加压二维鼓泡床气固流动特性的数值模拟

采用欧拉双流体模型模拟了加压下二维鼓泡床内的气固流动特性,结果表明:在相同的表观气速下,加压使气泡体积分数增大,气泡相与乳化相间的分解越发明显,气固两相流动、混合剧烈;同时,床层中上部颗粒轴向速度的径向分布不均匀性增强:中心区颗粒速度增加,近壁区下降;随着操作压力变大,流化床膨胀高度增大,相应地,整体气含率增大,床层下部的颗粒浓度减小,而上部颗粒浓度增加,固含率在轴向上的分布更均匀;床层压力波动主要由两种成分构成:低频率高幅值和低幅值高频率成分.压力脉动强度随床高的增加呈现先增大后迅速减小的趋势;此外,加压下床层压力脉动强度变大,即床压波动更加剧烈;而且加压下颗粒拟温度增大,即颗粒速度脉动增强.     

喷嘴收缩角度对气固两相受限射流颗粒运动特性的影响

颗粒运动特性是深入理解颗粒弥散和气固混合的关键,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对不同收缩射流颗粒运动行为进行了研究;考察了喷嘴收缩角(α=20o,40o,60o,80o)和气体射流速度对颗粒轴向速度、径向速度和相干涡结构的影响。结果表明：与无收缩直管射流相比,喷嘴收缩效应使射流近场气固相间存在较大的轴向滑移速度,颗粒做加速运动。喷嘴收缩产生径向速度分量,使颗粒向射流轴线聚集,形成斜向撞击流,促进了射流动量由轴向向径向的转化。径向速度分量随喷嘴收缩角的增大而增大。气体射流速度增加,颗粒速度的滞后性和相间弛豫时间延长,加速区下移。喷嘴收缩加剧了射流剪切层的不稳定性,促使剪切层振荡卷起形成大尺度和高涡量的轴对称涡环。     

喷嘴收缩角度对射流反应器内颗粒浓度分布及发展的影响

为了强化气固射流反应器内颗粒弥散和气固混合性能,采用光纤探针对不同喷嘴收缩射流颗粒浓度分布规律及其发展特性进行了研究;考察了射流速度和颗粒负载率对颗粒浓度分布、质量、动量和回流通量的影响。结果表明,喷嘴收缩效应使颗粒向射流轴线汇聚形成局部浓相区,收缩角的增大使浓相区向喷嘴靠近。回流卷吸和壁面效应的共同作用使颗粒浓度沿径向呈“多段式”分布特征。颗粒在射流轴线的汇聚和边壁区的富集降低了颗粒分布的均匀性。在射流近场,颗粒的质量和动量通量主要发生在射流剪切层;随剪切层的发展其通量峰值向边壁移动,而近壁区的颗粒回流使质量和动量通量显著增加。     

声场导向管喷流床流动特性的数值模拟

在内径120 mm、高1 000 mm的导向管喷流床中,以空气为气相,原生粒径290 nm的TiO_2超细颗粒为固相,借助CFD软件ANSYS Fluent 15.0,将声场模型与欧拉双流体模型相结合,将声场对导向管喷流床中超细粉聚团的流动特性进行数值模拟,研究了声场对气泡和固含率云图、固相时均浓度分布、固(气)相时均速度分布以及流化气旁路分率的影响。结果表明:声场的震荡作用促进环隙区颗粒在气流中均匀分散,减小气泡尺寸,从而使固含率分布变得更均匀;而导向管内由于射流速度较高,声场对固相浓度分布影响很小,但在壁面附近,由于射流速度下降,声场的震荡作用使固相浓度下降;声场增大了环隙和喷泉区的湍动强度,轴向时均速度在径向上分布得更加均匀;声场能够有效抑制流化气的旁路,显著减小流化气旁路分率。     

气固流化床中颗粒聚团的流动特性

在一套流化床冷模实验装置中研究了A类颗粒在鼓泡床和湍流床内的微观两相流动结构,测量了床层内不同轴、径向位置的瞬时固含率脉动信号,通过MATLAB软件进行解耦并统计分析求解出稠密相与稀疏相的平均固含率,以此为基础拟合了瞬时固含率信号的概率密度曲线,最后从信号中提取出颗粒聚团的有关信息. 结果表明,瞬时固含率为0.05~0.72,乳化相中颗粒聚团平均固含率为0.552~0.562. 颗粒聚团的体积分率和出现频率随表观气速增加而降低,分别为0.01~0.5和0.02~1.6 Hz,持续时间小于0.12 s.     

平面气固撞击流周期振荡的模拟分析

由于喷嘴截面的高宽比远小于1,平面狭缝喷嘴撞击流可看作二维撞击流。采用欧拉双流体模型对二维气固撞击流进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明,当固相负载率m≤8.2,颗粒粒径为60 μm≤d_p≤175 μm时,大间距的平面气固撞击流也出现了周期振荡。通过分析射流轴线上不同位置的压力和速度的瞬时值和平均值,认为周期振荡是由于撞击面上压力释放和持续射流的共同作用导致。讨论了不同条件对振荡周期的影响:振荡周期随喷嘴间距或颗粒粒径的增加而增加;而随射流Reynolds数的增加或者固相负载率的增加而减小。     

空气-SRNA-4催化剂磁稳定床的流动特性

床层压降、最小流化速度、固含率及其分布和气相返混系数是气固磁稳定反应器放大与优化所必需的基础数据.采用压降法、光电法及瞬态点源示踪技术试验研究了以SRNA-4催化剂为固相的气固磁稳定床的流动特性.试验结果表明:最小流化速度、最小流化状态下的床层空隙率与磁场强度无关;固含率的径向分布基本均匀;磁场强度的增大抑制了颗粒的运动,使得局部固含率略微增加;空塔气速的增加促进了气固磁稳定床的膨胀,使得固含率减小;粒径较小时,随磁场强度及气速的变化贝克来数(Pe)变化不大;粒径较大情况下,Pe随气速增大而减小,随着磁场强度的增大,先增大后减小.试验获得了最小流化速度、固含率和床层高度的关联式,预测值与试验值吻合良好.     

固含率对沸腾床反应器气泡行为的影响

采用动态气体逸出法,在高7.0 m、直径0.3 m的有机玻璃塔中研究了固含率对沸腾床反应器内气泡行为特性的影响。在表观气速2.16~21.62 cm/s和固含率9.8%~39.0%（体积分数）范围内测定了反应器内的总气含率、大小气泡含率、大小气泡上升速度及其尺寸等参数。结果表明：总气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大,随着固含率的增大而减小。随着表观气速的增大,大气泡含率、大气泡直径及其上升速度均呈增大趋势;小气泡含率明显增大,但小气泡上升速度和直径趋于减小。随着固含率的增大,大气泡含率略有降低,但大气泡直径及其上升速度都明显增大;当固含率超过19.5%（体积分数）后,小气泡上升速度几乎下降为0;当固含率达到29.3%（体积分数）时,小气泡基本消失。     

喷射型环流反应器中气含率和液速的分布

喷射型环流反应器拥有良好的固体悬浮、液相混合与气液传质性能。在表观气速0.065-0.105 m?s-1的半间歇操作条件下,实验测量了喷射型环流反应器内的气含率以及液速的空间分布。在实验的基础上对反应器进行了三维瞬态的CFD模拟,并且用耦合群平衡模型(PBM)来模拟系统内气泡的聚并破碎行为。喷嘴的高速射流产生一定比例的大气泡驱动液体循环,使循环液速成倍增加。大气泡浮升过程中逐渐破碎成小气泡,导致提升管内的气含率随着轴向塔高增高而增大,降液管中也有类似的分布。实验和模拟都表明,喷射型环流反应器内由于喷嘴的使用导致了分布器影响区的明显延长,不存在流动充分发展的区域。     

固含率对沸腾床反应器气泡行为的影响

采用动态气体逸出法,在高7.0 m、直径0.3 m的有机玻璃塔中研究了固含率对沸腾床反应器内气泡行为特性的影响。在表观气速2.16~21.62 cm/s和固含率9.8%~39.0%(体积分数)范围内测定了反应器内的总气含率、大小气泡含率、大小气泡上升速度及其尺寸等参数。结果表明:总气含率随着表观气速的增大而增大,随着固含率的增大而减小。随着表观气速的增大,大气泡含率、大气泡直径及其上升速度均呈增大趋势;小气泡含率明显增大,但小气泡上升速度和直径趋于减小。随着固含率的增大,大气泡含率略有降低,但大气泡直径及其上升速度都明显增大;当固含率超过19.5%(体积分数)后,小气泡上升速度几乎下降为0;当固含率达到29.3%(体积分数)时,小气泡基本消失。     

CFD simulation of flow pattern and jet penetration depth in gas-fluidized beds with single and double jets

A simple two-fluid model is validated by comparing single-jet fluidization experiments and numerical predictions. Subsequently, flow pattern and jet penetration depth are explored numerically in the bed with double jets under equal and unequal gas velocities. Glass balltoni with a density of 2550 kg/m³ and a diameter of 275 μm is employed as solid phase. The model used in this study considers the effect of the dispersed solid phase on both gas and particle momentum equations of the inviscid model A (Gidaspow, 1994). Numerical simulations are carried out in the platform of CFX 4.4, a commercial CFD code, together with user-defined FORTRAN subroutines. Both jet penetration depth and jet frequency predicted are in good quantitative agreement with measurements in an incipiently fluidized bed with a single jet. By combining solid volume fraction distribution and particle-phase velocity vector profile, three flow patterns (isolated, merged and transitional jets) are identified in the gas-fluidized bed with double jets, which depend more on the nozzle distance than the jet gas velocity. For the equal jet gas velocity, the jet penetration depth decreases with increasing nozzle distance in the merged-jet and transitional-jet regions, then reaches a minimum value in the transitional-jet region, and finally keeps steady in the isolated-jet region. For the unequal jet gas velocity, the merged jet penetration depth increases with increase in the velocity of one jet as the other jet gas velocity is fixed, whilst the jet penetration depths change a little in the transitional-jet region and remain a constant in the isolated-jet region.     

Experimental and numerical study of fluid dynamic parameters in a jetting fluidized bed of a binary mixture

The solid circulation pattern, the voidage profile, and the jet penetration height have been investigated experimentally and computationally in a cold-flow model of jetting fluidized beds (JFBs) of a binary mixture in this paper. This rectangular two-dimensional bed is 0.30 m wide and 2.05 m high with a central jet and a conical distributor, which roughly stands for the ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasifier. A video camera and coloured particle tracer method were employed to explore the fluid dynamics in the bed. In terms of the average physical properties of binary mixtures, a hydrodynamic model describing the gas-solid flow characteristics in a jetting bed is resolved by using a modified Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equation (SIMPLE) algorithm. This paper focuses on three features of the fluid dynamics—solid circulation pattern, voidage profile, and jet penetration height. The solid circulation pattern is composed of three regions: the jetting region, the bubble street, and the annular region. Above the central nozzle the time-averaged isoporosity contours are almost elliptic, while near the walls of the bed, the voidage in high solid concentration region is approximately equal to that at the minimum fluidization state. The jet penetration height increases with increasing jet gas velocity and with decreasing average particle diameter. The increase in weight percentage of the lighter component in the binary system reveals that reduction of average density causes the enlargement of jet penetration height. The simulated results show good agreement with the experimental data.     

射流流化床中锥形分布板对流动的影响

给出了具有锥形分布板的射流流化床中浓密气固两相流动的多相流体力学基本方程组. 采用二维正交曲线坐标并生成了数值网格,用改进的IPSA方法求解二维正交曲线坐标中的多相流基本方程组,并编制了大型通用程序,流场可视化使用Tecplot软件. 对于给定的模拟计算,计算结果与实验值吻合. 模拟计算中改变了锥形筛板的角度、射流管的直径、床层高度、分布板开孔率的分布、射流气速、床层表观气速等,通过模拟得到床内的流动图像,考察了射流高度及颗粒循环的影响.     

Liquid‐like wave structure on granular film from granular jet impact

Results in the literature show that a granular film appears from a dense granular jet impacting on a circular target under certain conditions (Cheng X, Varas G, Citron D, Jaeger HM, Nagel SR, Phys Rev Lett. 2007; 99(18):188001). In current study, granular jet impacts are experimentally studied using a high‐speed camera, and interesting liquid‐like wave structures on the granular film are observed with increasing granular jet velocities or decreasing solid fractions of granular jets. Effects of the particle diameter, the granular jet velocity, and the solid fraction of granular jet on the wave structures are investigated. The dynamic characteristics of granular wave such as the wave frequency and velocity are demonstrated and compared with the liquid jet impact. Results reveal that increasing pushing pressure enhances the gas‐particle interaction inside the nozzle, which causes the granular jet instability and further gives rise to the granular wave at lower solid fractions and higher granular jet velocities. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3276–3285, 2017     

补充风对水平管高压密相气力输送影响的模拟研究

针对水平管高压密相气力输送数理模型的缺陷与不足,引入Savage径向分布函数修正的颗粒动理学理论、基于Berzi摩擦压应力模型构建的摩擦应力模型以及修正的三段式曳力模型,在欧拉-欧拉方法的基础上建立了一个能同时兼顾水平管高压密相气力输送中稀相流、过渡流以及密相流输送特性的三维非稳态数理模型。并采用该数理模型考察了补充风对水平管高压密相气力输送的影响,模拟结果精准地预测了水平管压降及其随补充风的变化规律,而且其预测的水平管固相体积浓度分布与ECT图也是相吻合的,从而验证了数理模型的可靠性。模拟结果表明：随着补充风的增加,气固两相速度和湍动能以及颗粒拟温度增大,固相体积浓度减小。     

双出口分级气流床气化炉内颗粒速度和浓度分布

煤炭分级利用是煤炭高效低碳利用的主要途径之一,提出一种同时制备热解气和合成气的分级气流床气化炉,炉体上部为煤热解室,下部为煤焦气化室。采用PV6M颗粒测速仪对气化炉内固体颗粒的速度和浓度分布进行测量,并运用CFD软件对气化炉内气固两相流场进行模拟。结果表明,在射流发展区域与射流碰撞后的折射流发展区域,颗粒速度较高;边壁区域颗粒速度较低且出现回流现象。在惯性和气流曳力作用下,热解室内大部分颗粒自流进入气化室。热解室上部径向颗粒浓度中心高边壁低;气化室下部径向颗粒浓度中心低边壁高。热解室与气化室进气量比、喷嘴角度及颗粒直径等对气化炉出口颗粒流出量分配有重要的影响。热解室进气量增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比先减小后增大;热解喷嘴偏转角与颗粒Stokes数增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比减小。     

双出口分级气流床气化炉内颗粒速度和浓度分布

煤炭分级利用是煤炭高效低碳利用的主要途径之一,提出一种同时制备热解气和合成气的分级气流床气化炉,炉体上部为煤热解室,下部为煤焦气化室。采用PV6M颗粒测速仪对气化炉内固体颗粒的速度和浓度分布进行测量,并运用CFD软件对气化炉内气固两相流场进行模拟。结果表明,在射流发展区域与射流碰撞后的折射流发展区域,颗粒速度较高;边壁区域颗粒速度较低且出现回流现象。在惯性和气流曳力作用下,热解室内大部分颗粒自流进入气化室。热解室上部径向颗粒浓度中心高边壁低;气化室下部径向颗粒浓度中心低边壁高。热解室与气化室进气量比、喷嘴角度及颗粒直径等对气化炉出口颗粒流出量分配有重要的影响。热解室进气量增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比先减小后增大;热解喷嘴偏转角与颗粒Stokes数增大,颗粒从热解室出口流出占比减小。     

Study on Liquid-Like Behaviors of Dense Granular Impinging Jets

Particle dynamic behaviors of dense granular impinging jets are experimentally studied by a high-speed camera and numerically simulated using discrete element method (DEM). Effects of the granular jet velocity, impinging angle, and solid fraction of the granular jet on the flow patterns and interparticle collision are investigated. Results show that as the solid fraction of the granular jet (x_p) increases, three patterns, that is, the penetrating pattern, diffuse pattern, and thin, liquid-like granular sheet display in turns. The shape and velocity of the granular sheet have been characterized and compared with the liquid sheet. An increase in the impinging angle obviously enlarges the granular sheet and decreases the sheet velocity. The flow patterns and sheet velocity are successfully predicted by DEM simulation. The simulation results further reveal that rising x_p increases the interparticle collision frequencies, which decreases interparticle collision forces and relative velocities, and consequently gives rise to the granular sheet. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 49–63, 2019     

喷动床内气固两相流体动力行为的数值模拟

引　言喷动床被广泛应用于不同工业领域中 ,如石油裂解反应 -再生器、煤和农业废弃物气化和燃烧 ,喷动床还被应用于粮食和药品的干燥等[1] .因此 ,喷动床设计应满足不同应用的要求 .喷动床内气相反应物的反应时间和停留时间依赖于床体几何结构和运行参数 .尽管已有许多的实验对喷动床内气固两相流动进行了研究 ,得到了喷射区、环形区和喷泉区内的气固两相流动流体动力特性 ,然而由于喷动床内气固两相流动的复杂性 ,人们对床体几何结构和运行参数对喷动床动力学的影响至今并不清楚 .因此 ,床体几何结构和运行参数等对喷动床动力学的影响成为…     

Jet penetration depth in a two-dimensional spout-fluid bed

The jet penetration depth was proposed to be an important parameter to describe the jet action during the chemical process of spout-fluid bed coal gasification. A two-dimensional cold model of a spout-fluid bed coal gasifier with its cross section of and height of 2000 mm was established to investigate the jet penetration depth. Four types of Geldart group D particles were used as bed materials. A multi-channel pressure sampling system and a high-resolution digital CCD camera were employed for experimental investigations. The effects of spouting gas velocity, spout nozzle diameter, static bed height, particle property and fluidizing gas flow rate on the jet penetration depth have been systematically studied by pressure signal analysis and image processing. Experimental results indicate that the jet penetration depth increases with increasing spouting gas velocity and spout nozzle diameter, while it decreases with increasing particle density, particle diameter, static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate. Additional, a new correlation considered all of the above effects especially static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate, was developed for predicting the jet penetration depth in spout-fluid beds. The correlation was compared with published experimental data or correlations, which was in well agreement with the present experimental results and some other references.