五彩湾煤在O2/CO2燃烧条件下的积灰特性

锅炉燃用准东煤极易发生严重的受热面积灰结渣等问题,制约了新疆准东地区煤炭资源的大规模利用。在一维沉降炉燃烧与积灰试验系统上,研究了准东五彩湾煤的积灰特性,分析了稀释气体种类、O_2/CO_2燃烧中氧浓度对飞灰沉积的影响。结果表明:在21%氧浓度下,与稀释气体为N_2相比,稀释气体为CO_2时得到的沉积灰颗粒之间黏连现象不明显,积灰倾向较弱; O_2/CO_2燃烧条件下,随着氧浓度提高,五彩湾煤的积灰倾向加重,细散灰颗粒减少,球形灰颗粒比例增加,灰颗粒的黏连现象加重。SEM-EDS分析结果表明:O_2/CO_2燃烧中随氧浓度的提高,沉积灰中的块状灰颗粒表面缩孔及凹坑增多,且灰颗粒表面黏附了白色细散絮状灰,Na和Cl的富集加重,这是造成高氧浓度燃烧受热面积灰加剧的重要原因;稀释气体种类对五彩湾煤积灰倾向的影响研究中,稀释气体为N_2(空气燃烧)时,Na和Cl含量明显高于稀释气体为CO_2(O_2/CO_2燃烧)时的含量。此外,燃烧稀释气体为N_2的沉积灰中还出现了Ca和S元素的富集,高温下CaO与硅铝酸盐发生反应生成低温共熔体,这也是空气燃烧时积灰较O_2/CO_2燃烧严重的重要原因。XRD分析结果在一定程度上佐证了EDS的分析结论,灰分中CaSO_4、NaCl等低熔点物质的富集导致了空气燃烧工况和O_2/CO_2高氧浓度燃烧工况积灰的加剧。燃烧的颗粒温度差异是导致O_2/CO_2燃烧和空气燃烧积灰特性不同的主要原因,也是造成不同氧浓度下O_2/CO_2燃烧积灰特性差异的主要原因。煤燃烧的颗粒温度较高时,煤粉着火、燃烧性能得到改善,更高的颗粒温度会导致烟气中出现更多的熔融灰,灰颗粒表面出现熔融相进而增强了灰表面的黏性,加剧积灰现象。     

进水负荷与硝化液回流比对低污泥浓度A~2/O工艺脱氮效果的影响

采用连续流A²/O工艺对模拟生活废水进行了长期连续实验,考察了低污泥浓度[MLSS=(1500±200) mg/L]下进水负荷与回流比对脱氮效率的影响。结果表明,通过调节进水流量改变进水负荷,当进水负荷从5.03 gCOD/(gMLSS·d)逐渐提高至10.05 gCOD/(gMLSS·d)时,COD去除率≥95%,氨氮去除率由69.59%升高为95%,总氮去除率由53.53%升高到80%;当进水负荷由10.05 gCOD/(gMLSS·d) 提高至20.31 gCOD/(gMLSS·d)时,氨氮去除率下降为50%,总氮去除率下降为40%。通过调节进水COD改变进水负荷,当进水负荷从10.05 gCOD/(gMLSS·d) 逐渐提高到124.11 gCOD/(gMLSS·d) 时,COD和氨氮的去除率均>90%,总氮去除率从70%逐渐增加到85%。在混合液回流比分别为300%、200%和100%的条件下,回流比对COD和氨氮去除效果影响较小,COD去除率≥90%,氨氮去除率≥95%;回流比对总氮去除效果影响较大,随回流比的增大总氮去除率减小。当内回流比为100%时,总氮去除率最高,达到79.76%。     

燃烧合成法制备TiB2-Al2O3复相陶瓷的研究

采用自蔓延燃烧合成法在室温下的空气中制备出了TiB2-Al2O3复相陶瓷,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明合成的产物纯净,无中间相,TiB2的形貌为规则的块状,晶粒细小,平均尺寸为(2～5μm),弥散的分布在晶粒较大的Al2O3(40～50μm)四周,而Al2O3的形状不是很规则.     

SrAl2O4:Eu2+的燃烧法合成及Dy2O3对其余辉性能的影响

添加适量尿素、硼酸等在500℃的低温下采用燃烧法合成了SrAl2O4:Eu2 长余辉发光材料,具有颗粒细小,发光性能好的优点。同时,对Dy2O3的掺杂量对其余辉性能的影响进行了探讨,结果表明:Dy2O3的掺杂摩尔分数为X=0.04时,余辉时间最长达500分钟。     

还原温度对Ni-La2O3/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂加氢性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备Ni-La2O3/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂,对催化剂进行不同温度还原,并利用XRD、H2-TPR等表征,考察了还原温度对催化剂反应性能的影响.结果表明,低于400℃的还原条件下,NiO未被有效还原,催化剂表现出低的加氢活性;还原温度在450 ～ 550℃时,由于La2O3抑制了高温还原导致的活性组分Ni聚集长大,催化剂保持了高的加氢活性.     

O2/H2O燃烧方式下石灰石的间接硫化反应特性

利用水平管式炉和热重实验台架,对O₂/H₂O、O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂ 3种不同燃烧方式下石灰石的间接硫化反应特性进行了研究。重点探究了燃烧方式、水蒸气浓度对石灰石间接硫化反应的影响规律与机理。同时,对硫化产物进行了X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、X射线衍射（XRD）、孔结构特性和扫描电镜（SEM）分析。结果表明,O₂/H₂O燃烧方式相比于相同氧浓度下的O₂/N₂和O₂/CO₂燃烧方式,石灰石间接硫化反应的钙转化率在化学反应控制阶段基本相同,在扩散控制阶段O₂/H₂O燃烧方式下的钙转化率有显著的提高。主要原因是水蒸气促进了硫化反应后期产物层内的固态离子扩散。此外,O₂/H₂O燃烧方式下,不同的水蒸气浓度对石灰石的钙转化率基本没有影响。     

O2／CO2燃烧技术研究进展

O2／CO2燃烧技术不仅有效收集烟气中的CO2,还能减少NOx和SO2的排放,是一种新型的洁净煤燃烧技术。介绍了其应用、发展历程以及在燃烧、传热和污染物排放的研究进展,指出了这一技术领域中存在的问题,并对下一步的研究方向给出了建议。     

讨论提高污泥浓度对市政污水处理的影响

随着我国国民经济不断发展,城市化进程不断加快,水资源的需求量越来越大,我国水资源的应用压力也变得越来越大。现在我国绝大多数的污水处理均选取活性污泥法这种污水处理手段,但是活性污泥法会产生非常多的剩余污泥,这些污泥包含非常多的有毒有害物质,只有有效处理,污泥才能够变废为宝,才不回威胁到环境安全。文章探究了城市污水处理厂所产生的污泥的特点,说明了处理污泥所要遵守的一般原则,污泥的科学合理利用,并通过实验查看以减低排泥量为前提,提高污泥浓度,分析了污泥混合液悬浮固体浓度以及化学需氧量之间的关系、混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度以及混合液悬浮固体浓度之间的关系、氨氮以及混合液悬浮固体浓度这两者之间的关系。     

燃烧合成法制备TiB2-Al2O3复相陶瓷的研究

采用自蔓延燃烧合成法在室温下的空气中制备出了TiB2-Al2O3复相陶瓷,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,合成的产物纯净,无中间相,TiB2的形貌为规则的块状,晶粒细小,平均尺寸为(2～5μm),弥散的分布在晶粒较大的Al2O3(40～50μm)四周,而 Al2O3的形状不是很规则。     

H_2O和SO_2对甲烷在金属铁表面还原NO的影响

为考察烟气中H2O和SO2对甲烷在金属铁表面还原NO的影响,采用程序控温电加热水平陶瓷管反应器,在N2气氛和模拟烟气气氛中、300~1100℃下进行了脱硝实验研究,并对反应后铁样品的组成进行了X光衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(ESEM)和X射线能谱(EDX)分析。结果表明:在N2气氛中H2O及SO2在高温下与NO竞争和金属铁反应,对金属铁还原NO有轻微的抑制作用。在加入甲烷的模拟烟气中,H2O和SO2共存对甲烷在金属铁表面还原NO有一定促进作用。水蒸气在高温下对金属铁的氧化过程中,会生成更多相对疏松的Fe2O3氧化层,有利于NO向内扩散与金属铁反应。加入7%H2O和0.02%SO2的模拟烟气,反应段过量空气系数SR1=0.7和燃烬段过量空气系数SR2=1.2时,在1000℃,有、无H2O及SO2时脱硝效率分别为96.9%和90.6%。     

O2/CO2气氛下煤燃烧SO2/NO析出特性

在水平管式炉上研究了O₂浓度、CO₂浓度、温度及石灰石添加等各参数对O₂/CO₂气氛下徐州烟煤和龙岩无烟煤燃烧过程中SO₂/NO排放特性的影响。结果发现,O₂/CO₂气氛下,烟煤和无烟煤燃烧SO₂/NO的析出规律与空气气氛下不同,同等O₂浓度下析出量比空气气氛下小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,随着O₂浓度的提高,烟煤和无烟煤SO₂/NO排放量均增大;随着CO₂浓度的升高, SO₂/NO排放量均减小。O₂/CO₂气氛下,石灰石添加对SO₂排放的抑制作用低于空气气氛下;石灰石添加对NO的排放有一定减排作用。对煤灰的元素分析显示O₂/CO₂燃烧对SO₂的抑制主要是由于煤灰的自固硫能力增强,而对NO的减排作用则是促进燃料N向其他含N气体的转换。     

Research on combustion characteristics of bio-oil from sewage sludge

Combustion characteristics of bio-oil from sewage sludge were investigated using thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The combustion process could be divided into two weight loss stages. Light compounds volatilized and were oxidized in the first stage and the heterogeneous combustion between oxygen and heavy compounds happened in the second stage, which were confirmed by FT-IR technique. Most weight loss occurred in the first stage. The effect of heating rate was also studied and higher heating rates were found to facilitate the combustion process. The kinetic parameters of the two stages were calculated and the change of activation energy indicated higher heating rates benefited combustion.     

基于双级燃料反应器的污泥化学链燃烧特性

化学链燃烧技术是一种可以实现CO₂内分离的新型燃烧技术。本文利用基于双级燃料反应器的新型化学链燃烧反应系统,以赤铁矿为载氧体,对污泥的化学链燃烧进行实验研究,系统连续稳定运行8h,考察燃料反应器温度（800～900℃）、污泥进料量（300～600g/h）对污泥化学链燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,稳定运行过程中,床料大部分位于一级燃料反应器,下降管高度保持稳定;双级燃料反应器的设计极大提高了污泥碳转化率,随温度的增加,碳转化率和碳捕集效率逐渐升高,且额外耗氧量始终低于10%;随着污泥进料量增加,碳转化率和CO₂体积分数逐渐降低。对两级燃料反应器内载氧体进行XRD分析,结果显示,还原后的载氧体在空气反应器再生后进入二级燃料反应器,和一级燃料反应器相比,具有更多的Fe₂O₃成分,保证其具有更高的反应活性。     

燃烧法制备铝酸锌超细粉体的研究

以醋酸锌、硝酸铝、硝酸铵和尿素作为反应原料,采用低温燃烧合成技术(LCS)制备了铝酸锌微粉,并通过扫描电镜和激光粒度测试仪对所得产物的晶形、粒度及其分布进行了表征。结果表明采用低温燃烧合成技术在500℃即可制备铝酸盐(ZnAl2O4)纳米粉体。     

Coal combustion in O2/CO2 mixtures compared with air

As part of CO₂ abatement strategies for climate change, we are investigating coal combusion behaviour in various O₂/CO₂ mixtures and in air. The goal is to simulate conditions of coal combustion with flue gas recirculation in order to maximize the CO₂ concentration in the flue gas prior to its recovery. A western Canadian sub‐bituminous coal and a U.S. eastern bituminous coal were investigated. Thermal input was set at 0.21 MW with a flue gas oxygen concentration of 5 vol%. Experiments were done using various O₂/CO₂ mixtures and air. The oxygen concentration ranged from 21% to 42%. Up to 95% CO₂ concentrations were achieved in the flue gas. This paper describes experimental results in terms of flame temperatures and pollutant emissions (NO_x', SO₂ and CO).     

Effect of moisture on sewage sludge combustion temperature profile and heavy metal leaching

Moisture is the most important parameter affecting sewage sludge treatment efficiency and cost. In this article, the effect of moisture on sewage sludge combustion temperature profile and heavy metal leaching behavior has been experimentally studied. The temperature profiles inside the sludge pellet were recorded, and the volume shrinkage was obtained by image processing method. Results revealed that combustion rate and burnout of sludge strongly depends on moisture content and there exists an optimal moisture content for sludge incineration with respect to best combustion performance and minimum heavy metal leaching. The enlarged pore size may account for this moisture rate, that is, 48% for the sludge studied. During combustion, the shrinkage rate varied from 15 to 25%, and it was found to be proportional with moisture content. The cross-section image of burning sludge pellet illustrated that during the drying and combustion stage, the moisture evaporation was running parallel with the decomposition of volatile that was burned out in the vicinity of the sludge surface. Measured temperature profiles indicate that effect of volatile combustion on inner temperature profile was ignorable. A mathematic model taking sludge volume shrinkage into consideration has been developed to predict sludge central and surface temperature during combustion.     

CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions from the combustion of coal with high oxygen concentration gases

The emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ from the combustion of a high-volatile coal with N₂- and CO₂-based, high O₂ concentration (20, 50, 80, 100%) inlet gases were investigated in an electrically heated up-flow-tube furnace at elevated gas temperatures (1123–1573 K). The fuel equivalence ratio, φ, was varied in the range of 0.4–1.6. Results showed that CO₂ concentrations in flue gas were higher than 95% for the processes with O₂ and CO₂-based inlet gases. NO_x emissions increased with φ under fuel-lean conditions, then declined dramatically after φ=0.8, and the peak values increased from about 1000 ppm for the air combustion process and 500 ppm for the O₂(20%)+CO₂(80%) inlet gas process to about 4500 ppm for the oxygen combustion process. When φ>1.4 the emissions decreased to the same level for different O₂ concentration inlet gas processes. On the other hand, NO_x emission indexes decreased monotonically with φ under both fuel-lean and fuel-rich combustion. SO₂ emissions increased with φ under fuel-lean conditions, then declined slightly after φ>1.2. Temperature has a large effect on the NO_x emission. Peak values of the NO_x emission increased by 50–70% for the N₂-based inlet gas processes and by 30–50% for the CO₂-based inlet gas process from 1123 to 1573 K. However, there was only a small effect of temperature on the SO₂ emission.