2024铝合金直接化学镀镍工艺及镀层性能

以2024铝合金为基体，开发了环保的直接化学镀镍工艺。研究了前处理工艺、镀液pH和温度对化学镀镍的影响，得到较佳的工艺为：先采用10%(体积分数)盐酸+10 g/L Na₂Mo O₄溶液室温酸洗1～2 min，再采用10 g/L NaOH+25 g/L Na₂Mo O₄溶液室温活化5 min，最后采用由Ni SO₄·6H₂O 25 g/L、NaH₂PO₂·H₂O 30 g/L、Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O 15～20 g/L、丁二酸5～10 g/L和复合稳定剂3～5 mg/L组成的镀液在pH=4.4、温度为86℃的条件下化学镀Ni–P合金。在较佳条件下所得到的Ni–P合金镀层均匀致密，P质量分数为12.42%，为高磷非晶态合金镀层，结合力合格，显微硬度为498 HV，耐蚀性良好。     

潜手印常温化学镀镍显现技术研究

先通过化学镀试验研究了化学镀镍用于潜手印显现的可行性,再根据阴极极化曲线测量结果,从热力学角度确定了采用次磷酸钠还原体系进行常温化学镀镍的可行性。采用由NiSO₄·6H₂O 100 g/L、NaH₂PO₄·H₂O 40 g/L和Na₃C6H₅O₇·2H₂O 10 g/L组成的镀液在室温下反应1 800 s时能够清晰地显出潜手印的细节特征,该工艺满足了刑事案件现场勘查的需求。     

化学镀镍-钨-磷非晶态合金的研究

以电阻率为性能指标,采用正交试验对化学镀 Ni-W-P 的镀液配方进行优化,得到最优配方与工艺为:NiSO₄·6H₂O 15g/L,NaH₂PO₂·H₂O 25g/L,Na₂WO₄·2H₂O 10 g/L,Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O60 g/L,C₃H₆O₃5 mL/L,NH₄Cl 30g/L,pH = 9,温度 88℃,时间 2 h。采用扫描电镜、X 射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等研究了Ni-W-P 合金镀层的表面形貌、结构、显微硬度等性能。在最佳配方与工艺下,化学镀 Ni-W-P 的镀速为 6.9 μm/h,所得Ni-W-P 合金镀层的电阻率为 204.7 mΩ·cm,为典型的非晶态结构,表面均匀分布着大小不一、致密的胞状结构,镀层与基体之间结合力牢固,显微硬度高于 Ni-P 镀层,耐磨性和耐蚀性均优于 Ni-P 镀层。     

硼砂对电镀铜-镍合金耐蚀性的影响

在Cu–Ni合金电镀液(由NiSO₄·6H₂O 174 g/L、CuSO₄·5H₂O 16 g/L、Na₃C₆H₅O₇·2H₂O 87 g/L和CH₃COONa 10 g/L组成)中添加0～5 g/L硼砂(Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O)，对比了硼砂质量浓度不同时铜基材上所得Cu–Ni合金镀层的外观、厚度和表面形貌。通过电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和Tafel曲线测试研究了硼砂质量浓度对电镀Cu–Ni合金耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，镀液中添加1～5 g/L硼砂对沉积速率影响不大，但能够提高Cu–Ni合金镀层的均匀性、致密性和平整性，进而改善其耐蚀性。随电镀液中硼砂质量浓度增大，Cu–Ni合金镀层的耐蚀性先改善后变差。当硼砂质量浓度为3 g/L时，Cu–Ni合金镀层的表面形貌最佳，耐蚀性最好。     

镀液中氨基磺酸镍质量浓度对电镀镍层析氢催化活性的影响

采用由10 g/L NiCl₂·6H₂O、30 g/L NH₄Cl和310～390 g/L Ni(NH₂SO₃)2·4H₂O(氨基磺酸镍)组成的镀液(pH=3.8),在温度35°C和电流密度3 A/dm²的条件下电镀30 min,获得镍电极。研究了镀液中氨基磺酸镍质量浓度对镍镀层表面形貌和析氢催化活性的影响。结果表明,镀液中氨基磺酸镍质量浓度为350 g/L时,镍镀层结晶最细致,析氢催化活性和稳定性最佳。     

镀液温度对镍电极电催化析氢性能的影响

采用由10 g/L NiCl₂·6H₂O、30 g/L NH₄Cl和350 g/L Ni(NH₂SO₃)2·4H₂O(氨基磺酸镍)组成的镀液(p H=3.8),在温度25～45°C和电流密度3 A/dm²的条件下电镀30 min,获得镍电极。研究了镀液温度对镍镀层表面形貌和析氢催化活性的影响。结果表明,镀液温度为35°C时,镍镀层结晶最细致,电催化析氢性能和稳定性最佳。     

不同组合配位剂对化学镀镍−钨−磷合金的影响

以柠檬酸钠为主要配位剂,乳酸、甘氨酸、硫酸铵分别为辅助配位剂,在硬铝上二次浸锌后化学镀Ni-W-P合金。基础镀液和工艺条件为:NiSO₄·6H₂O 20 g/L,Na₂WO₄·2H₂O 20 g/L,NaH₂PO₂·H₂O 30 g/L,CH₃COONa·3H₂O 20 g/L,硫脲2 mg/L,pH 8.0,温度85℃,时间1 h。研究了不同配位剂组合对化学镀Ni-W-P合金沉积速率及镀层显微硬度和孔隙率的影响。结果表明,使用30 g/L柠檬酸钠+10 mL/L乳酸时,所得镀层的孔隙率最低,为0.63个/cm²;使用30 g/L柠檬酸钠+10 g/L甘氨酸时,镀层的显微硬度较单一使用柠檬酸钠时有所提高;使用30 g/L柠檬酸钠+25 g/L硫酸铵时,沉积速率最高,为14.69 mg/(cm²·h),镀层的显微硬度高达786.9 HV。     

常压盐溶液-丁二酸转晶体系中pH对α-CaSO4·0.5H2O的影响

以磷石膏为原料,丁二酸为转晶剂,采用常压盐溶液法制备α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O的体系中,在温度为103 ℃、反应时间为3 h、丁二酸掺量为0.05%（质量分数）、氯化钠质量分数为15%的条件下研究pH对制备α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O的影响。结果表明：当pH为7.0~9.0时,可以得到长径比为1∶1~3∶1的短柱状α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体。FT-IR和XPS表征结果显示,合适的pH条件下,丁二酸电离出适量的羧酸根离子吸附于α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体晶面上与钙离子络合,减缓了α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体在晶面上的生长速度,减小了晶体长径比。XRD和TEM表征结果证实,羧酸根离子吸附于α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O晶体的（204）晶面上与钙离子络合。     

MgCO3·3H2O晶须的制备及其生长机制的研究

以MgCl₂·6H₂O和NH₄HCO₃为原料,CH₃COONa·3H₂O为形貌控制剂,采用沉淀结晶法制备MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须,考察了不同添加量的CH₃COONa·3H₂O对晶须结晶过程和形貌的影响,并研究了晶须在该体系中的生长机制。结果表明：当体系中加入质量分数为0.23%的CH₃COONa·3H₂O时可以成功制备长径比约为30的棒状MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须,CH₃COONa·3H₂O的存在促进了MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须的形成。该体系中晶须的生长过程：首先形成无定形的4MgCO₃·Mg（OH）₂·4H₂O,之后无定形4MgCO₃·Mg（OH）₂·4H₂O逐渐转变为MgCO₃·3H₂O并生长成较大长径比的棒状MgCO₃·3H₂O晶须。这是因为CH₃COONa·3H₂O电离产生的Na ⁺选择性吸附在MgCO₃·3H₂O晶体轴向的（101）晶面,抑制了该晶面生长,而径向晶面生长速率未受到影响,从而促使无定形MgCO₃·3H₂O生长成棒状晶须。     

-15℃下Na+， K+， Mg2+//Cl-， NO3-， SO42——H2O体系相平衡研究

新疆卤水硝酸盐矿主要含有Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-六种离子,属于高元复杂体系,其合理利用和开发需要不同温度下的相平衡研究作为理论支撑。采用等温溶解平衡法,对Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2--H₂O体系在-15℃、NaCl·2H₂O饱和条件下的相平衡进行了研究,并构建了相图。相图中有六个零变量点和八个两盐结晶区,只存在一种复盐KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O。八个两盐结晶区,分别对应于NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+NaNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+KCl、NaCl·2H₂O+KNO₃、NaCl·2H₂O+MgSO₄·7H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+MgCl₂·8H₂O、NaCl·2H₂O+Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O和NaCl·2H₂O+KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O,其中NaCl·2H₂O+Na₂SO₄·10H₂O共晶区最大,在低温时,硫酸钠的溶解度最小,降温过程中较易结晶析出。与该体系在25℃下的相图相比,复盐种类减少5种,零变量点减少19个,相关系得以极大简化。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。