在PDMS/ZSM-5/PVDF复合膜中含量的增加,总渗透通量增加,而分离因子呈现先增加后减小的趋势。当添加量为10%（质量）时,分离因子达到最大值。对于乙酸正丁酯/水体系,渗透通量和分离因子最大值分别为319 g·m ^-2·h ^-1和131;而对于乙酸乙酯/水体系,渗透通量和分离因子最大值分别为1385 g·m ^-2·h ^-1和121。     

Al2O3和SiC微滤膜的疏水改性及其油固分离性能研究

以正辛基三乙氧基硅烷和乙醇分别作为改性剂和溶剂,采用接枝聚合法对平均孔径为500 nm的Al₂O₃膜和SiC膜进行疏水改性,考察了改性剂浓度、改性液温度和改性时间对膜表面疏水效果的影响,并对比了疏水改性前后两种陶瓷膜的表面性质及疏水改性后的油固分离性能,进行了反冲实验和稳定性测试。结果表明,两种陶瓷膜材料在改性剂浓度为0.2 mol·L^-1,改性液温度为40℃,改性时间为12 h时,疏水改性效果最好,得到的疏水Al₂O₃膜和SiC膜的水接触角分别为134°±1°和140°±1°,经改性后的SiC膜的疏水效果优于Al₂O₃膜。在油固分离实验中,疏水Al₂O₃膜和SiC膜均对固体炭黑有良好的截留性能,但疏水改性对SiC膜的油品通量提升更为显著,两种膜的稳态通量分别为1134 L·m^-2·h^-1和1408 L·m^-2·h^-1。反冲操作对疏水SiC膜的通量恢复更有利。     

聚乙烯醇-SiO2/聚酯无纺布膜的制备及性能研究

采用聚酯无纺布(PET)作为支撑层,利用相转换法在PET表面制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)或PVA-SiO₂活性层,得到了PVA/PET复合膜与PVA-SiO₂/PET复合膜。考察了2种复合膜的过滤性能和污染行为。结果表明,PVA中加入质量分数4%纳米SiO₂颗粒,复合膜的接触角降至33.1o,亲水性显著增强,而膜孔径减小至3.1 nm,降低了85.5%,PVA/PET超滤膜转变为PVA-SiO₂/PET纳滤膜(0.6 L/(m²·h))。PVA-SiO₂/PET复合纳滤膜对海藻酸钠的抗污染性能较强。纳米SiO₂对复合膜的污染机制无明显影响,模拟污染物对复合膜的污染机制以标准堵塞为主。     

Investigation on the enhancement of solvent-resistant nanofiltration membrane performance utilizing PDA-UiO-66@CNT as an interlayer

With the growing complexity of separation systems, the application of thin film composite nanofiltration (TFN) membranes in organic solvent separation faces numerous challenges. To augment its solvent stability, an in-situ constructed dopamine hydrogel doped with UiO-66@CNT was developed as an intermediate layer on a polyetherimide (PEI) ultrafiltration membrane. Subsequent interfacial polymerization on this interlayer led to the formation of a solvent-resistant nanofiltration membrane with a vast covalent bond structure, large specific surface area, and enhanced hydrophilicity. Our findings revealed that when the CNT loading in the UiO-66@CNT composite nanoparticles was 2 wt%, the TFN-U₂C₂ membrane exhibited a maximum pure water flux of 126.32 L/(m²·h) and a methanol flux of 45.45 L/(m²·h). The rejection rates for Congo red aqueous and methanol solutions were 96.88% and 92.14%, respectively. The membrane also demonstrated commendable anti-fouling properties. Remarkably, even after 48 h of immersion in various organic solvents, the membrane retained its morphology and separation efficiency. Compared to the TFN-U₂ membrane without CNT addition, the enhancement in separation performance was considerably significant. Hence, this membrane has significant potential for application in treatment of wastewater containing organic solvents and is promising in related fields.     

Forward-osmosis strategy and chemical cleaning of seawater desalination reverse osmosis membranes

In order to settle the membrane fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination process, this study reported a novel strategy based on forward-osmosis process and discussed the effects of different factors like different cleaning combination among reverse osmosis product, simulated reverse osmosis concentrate and simulated seawater, as well as cleaning time on the membrane permeate flux and salt rejection. For irreversible fouling, the effects of different chemical cleaning agents, immersion time and concentration were also investigated in this study. The results exhibited that the cleaning combination between diluted water and simulated reverse osmosis concentrate possessed the best cleaning performance in the process of forward-osmosis cleaning. Such approach also enhanced normalized flux from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa) and enhanced NaCl rejection from 80.59% to 92.80%. Furthermore, the normalized flux was enhanced from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa) and NaCl rejection was also enhanced from 80.59% to 96.27% after soaking in 2%(mass) citric acid solution for 2h, soaking with 1%(mass) ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid tetrasodium salt and 0.3%(mass) sodium tripolyphosphate solution for 1.5 h. According to the result of SEM images and AFM images, the forward-osmosis cleaning strategy could not cause the damage of selective layer of membrane surface and caused the drop of inorganic and organic fouling on the membrane surface. Hence, cleaning fouled RO membranes by such approach could prolong the chemical cleaning cycle and reduce the amount of chemical cleaning agent, which has certain industrial application perspectives.     

低截留分子量聚醚砜超滤膜

以聚醚砜(PES)为原料，均苯三甲酸(TMA)为添加剂，采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备聚醚砜超滤基膜，之后将聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液涂覆在膜表面，经加热交联得到低截留分子量超滤膜。实验结果表明，随着聚乙烯醇浓度升高，截留分子量先减小再增加；随着热处理温度的升高，水通量减少，截留分子量减小。聚乙烯醇质量浓度为0.1%，80℃加热10 min，膜的截留分子量为900，纯水通量为6.10 L/(m²·h)。红外光谱分析证实PVA与TMA反应生成了交联结构。     

Enhancement of flux and solvent stability of Matrimid® thin‐film composite membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration

The development of high flux and solvent‐stable thin‐film composite (TFC) organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes was reported. A novel cross‐linked polyimide substrate, consisting of a thin skin layer with minimum solvent transport resistance and a sponge‐like sublayer structure that could withstand membrane compaction under high‐pressure was first fabricated. Then the solvent flux was significantly enhanced without compromising the solute rejection by the coupling effects of (1) the addition of triethylamine/camphorsulfonic acid into the monomer solution, and (2) the combined post‐treatments of glycerol/sodium dodecyl sulphate immersion and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) filtration. Finally, the long‐term stability of the TFC membrane in aprotic solvents such as DMSO was improved by post‐crosslink thermal annealing. The novel TFC OSN membrane developed was found to have superior rejection to tetracycline (MW: 444 g/mol) but was very permeable to alcohols such as methanol (5.12 lm^?2h^?1bar^?1) and aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (3.92 lm^?2h^?1bar^?1) and DMSO (3.34 lm^?2h^?1bar^?1). © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3623–3633, 2014     

Solvent and pH resistance of surface crosslinked chitosan/poly(acrylonitrile) composite nanofiltration membranes

The resistance of novel surface crosslinked Chitosan/poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes to pH and organic solvents was studied with respect to the effects of crosslinking parameters, namely, glutaraldehyde concentration and crosslinking time. The pH resistance was determined by permeation of aqueous acidic (pH 2.5) and basic (pH 11) solutions as well as swelling studies in the pH range of 2.5–11. The solvent resistance was determined by swelling, immersion, and permeation studies with several industrially important organic solvents, namely methanol, ethanol, iso‐propanol, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate and hexane. It was observed that the crosslinked composite membranes maintain the permeate fluxes for test solvents for 2 h of continuous operation without any significant change in flux. SEM studies on membrane samples after immersion as well as permeation with the above‐mentioned solvents indicated that the membrane morphology was maintained. The results are explained in terms of solvent–membrane polar and hydrophobic interactions, using solubility parameters of membrane and solvents and dielectric constants of solvents. Pure water flux and polyethylene glycol transmission data indicated that at pH 2.5 and 11, the membrane stability increased with increasing glutaraldehyde concentration and was much better at pH 11 than at pH 2.5. All surface crosslinked membranes showed reduced swelling between pH 4–10. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 1782–1793, 2000