Research progress of TiO2?Al2O3 composite support

TiO₂·Al₂O₃多孔复合氧化物是新型的催化剂载体材料,因其在加氢精制工艺上能够显著增加催化剂的脱硫、脱氮活性而逐渐受到重视。本文综述了国内外关于TiO₂·Al₂O₃多孔材料的制备方法,分析了制备方法对材料的比表面积、孔结构、表面酸性等载体性能影响的一般规律。通过对国内外研究者的TiO₂·Al₂O₃合成方法的综合评述,指出了有待发展提高的方向。     

硫氮化合物在磷改性NiW/Al2O3加氢催化剂上的吸附行为研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列以γ-Al₂O₃及磷改性γ-Al₂O₃为载体,Ni、W为活性金属组分的加氢催化剂,以N₂物理吸附-脱附、XRD、NH₃-TPD、Py-IR等技术对Al₂O₃及P/Al₂O₃系列催化剂进行了表征,考察了磷改性对加氢催化剂理化性质的影响,探究了喹啉、吲哚和二苯并噻吩（DBT）吸附行为与催化剂理化性质以及吸附质本身性质的关系。研究发现,喹啉最易于吸附在Al₂O₃及P/Al₂O₃系列催化剂上,吲哚和DBT的吸附能力较为接近;磷的引入会降低催化剂的比表面积和孔体积,但是能够提高喹啉、吲哚及DBT的吸附能力;硫氮化合物在催化剂上的吸附能力随着催化剂表面酸性的增强或酸中心数量的增多、活性金属分散度的增大以及硫氮化合物杂原子电子云密度或分子极性的增大而增大。     

Claus尾气加氢催化剂载体研究进展

阐述了近年来Claus尾气加氢脱硫催化剂载体的研究现状。主要介绍了Al₂O₃和TiO₂单组分载体及Al₂O₃-TiO₂复合载体。Al₂O₃载体具有比表面积大、机械性能好和容易成型的特点,应用较广,但低温加氢活性较差;TiO₂载体具有较高的低温加氢和有机硫水解活性,但比表面积较小,一般以复合载体形式使用;复合载体具有较好的低温加氢活性和抗水性能,但制备工艺复杂。介孔结构不仅可以增大载体的比表面积,同时有利于分子的扩散,具有更加优异的活性。活性组分在复合载体表面呈现不同的活性状态,从而改变反应条件。如何调控Al₂O₃载体的孔道结构,研究复合载体各组分之间的作用及对活性组分的影响是今后的发展方向。     

载体预处理对Mo/Al2O3催化剂催化裂解汽油加氢脱氮性能的影响

乙烯裂解原料劣质化导致裂解汽油中氮含量显著增加，开发新型加氢脱氮(HDN)催化体系以适应高氮裂解汽油工况具有重要意义。以常用的Mo/Al₂O₃为模型催化剂，通过控制载体预处理方式来调控催化剂微观结构，并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、吡啶红外(Py-IR)等表征手段对催化剂进行表征，系统地研究了载体预处理方式对Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂结构及HDN催化反应性能的影响。结果表明：对于Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂，载体经酸、碱预处理前后MoS₂活性组分均呈单层分散状态；酸、碱预处理可调变催化剂表面酸性、活性相与载体作用强度，并最终影响钼物种硫化度以及表面S和Mo物质的量之比(S/Mo比)；吡啶HDN反应受加氢(HYD)和C—N氢解(CNH)共同作用：低吡啶转化率(小于20%)下HDN主要与邻近不饱和配位位点(CUS)数...     

稀土改性非贵金属重整制氢催化剂载体的研究进展

从稀土改性重整制氢催化剂载体的角度出发,重点阐述了稀土改性介孔氧化物(介孔Al₂O₃、介孔SiO₂分子筛)、矿石型复合金属氧化物(钙钛矿型、水滑石型、烧绿石型)等常见制氢载体的关键原理、现存问题及改进方法,分析比较了不同稀土改性载体在增大催化剂分散度、增加制氢活性位点等方面的实际效果,展望了未来稀土改性重整制氢载体的发展方向。     

煤焦油加氢脱硫脱氮催化剂研究进展

随着石油资源的日趋减少,煤焦油加工技术受到关注。汽车尾气中含有的硫和氮污染环境,各国对油品中的硫和氮含量进行了严格限制,脱硫和脱氮成为煤焦油化工行业的重要课题。介绍煤焦油加氢工艺,综述金属碳化物、氮化物、磷化物和硫化物作为催化剂的研究现状。贵金属催化剂具有较强的加氢能力,并且通过使用强酸性载体分子筛和双金属催化剂的方法提高贵金属催化剂的抗硫毒性。碳化物催化剂具有较高的熔点和硬度、较好的机械稳定性和热稳定性,室温下几乎可以耐各种腐蚀性物质。根据金属源和碳源的不同,介绍使用程序升温还原法、气相法、热分解法和液相反应法制备碳化物催化剂的制备工艺。过渡金属磷化物催化剂具有优异的加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮选择性,添加钒的磷化物催化剂能改变加氢脱氮路径的选择性,明显增加咔唑加氢脱氮反应活性,钙的添加明显提高磷化物催化剂的加氢脱硫活性。工业上通常以ⅥB族和ⅧB族金属为活性物质制备过渡金属硫化物催化剂,使用的贵金属主要包括Pt、Pd和Ru,非贵金属主要包括W、Mo、Co和Ni等,其中,贵金属通常使用Al₂O₃或SiO₂为载体。ZrO₂载体可与活性组分产生较强的相互作用,热力学稳定性较高,但比表面积小,价格昂贵。Al₂O₃载体机械强度大,比表面积高,ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体将两者的优良性能结合,可以获得性能更加优异的载体。     

重整原料预加氢催化剂的性能评价

为了考察086-11-46催化剂（W-Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃）加氢脱硫、加氢脱氮性能以及处理劣质原料油的能力,分别以直馏石脑油、加入吡啶的直馏石脑油和加入催化汽油的直馏石脑油为原料油,进行了086-11-46催化剂与国内某重整原料预加氢催化剂（Mo-Co/γ-Al₂O₃）的对比评价,并以直馏石脑油为原料,考察其稳定性。结果表明,086-11-46催化剂的加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮性能均优于对比剂,更加适合处理氮含量及烯烃含量较高的劣质原料油。086-11-46催化剂在入口温度低于对比剂15 ℃的条件下,产品与对比剂相当,稳定性优于对比剂。     

ZrO2-Al2O3复合氧化物催化反应精馏合成碳酸二甲酯

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Al₂O₃含量的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并在催化精馏实验装置中考察了该催化剂在碳酸丙烯酯（PC）与甲醇酯交换制备碳酸二甲酯（DMC）过程中的催化性能。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）和NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）等手段对所制备的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂表面存在的酸碱性位点是制约PC与甲醇酯交换性能的重要因素。复合氧化物中Al₂O₃含量可以有效调控催化剂的结构特征和表面的酸碱性质,不同于ZrO₂或Al₂O₃单金属催化剂,复合氧化物ZrO₂-Al₂O₃在合成过程中形成了稳定的固溶体结构,导致催化剂表面弱酸量增加,并产生了强碱位点。数据分析表明,催化剂表面的强碱和弱酸含量高时,其催化活性高,说明该反应具有酸碱协同催化作用。当Zr/Al比为1时,弱酸和强碱量均达到最大值,PC的转化率和DMC选择性可达到98.14%和99.96%。催化剂在经过12次循环使用后依旧保持较高的活性,具有良好的结构稳定性。     

Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂表面性质及顺酐加氢性能

以Al₂O₃质量分数为10%的Al₂O₃-SiO₂复合氧化物为载体,通过浸渍法制备一系列不同Ni负载量的Ni/Al₂O₃-SiO₂催化剂。运用BET、XRD、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD-MS方法研究催化剂表面性质随活性金属Ni负载量的变化规律,探讨催化剂表面性质的变化对其顺酐加氢活性、选择性及催化剂稳定性的影响。结果表明,Ni/Al₂O₃-SiO₂催化剂中的Ni质量分数由5.0%增加至12.5%时,γ-丁内酯收率由7.9%快速增至38.9%,进一步增加Ni质量分数至20.0%,γ-丁内酯收率增加趋于平缓。催化剂中Ni活性物种与催化剂酸性中心的数量是影响催化剂顺酐加氢活性的主要原因。     

碳基载体石油馏分加氢脱硫催化剂研究进展

总结了以活性炭、碳纳米管、介孔碳、石墨烯等碳基材料为载体的加氢脱硫催化剂的研究进展。与常规Al₂O₃基载体催化剂相比,碳基载体催化剂比表面积大,活性金属的分散性好,活性金属-碳表面间的相互作用弱,有利于形成高活性的Ⅱ类活性相。以二苯并噻吩及4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩等含硫有机物为处理对象,碳基载体加氢脱硫催化剂总体上具有比Al₂O₃基载体催化剂更高的加氢脱硫催化活性。为满足碳基载体加氢脱硫催化剂的工业应用要求,需要降低制备成本,并针对催化体系的特点进行孔结构优化及表面改性,同时,还需要加强对碳基加氢催化剂加氢脱硫反应机理和动力学方面的研究,以促进催化剂与工艺技术的进步。     

乙二胺四乙酸对NiMo/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱氮性能的影响

以氧化铝为载体,Ni和Mo为金属活性组分,添加不同含量乙二胺四乙酸,采用等体积浸渍法制备系列Ni Mo(x)/Al_2O_3(x为乙二胺四乙酸与Ni物质的量比)重质油加氢处理催化剂,考察乙二胺四乙酸加入量对催化剂加氢脱氮性能的影响,并采用N_2物理吸附-脱附、XRD和HRTEM等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,乙二胺四乙酸的加入增强了金属组分与氧化铝载体间的相互作用,降低了MoS_2活性相的堆垛层数和片层长度,促进了活性相的分散。乙二胺四乙酸与Ni物质的量比为0.5时,MoS_2活性相堆垛层数和片层长度达到良好的结合,对应的催化剂Ni Mo(0.5)/Al_2O_3具有最优的加氢脱氮性能。     

TiO2-coated on Al2O3 support prepared by the CVD method for HDS catalysts

Mo---Co or Mo---Ni catalysts supported on alumina (Al₂O₃) have been widely used for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of heavy petroleum fractions. In order to enhance the catalytic activities for HDS, a composite type support (TiO₂-Al₂O₃) prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method has been studied. We found that Mo catalyst supported on TiO₂-Al₂O₃ showed much higher catalytic activity for HDS of dibenzothiophene derivatives than the catalysts supported on Al₂O₃.     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

Development of new catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization of gas oil

TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite supports have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) over γ-Al₂O₃ substrate, using TiCl₄ as the precursor. High dispersion of TiO₂ overlayer on the surface of Al₂O₃ has been obtained, and no cluster formation has been detected. The catalytic behavior of Mo supported on Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite has been investigated for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and methyl-substituted DBT derivatives. The conversion over the Mo catalysts supported on TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite, in particular for the HDS of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) is much higher than that of conversion obtained over Mo catalyst supported on Al₂O₃. The ratio of the corresponding cyclohexylbenzenes/biphenyls is increased over Mo catalyst supported on TiO₂–Al₂O₃ composite support. This means that the reaction rate of prehydrogenation of an aromatic ring rather than the rate of hydrogenolysis of C–S bond cleavage is accelerated for the HDS of DBT derivatives. The Mo/TiO₂–Al₂O₃ catalyst leads to higher catalytic performance for deep HDS of gas oil.     

Support Effects on Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization over Co-Mo-Ni/Al2O3 and Co-Mo-Ni/TiO2-Al2O3 Catalysts

A carbon-based sulfonated catalyst was prepared by direct sulfonation and carbonization （in moderate conditions：200 ＆#176;C, 12 h） of red liquor solids, a by-product of paper-making process. The prepared sulfonated cata-lyst （SC） had aromatic structure, composed of carbon enriched inner core, and oxygen-containing （SO3H, COOH, OH） groups enriched surface. The SO3H, COOH, OH groups amounted to 0.74 mmol·g^-1, 0.78 mmol·g^-1, 2.18 mmol·g^-1, respectively. The fresh SC showed much higher catalytic activity than that of the traditional solid acid catalysts （strong-acid 732 cation exchange resin, hydrogen type zeolite socony mobile-five （HZSM-5）, sulfated zir-conia） in esterification of oleic acid. SC was deactivated during the reactions, through the mechanisms of leaching of sulfonated species and formation of sulfonate esters. Two regeneration methods were developed, and the catalytic activity can be mostly regenerated by regeneration Method 1 and be fully regenerated by regeneration Method 2, respectively.     

Hydrodesulfurization activity of CoMo and NiMo supported on Al2O3–TiO2 for some model compounds and gas oils

Catalytic activities of Al₂O₃–TiO₂ supporting CoMo and NiMo sulfides (CoMoS and NiMoS) catalysts were examined in the transalkylation of isopropylbenzene and hydrogenation of naphthalene as well as the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of model sulfur compounds, conventional gas oil (GO), and light cycle oil (LCO). Al₂O₃–TiO₂ supporting catalysts exhibited higher activities for these reactions except for the HDS of the gas oil than a reference Al₂O₃ supporting catalyst, indicating the correlation of these activities. Generally, more content of TiO₂ promoted the activities. Inferior activity of the catalyst for HDS of the gas oil is ascribed to its inferior activity for HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) in gas oil as well as in model solvent decane, while the refractory 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) in gas oil as well as in decane was more desulfurized on the catalyst. Characteristic features of Al₂O₃–TiO₂ catalyst are discussed based on the paper results.     

Study on the supported Cu-based catalysts for the low-temperature water–gas shift reaction

This paper presents a study on the influence of support (Al₂O₃, MgO, SiO₂-Al₂O₃, SiO₂-MgO, β-zeolite, and CeO₂) of Cu-ZnO catalysts for the low-temperature water–gas shift reaction. Supported Cu-ZnO catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, followed by the H₂ reduction. The activity of Cu-ZnO catalysts for the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction was largely influenced by the kind of support; Cu-ZnO catalysts supported on Al₂O₃, MgO, and CeO₂ showed high activity, while those on SiO₂-Al₂O₃, SiO₂-MgO and β-zeolite showed less activity in the temperature range 423–523 K. XRD analysis demonstrated that the copper species were highly dispersed on the supports used in the present study, except for a MgO support. TPR results of a series of supported CuO-ZnO catalysts suggest that the reducibility of CuO is one of the important factors controlling the activity of the WGS reaction over the supported catalysts.     

ZrO2添加对MoO3/Al2O3催化剂耐硫甲烷化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体,并进一步制备了MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了不同ZrO₂质量分数对催化剂结构及其耐硫甲烷化性能的影响。利用N₂物理吸附、X射线衍射、H₂程序升温还原和透射电子显微镜等手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃中ZrO₂的添加可以明显削弱MoO₃与载体间的相互作用,促进Mo物种的还原,适量ZrO₂的存在还有助于提高催化剂的比表面积,改善Mo活性相的分散性,使催化剂表现出优异的耐硫甲烷化活性。     

Deactivation patterns of Mo/Al2O3, Ni–Mo/Al2O3 and Ni–MoP/Al2O3 catalysts in atmospheric residue hydrodesulphurization

In the present work, a comparative study on the deactivation behavior of three types of industrial hydrotreating catalysts, namely, Mo/Al₂O₃, Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ and Ni–MoP/Al₂O₃, that are used to promote primarily hydrodemetallization (HDM), hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and hydrodesulphurization + hydrodenitrogenation (HDS/HDN) reactions, respectively, in the first, second and third reactor of commercial atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS) units was carried out. The main objective of the study was to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between catalyst type and catalyst deactivation patterns. The used catalysts from these experiments were fully characterized to determine the extent and the cause of deactivation. Special emphasis was paid to understanding the nature of the coke and metal deposition on the used catalysts by applying chemical analysis and various advanced analytical techniques, such as solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR), temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The results are discussed scientifically based on the physico–chemical properties of the three catalysts.