含氟有机添加剂对含铝聚醚推进剂燃烧凝聚相产物的影响

为了抑制高含铝推进剂燃烧凝聚相产物的团聚,将含氟有机添加剂加入到含铝聚醚推进剂中,用高速摄像装置研究了推进剂药条的燃烧情况。利用扫描电子显微镜/能谱仪、激光粒度分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、实时粒度测试仪研究了含氟有机添加剂对推进剂燃烧凝聚相产物形貌、粒径、成分和燃烧实时粒度的影响。结果表明：含氟有机添加剂的加入,有助于减少燃烧铝颗粒的尺寸,能明显减少大尺寸凝聚相粒子的生成,在7 MPa时,加入2%的含氟有机添加剂,燃烧凝聚相产物的平均粒径D₅₀从5.83 μm减小到3.06 μm;X-射线衍射仪测试结果显示,含氟有机添加剂的加入导致燃烧凝聚相产物中α-Al₂O₃晶型和θ-Al₂O₃晶型几近消失,主要形成γ-Al₂O₃和δ-Al₂O₃晶型。     

HMX含量对丁羟四组元推进剂团聚及凝聚相燃烧产物的影响

奥克托今(HMX)作为含能材料在能够提高推进剂能量性能的同时可改变推进剂的燃烧过程,广泛用于固体推进剂中。为了研究HMX含量对推进剂点火、燃烧、团聚和凝聚相燃烧产物特性的影响,采用推进剂燃面拍摄、激光点火以及凝聚相燃烧产物收集方法对HMX含量在0%～10%范围内的典型四组元推进剂进行试验研究。结果表明：随着HMX含量由0%增加到10%,推进剂的点火延迟时间由191 ms增加到286 ms,推进剂的燃速和压强指数均减小,凝聚相燃烧产物的体积平均粒径D₄₃由48.1μm增加到138.3μm。含10%HMX的推进剂燃面上铝的团聚程度最大,而含8%HMX的推进剂凝聚相燃烧产物中活性铝的含量最高。     

氟化物对Mg/NaNO3富燃料推进剂燃烧性能的影响

为改善推进剂的燃烧、点火性能,降低燃烧过程中的团聚,应用不同的实验处理方法将不同的氟化物添加入Mg/NaN03富燃料推进剂体系中,在燃烧室内氮气加压下点燃推进剂,收集固体燃烧产物,研究了氟化物对于体系燃烧特性的影响;SEM电镜分析了MglNaN03体系燃烧产物团聚的情况;对比了添加氟化物后体系燃烧产物的颗粒度;分析了不同氟化物的不同影响机理。结果表明,体系外加5%氟化物后,不同程度地降低了体系的燃速,改变了燃烧产物颗粒度分布,氟化镁的生成有利于降低产物的团聚程度。     

镍粉对RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了不同粒径(1μm、3μm、5μm)与含量的镍粉对RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响。燃速测试结果表明:镍粉能有效提高RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃速。1~10MPa下,添加1.5%的3μm镍粉的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃速最高。火焰结构照片显示RDX-CMDB推进剂体系中加入镍粉,燃烧火焰面积大大增加,且降低了暗区厚度。1MPa下的燃烧波温度分布曲线结果显示镍粉的加入对推进剂的燃面温度无较大影响,但是绝热火焰温度大幅度地提高。     

含快燃物ACP丁羟推进剂高压燃烧特性和常压火焰结构

为了研究水合-四-(4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)高氯酸铜(ACP)对推进剂燃烧特性的影响,利用高压燃速测定系统研究了ACP对丁羟推进剂3～29 MPa压力范围内燃速的影响;收集推进剂在不同压力(3,10,20 MPa)下的燃烧产物,分析了ACP对燃烧产物化学组成的影响;采用显微高速摄像系统获取了推进剂的燃烧火焰和燃烧表面,对燃烧熄火表面及组分进行了研究。结果表明,在丁羟推进剂中添加ACP可大幅提高燃速,添加5%ACP可使推进剂29 MPa下的燃速提高84.8%,9～11 MPa为不稳定燃烧压力区。燃烧压力3 MPa的完全燃烧产物中活性铝含量为16.22%。推进剂在0.1 MPa燃烧时,存在粒径约100μm的粒子被燃烧气流从燃烧表面带入到气相区中分解燃烧的现象,熔铝粒子在燃烧表面无明显团聚。添加ACP使燃烧表面不规则程度增加。     

含微粒和粗粒高氯酸铵的硝铵/高氯酸铵推进剂的燃烧特性

硝铵系复合推进剂作为不污染环境的推进剂引起关注,不过硝铵系推进剂有点火性和燃烧性能恶化的缺点.而高氯酸铵系推进剂的点火性和燃烧性能虽好,但燃烧时释放氯化氢等污染环境,因此选择了有可能弥补上述推进剂缺点的硝铵/高氯铵系推进剂.由于高氯酸铵系推进剂的燃速受其粒径的控制,所以硝铵/高氯酸铵系推进剂的燃速也会受高氯酸铵粒径的影响.试验中采用了3 μm微粒高氯酸铵和180 μm的粗粒高氯酸铵,探讨了硝铵/高氯酸铵系推进剂的燃烧特性.     

横向过载下气-粒两相流对固体火箭发动机点火过程影响

固体火箭高速自旋诱发的过载环境会引起燃烧室内流动、传热和燃烧耦合关系的改变,致使发动机点火特性区别于常规点火,对点火可靠性和弹体安全产生潜在威胁。为了研究过载下固体火箭发动机点火过程特性,建立耦合颗粒惯性过载场、颗粒碰撞推进剂增强传热、推进剂侵蚀/过载耦合燃烧、流场惯性过载场效应的综合点火模型。对不同横向过载方向、大小以及颗粒粒径下点火过程进行计算,给出了动态气-粒分布特征,分析了颗粒粒径与过载大小对点火峰值压力p_max、点火滞后时间ξ₁、火焰传播时间ξ₂和火焰填充时间ξ₃的影响规律。研究结果表明：点火过程中过载方向引发气-粒分布规律存在明显差异,进而影响推进剂传热与内弹道在时域的缩短规律;相同过载环境下,粒径减小,点火滞后时间ξ₁和火焰传播时间ξ₂缩短,而对火焰填充时间ξ₃的影响基本可以忽略;在大长径比发动机中,点火颗粒粒径不变,点火延迟时间ξ随过载增加而缩短。     

ADN/GUDN 双氧化剂对NEPE 固体推进剂燃烧性能的影响（英）

设计并制备了含N?脒基脲二硝酰胺盐（GUDN）和二硝酰胺铵（ADN）的硝酸酯增塑聚醚（ NEPE）固体推进剂样品,测试了推进剂的燃烧性能（燃速和压强指数）、燃烧火焰结构和燃烧波温度分布,并与不含GUDN和ADN的推进剂性能进行对比。结果表明,GUDN/ADN 双氧化剂对NEPE推进剂的燃烧性能有明显的影响,推进剂配方中添加ADN可提高推进剂的燃速和压强指数,含15%、20%和22.5%的ADN替换高氯酸铵（AP）可使推进剂在7.0MPa 下的燃速提高25.30%、36.76%和47.69%,GUDN使推进剂在7.0MPa下的燃速降低18.97% ,而压强指数在1~15MPa提高12.04%,而且在不同压力下含双氧化剂的NEPE推进剂的燃烧火焰结构呈多火焰结构,而且火焰的亮度随着压强的增大而变亮。     

硝酸羟胺基绿色推进剂研究进展

硝酸羟胺（HAN）基推进剂具有能量高、安全钝感和燃烧产物绿色无毒等优点,在推进系统连续启动和推力调节等操作方面具有一定优势。综述了HAN基液体推进剂、HAN基凝胶推进剂和HAN基固体推进剂的配方组成、分解特性、点火燃烧性能及相关的应用技术状况。提出了今后的研究重点：制备HAN基液体推进剂用高性能催化剂床,同时发展电点火为可靠点火方式;改善HAN基凝胶推进剂点火性能,加快工程化应用;探究HAN基固体推进剂燃熄可控机理,突破大规模推进系统应用瓶颈。     

铝镁贫氧推进剂中铝颗粒团聚特性

为了研究铝镁贫氧推进剂中铝颗粒燃烧的团聚行为和特性,采用扫描电子显微镜和光学可视化实验方法,对铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃烧过程、铝颗粒团聚产物的微观结构和粒径进行了研究,建立了铝团聚物尺寸预测模型并与实验数据进行了拟合。结果表明,在燃烧表面形成的铝液滴团聚物脱离燃烧表面后,会发生二次团聚。在1.0 MPa下,推进剂试件燃烧较充分,铝颗粒燃烧后为光滑的球状氧化铝颗粒,镁颗粒燃烧后为白色絮状;在0.2 MPa下,推进剂试件燃烧不充分,铝颗粒没有被完全氧化,表面较粗糙。随着燃烧室压强的升高,铝团聚物的体积平均粒径D(4,3)减小,而表面积平均粒径D(3,2)增大,粒径分布趋向单峰化,说明随着压强的增加,D(4,3)和D(3,2)的值越接近,铝团聚物的形状越规则,粒径分布越集中。团聚物粒径与燃烧速率成反比。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.