生活垃圾焚烧炉渣研究进展

炉渣作为生活垃圾焚烧过程的主要副产物之一,其不仅具有可与道路工程常用天然石料媲美的工程特性,而且具备胶凝材料的水化特性,在道路工程材料与固废资源化领域受到高度关注,并且已逐渐发展成为一种新兴的绿色建筑材料。综述了炉渣的微观形貌与结构、浸出特性及基本性质,表明炉渣作为路面集料的可行性,提出了当前炉渣集料实现大规模应用面临的问题。     

不同粒径城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的浸出规律研究

集中焚烧法已经逐渐成为我国城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式,但其中的重金属在焚烧过程中不会被破坏,最终主要集中在垃圾焚烧飞灰中排出。在垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全填埋过程中由于受到环境因素的影响,例如酸雨,其中的重金属会逐渐的发生迁移,从而影响环境。文章对不同粒径的垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出特性进行了研究,实验结果表明：小粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰所占比例较大。不同粒径对重金属的浸出特性比较复杂,浸出浓度均不相同,其中除尘器飞灰中的重金属浸出浓度远高于其他三种飞灰,属于有浸出毒性的危险废物。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣混凝土性能试验研究

以生活垃圾焚烧炉渣、水泥、石灰等为原材料,采用正交试验方法,分析炉渣混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度,并探讨炉渣粒径、激发剂对炉渣混凝土强度的影响,测试炉渣混凝土的热工性能.研究结果表明:炉渣和水料比是影响混凝土力学性能主要因素,炉渣混凝土最优试验方案可取为水料比0.14％、水泥275 g、粉渣350 g、炉渣1000 g、石灰150 g,炉渣粒径分布对炉渣混凝土的力学性能具有一定影响,采用1.3％ Na2SO4激发剂时,炉渣混凝土的力学性能激发效果最佳,同时,炉渣混凝土具有较好的热工性能.     

浸出液pH值对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰螯合物重金属Zn浸出结果影响的研究

通过对垃圾焚烧飞灰螯合物重金属浸出毒性检测过程中各个因素探究,发现浸提剂中醋酸含量、飞灰螯合物和浸提剂浸出反应后的pH(浸出终点pH)对于重金属Zn检测结果都有较大影响。因此对于飞灰螯合物重金属浸出毒性的检测,应精确控制浸提剂的配置方式,另外可通过浸提终点pH的指示作用,初步判断浸出液中重金属含量的大小。     

掺烧生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和炉渣对水泥熟料矿物组成的影响

分别对掺烧20%生活垃圾焚烧炉渣的熟料和掺烧10%生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的熟料进行化学成分分析、相萃取、XRD分析与岩相分析,并与用化学纯试剂配料煅烧的基准样熟料进行对比研究。研究结果发现,受灰渣中较高含量的硫、氯等阴离子的影响,熟料KH值会降低;受灰渣当中微量重金属元素的影响,掺烧灰渣熟料的铁相中有少量C2F存在,并且其C4AF特征峰的d值增大。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣水稳定性试验研究

以福州红庙岭生活垃圾焚烧炉渣为试验对象,测试不同吸水时间和干湿循环次数下炉渣试件无侧限抗压强度和CBR的变化规律,揭示炉渣填料在水作用下的强度变化特征。结果表明:炉渣试件无侧限抗压强度和CBR随吸水时间和干湿循环次数的增加而增大,具有良好的水稳定性。炉渣的强度主要依靠水泥熟料和活性物质化学反应产生水化产物形成的,这使得炉渣在潮湿路基的回填、管槽周边的回填具有显著优势。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣与矿渣双掺制备少熟料砌筑水泥的研究

对生活垃圾焚烧炉渣与矿渣双掺制备的少熟料砌筑水泥的各项物理性能及其制品中重金属溶出的环境安全性进行了研究。结果表明：炉渣掺量越高,砌筑水泥胶砂强度越低;复掺矿渣后,炉渣中的碱离子能激发矿渣的活性,使强度降幅减小;掺入占矿渣掺量9％的水玻璃（固含量为45％,模数为1．6）能有效改善凝结时间,使之达到标准要求;当炉渣掺量为45％,矿渣掺量为44％,水泥掺量为11％时,能在最大限度消耗炉渣、使用矿渣和减少熟料的同时,保证强度达到最佳值;掺炉渣和矿渣的砌筑水泥制品的重金属浸出浓度均低于浸出毒性标准限值,且低于V类地表水标准限值,不会对环境造成污染。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣用于制备无熟料砌筑水泥的探讨

依照GB/T3183—2003砌筑水泥标准规定的试验方法,对以城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣、矿渣为主要原料制备的无熟料砌筑水泥的各项性能进行了研究。结果表明,城市生活垃圾焚烧炉渣对激发矿渣的活性具有一定作用,以炉渣、矿渣为主要原料,掺入水玻璃作为补充激发剂能制备出性能满足要求的无熟料砌筑水泥。     

不同底物浓度下生物淋滤垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的动力学研究

通过氧化硫硫杆菌生物淋滤处理城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属。采用分批摇床培养,研究了生物淋滤过程中,底物浓度(S)对飞灰中重金属去除速率的影响。采用经验方程研究了S浓度对飞灰中重金属去除速率的影响,得到不同S浓度下4种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的去除速率常数km,其大小顺序为ZnCuCdPb。综合各个动力学参数推知S浓度为5 g/L是本生物淋滤体系的最佳底物浓度。     

水洗城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在水泥生产中资源化利用的研究现状

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理具有减容、减量、无害化程度高等特点,在我国得到了迅速发展,但焚烧过程中产生的焚烧飞灰含有毒有害成分较多,严重阻碍了其资源化利用,因此垃圾焚烧飞灰的预处理对建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会具有重要意义。本文介绍了国内外关于城市垃圾焚烧飞灰物化性质的研究成果,重点分析了其在水泥工业中应用研究的现状,并提出在水泥工业生产中应适当提高石灰饱和系数、选择适宜水洗飞灰掺量以保证熟料质量的建议,旨在为城市垃圾焚烧飞灰用作为水泥生产的原材料进行有益的探索。此外,分析了国内外关于垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥基材料环境安全性评价方法的研究现状,提出亟须建立一套符合建筑材料工程应用实际的重金属浸出试验方法和评价。     

Characterisation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Catalonia

Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator plants in Catalonia was characterised to investigate some alternatives for its utilisation and their potential environmental impact. After a detailed chemical and mineralogical characterisation, physical and geotechnical properties were investigated. The study focused on the use of bottom ash as an aggregate substitute in pavement applications. The results show that this material may be successfully used as a compacted material in unbound road sub‐bases. According to Spanish Specifications for road construction, bottom ash complies with the technical requirements for sub‐bases. Data obtained from the leaching test satisfy the limit values established by Catalan Specifications for bottom ash utilisation. The use of bottom ash in the envisaged application should therefore not result in any environmental impact. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electrokinetic remediation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator

The electrokinetic remediation was studied to verify the possibility to reclaim the bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). In Italy, a production of 1 million tons per year of this kind of residue has been estimated, 90% of which is still landfilled. This work shows the results of four electrokinetic remediation tests for the removal of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and chlorides, using an open cell with graphite electrodes and without enhancing agents. The four tests have, respectively, been performed at a constant current density of 0.89, 1.67, 2.04 and 2.48 mA cm⁻², with duration of 42, 68, 47 and 40 h. Heavy metals occur in ashes in various forms, such as exchangeable, adsorbed, precipitated, organically complexed and residual phases. In order to determine the nature of any given system, in terms of specific chemical species and pertaining mobilities, sequential extraction analyses have been performed. The release of pollutants was investigated for treated and untreated ash. After treatment, the concentration of pollutants in the leachate was reduced by 31-83%, better results being obtained for chlorides. Both the low amount of heavy metal extracted and the increase of ash pH during the electrokinetic tests, suggest to use enhancing agents or a cation exchange membrane at the cathode, to prevent the precipitation of metals as hydroxides.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣胶凝活性的初步研究

介绍了利用城市垃圾焚烧底灰和飞灰制备新型辅助性胶凝材料的初步试验研究工作。研究结果表明：焚烧底灰和飞灰均可不同程度地延缓水泥的凝结硬化，但两者都具有一定的胶凝活性；与焚烧底灰相比，焚烧飞灰的活性较好，但在水泥中的掺量不宜过大；与矿渣复合可改县焚烧飞灰的胶凝活性，提高水泥浆体的强度；焚烧飞灰宁的重金属可被固化于水泥水化产物中，不会对环境造成危害，通过一定的技术措施有望将焚烧飞灰开发成一种新型水泥基材料组分应用于建筑工程。     

重金属螯合剂处理垃圾焚烧飞灰的稳定化技术

引言随着我国社会经济的发展、城市化进程的加快以及人们物质生活的提高,全国城市生活垃圾年产生量已达1.5亿吨以上,并以每年8%～10%的速率增加[1-3]。城市垃圾焚烧是我国垃圾处置的重要手段,在焚烧过程中将产生大量飞灰,飞灰产量与垃圾种类、焚烧条件、焚烧炉型及烟气处理工艺有关,一般约占被焚烧垃圾量的3%～5%。分析表     

Use of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in concrete

With a view of reducing the quantities to be landfilled, the Solvay Company has been working on the development of a new physicochemical treatment for municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ashes: the Revasol process. This process allows reducing the soluble fraction, fixing heavy metals and eliminating dioxins. This article reports on the characteristics of a treated ash and on its use in concrete. For the latter point, three characteristics were chosen: the compressive strength and the durability of the hardened concrete and its behavior to leaching. From mechanical and durable points of view, the ash incorporated in the concrete behaves like ordinary sand. The leaching tests carried out on the concrete confirm that the process makes it possible to obtain materials without major risks for the environment. Also, these results as a whole suggest that the use of waste in concrete constitutes a potential means of adding value.     

上海城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质分析

垃圾焚烧飞灰是我国城市垃圾焚烧新技术发展过程中产生的一个新问题,飞灰中有大量有害物质。必须予以安全处置。而飞灰的性质对如何处置以及处置的效果非常重要。飞灰的性质有很大的地域性差异。我们对上海浦东御桥垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰的相关性质如化学组成、重金属浸出率、重金属挥发特性等进行了检测。并对结果进行了分析。结果表明：上海市飞灰中SiO2含量较高。有利于进行熔融固化。但飞灰在熔融过程中。重金属的挥发量较大,需要引起注意。     

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰煅烧水泥熟料初探

针对垃圾焚烧飞灰化学组成上的特点,进行了利用垃圾焚烧飞灰烧制水泥熟料的探索研究,通过试验研究了其对水泥生料的易烧性、烧制的水泥熟料的力学性能和水化速率等的影响规律。研究结果表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰可以用作水泥原料从而有效地降低其处置成本,减少其对环境造成的二次污染,硬化水泥浆体水化28d时各重金属浸出量低于鉴别标准规定的指标,是一种有待开发的潜在的水泥原料资源。     

垃圾焚烧底渣中重金属的研究

采用Tessier四步分级提取法对垃圾焚烧飞灰中的4种重金属(锌、镍、铜、镉)的化学形态进行了研究。结果表明,金属Cd主要以底渣态的形式存在(占总镉质量的61.22%~62.41%),Ni,Zn以底渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,Cu主要以有机结合态为主(占总铜质量的60.97%~62.29%)。同时4种金属的生物有效性由高到低顺序依次为Ni,Cd,Zn,Cu。     

Electrodialytic extraction of Cu,Pb and Cl from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash suspended in water

The possibility of using fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in, for example, concrete is considered. MSWI fly ash, however, has too high a concentration of heavy metals, which may cause leaching problems during use or problems with waste handling at the end of the lifetime of the concrete. The Cl content in MSWI fly ash is also too high and will cause corrosion problems in reinforced concrete. The possibility of removing some of the unwanted heavy metals (Cu and Pb) together with Cl from an MSWI fly ash suspended in water using an electrodialytic separation method was investigated. The removal of Pb and Cu was found to be highly pH dependent and the highest contents removed were 41 and 90%, respectively. The Cu concentration of the ash decreased from 2200 to 860 mg kg^?1 but the Pb concentration increased from 8560 to 16 800 mg kg^?1, showing that Pb is mainly found in the ash fraction that is least soluble. Hence electrodialytic treatment of the ash suspended in water is not a solution to improve the ash quality in terms of Pb. The water‐soluble Cl content per unit weight of the original ash was 12.4%. The removal of water‐soluble Cl was efficient and >98% of Cl was removed (calculated on the basis of mean initial and final concentrations). This result indicates that electrodialytic extraction may be a method that can be used for the removal of Cl from ash prior to its utilization in concrete. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry