乙炔选择性加氢催化剂的研究进展

乙烯主要通过石脑油和柴油热裂解制取,乙烯原料气中带有体积分数为0.3%～3%的乙炔,该微量乙炔会毒化乙烯聚合催化剂。工业上通常用选择加氢法将乙炔转化为乙烯,但钯基催化剂一直都存在选择性低、稳定性差等缺点。梳理近几年对乙炔选择性加氢反应及其催化剂的研究,并探讨制备方法、活性组分、助剂和载体对催化剂结构和性能的影响;叙述不同催化剂的制备方法在乙炔加氢反应中的应用,制备方法可以有效改变活性组分的表面物理性质,影响活性组分对乙烯的吸脱附性能。最后,展望了乙炔加氢催化剂未来的研究方向。     

乙炔选择性加氢催化剂研究进展

乙烯是石化工业中最重要的工业原料之一,然而乙烯产品中少量乙炔杂质的存在会直接影响乙烯的下一步应用。乙炔选择性催化加氢被认为是脱除乙炔杂质最有效的方法之一。本文综述了乙炔选择性加氢催化剂近年来的研究进展,介绍了乙炔选择加氢的反应机理,归纳总结了活性组分、助剂、载体以及结构对乙炔加氢催化剂性能的影响。鉴于Pd基催化剂仍然是工业应用的主流催化剂,文中综述了Pd基催化剂的研究现状和目前存在的一些挑战,同时提出了催化性能优化的建议。最后,就如何进一步提高乙炔选择性加氢催化剂性能的发展趋势进行了归纳,主要从单原子合金催化剂、催化剂微观调控以及电化学炔烃加氢方面进行论述,为未来提高乙炔加氢催化剂的性能提供了指导方向。     

苯乙炔选择性加氢催化剂的研究进展

对各种苯乙炔选择性加氢催化剂的开发研究情况进行了详细介绍。由于负载型钯催化剂和镍催化剂在加氢反应领域应用广泛,本文对这两种催化剂进行了重点介绍。阐述了各种催化剂的性能、使用条件、存在的主要问题、失活原因以及改进措施。提出今后对苯乙炔选择性加氢催化剂的改进应以高空速、适当提高操作温度、改善对原料的适应性等为目标。     

乙炔选择性加氢单原子催化剂研究进展

简要介绍了乙炔选择性催化加氢反应及其特点,对近年来乙炔选择性加氢单原子催化剂的研究进行了总结,最后对乙炔选择加氢单原子催化剂的前景进行了展望。     

加氢除乙炔反应

二氯乙烷裂解生成的HCl中含有乙炔,降低了氧氯化单元EDC产品的纯度,增加了EDC精制处理过程的能量消耗。通过加氢反应,消除了HCl中乙炔造成的不良影响,取得了节能降耗的效果。     

碳纳米管负载镍基催化剂上乙炔选择性加氢

分别采用浸渍法、化学还原法和超声辅助的浸渍-化学还原法,制备晶态Ni/CNTs、非晶态NiB和NiB/CNTs催化剂,对非晶态NiB/CNTs催化剂热处理使其晶化.表征了催化剂,并考察催化剂的乙炔选择性加氢性能.结果表明非晶态NiB/CNTs合金的催化性能优于晶态Ni/CNTs以及晶化NiB/CNTs催化剂的性能,其在乙炔选择性加氢反应中有较好的稳定性,连续使用650 min后乙炔转化率达80%以上.乙烷选择性随反应进行逐渐下降,最终趋于7.5%;乙烯选择性随反应进行逐渐上升,最终趋于55%.     

乙炔选择加氢催化剂的研究

采用固定床连续流动反应器对12%Ni/CNF、0.5%Pd/CNF、0.5%Pd/α-Al2O33种催化剂上的乙炔加氢反应进行了研究。考察了反应温度、n(H2)/n(C2H2)以及总空速对反应的影响,得到了在n(H2)/n(C2H2)较宽的范围内乙炔加氢为乙烯具有良好选择性的催化剂0.5%Pd/CNF。在50℃,n(H2)/n(C2H2)=23,乙炔空速为106h-1时,乙炔转化率达100%,乙烯收率为64.8%,乙烯选择性为73.8%。     

乙炔选择加氢催化剂研究进展

选择加氢是去除蒸汽裂解制烯烃过程中所产生微量乙炔的有效方法,高效乙炔选择加氢催化剂的开发具有重要意义。介绍了催化剂类型[单元贵金属、非贵金属及双（多）元金属]及其催化性能,分析了载体、助剂和制备方法对催化剂结构和性能的影响,重点讨论了几何和电子因素对催化剂乙炔选择加氢性能的决定作用。     

乙炔加氢催化剂选择性接近50％

由中国石油石油化工研究院研发的新型碳二加氢催化剂在工业装置上取得了重大技术突破,整体技术水平达到世界先进水平。     

乙炔选择加氢催化剂的研究进展

工业上脱炔的方法主要通过选择性加氢,文章从金属分散度、载体性质以及配体等方面分析了乙炔选择加氢催化剂的研究情况,提出了催化剂选择性改进的途径。     

微量乙炔和乙烯加氢催化剂的研制

介绍了乙炔尾气中微量乙炔和乙烯加氢催化剂的研制过程。结果表明，研制的CH-101及CH-201型加氢催化剂能有效地脱除原料气中的乙炔及乙烯，具有活性好、净化度高等特点。     

加氢转化催化剂在乙炔尾气净化中的工业应用

介绍了西北化工研究院CH-101和CH-201型乙炔和乙烯加氢转化催化剂在80 kt·a~(-1)甲醇装置中的应用情况。工业运行结果表明,CH-101和CH-201型催化剂能有效脱除乙炔尾气中的乙炔和乙烯,完全满足工业生产要求。     

Recent advances in selective acetylene hydrogenation using palladium containing catalysts

Recent advances with Pd containing catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene are described. The overview classifies enhancement of catalytic properties for monometallic and bimetallic Pd catalysts. Activity/selectivity of Pd catalysts can be modified by controlling particle shape/morphology or immobilisation on a support which interacts strongly with Pd particles. In both cases enhanced ethylene selectivity is generally associated with modifying ethylene adsorption strength and/or changes to hydride formation. Inorganic and organic selectivity modifiers (i.e., species adsorbed onto Pd particle surface) have also been shown to enhance ethylene selectivity. Inorganic modifiers such as TiO₂ change Pd ensemble size and modify ethylene adsorption strength whereas organic modifiers such as diphenylsulfide are thought to create a surface template effect which favours acetylene adsorption with respect to ethylene. A number of metals and synthetic approaches have been explored to prepare Pd bimetallic catalysts. Examples where enhanced selectivity is observed are generally associated with decreased Pd ensemble size and/or hindering of the ease with which an unselective hydride phase is formed for Pd. A final class of bimetallic catalysts are discussed where Pd is not thought to be the primary reaction site but merely acts as a site where hydrogen dissociation and spillover occurs onto a second metal (Cu or Au) where the reaction takes place more selectively.

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Preparation and investigation of Pd doped Cu catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

A series of PdCu bimetallic catalysts with low Cu and Pd loadings and different Cu: Pd atomic ratios were prepared by conventionally sequential impregnation (CSI) and modified sequential impregnation (MSI) of Cu and Pd for selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Characterization indicates that the supported copper (II) nitrate in the PdCu bimetallic catalysts prepared by MSI can be directly reduced to Cu metal particles due to the hydrogen spillover from Pd to Cu(NO₃)₂ crystals. In addition, for the catalysts prepared by MSI, Pd atoms can form PdCu alloy on the surface of metal particles, however, for the catalysts prepared by CSI, Pd tends to migrate and exist below the surface layer of Cu. Reaction results indicate that compared with CSI, the MSI method enables samples to possess preferable stability as well as comparable reaction activity. This should be due to the MSI method in favor of the formation of PdCu alloy on the surface of metal particles. Moreover, even Pd loading is super low, <0.045 wt-% in this study, by through adjusting Cu loading to an appropriate value, attractive reactivity and selectivity still can be achieved.     

烯烃选择性加氢脱炔催化剂SMT-342的研究及工业应用

针对聚烯烃生产过程中烯烃聚合前的脱炔烃净化,大连凯特利催化工程技术有限公司开发了加氢脱炔催化剂SMT-342。考察床层高径比、空速、压力等因素对SMT-342脱炔催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,在高径比2.56、反应压力0.5 MPa、空速5 000 h^(-1)条件下,出口反应气中乙炔体积分数小于1×10^(-6)。1 056 h稳定性测试表明该催化剂可以稳定、有效脱除烯烃中的炔烃,满足烯烃聚合工艺指标。SMT-342脱炔催化剂已在多种工业化装置上使用,现场运行数据表明该催化剂完全满足乙烯精馏分离前乙炔脱除要求。     

Tailoring electronic properties and kinetics behaviors of Pd/N-CNTs catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Pd catalyzed selective hydrogenation of acetylene shows remarkable electronic effects. In this work, a strategy is proposed to tailor the electronic properties of Pd nanoparticles by nitrogen doping of carbon nanotubes (CNT) support toward the improved reaction kinetics. While excluding the Pd size effects, the intrinsic promotional effects of the nitrogen doping are demonstrated, which are mainly due to the increased Pd electron density resultant from the presence of more graphitic nitrogen species based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Kinetics analysis and C₂H₂/C₂H₄-temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) measurements reveal that the electron-rich Pd catalyst with the moderately weakened adsorption strength can give rise to the decreased activation energy and thus the simultaneously enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability. The aspects demonstrated here could guide the rational design and optimization of Pd catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene.     

乙炔选择性加氢反应催化机理的分子模拟研究

以Pd-Ag合金为活性组分、Al₂O₃为载体的催化剂作为研究对象,运用量子力学理论和Monte Carlo方法对乙炔选择性加氢反应的催化机理进行探索性研究,得到Pd-Ag的分散状况与催化剂活性和选择性之间的关系。结果表明,助催化剂Ag的增加,使乙烯在催化剂表面的脱附能力增强,降低乙烯形成乙烷的可能性,从而增强乙炔加氢的选择性;计算得到在催化剂表面H2解离过程、乙炔以及乙烯加氢反应过程的活化能;乙炔选择性加氢最佳条件为：温度（70～80） ℃,氢气分压（0.03~0.04） MPa     

Selective hydrogenation of acetylene over Pd/CeO2

Five hundred ppm Pd/CeO₂ catalyst was prepared and evaluated in selective hydrogenation of acetylene in large excess of ethylene since ceria has been recently found to be a reasonable stand-alone catalyst for this reaction. Pd/CeO₂ catalyst could be activated in situ by the feed gas during reactions and the catalyst without reduction showed much better ethylene selectivity than the reduced one in the high temperature range due to the formation of oxygen vacancies by reduction. Excellent ethylene selectivity of ~100% was obtained in the whole reaction temperature range of 50°C–200°C for samples calcined at temperatures of 600°C and 800°C. This could be ascribed to the formation of Pd_xCe_1−xO_2−y or Pd-O-Ce surface species based on the X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, indicating the strong interaction between palladium and ceria.     

乙炔加氢串联反应器全周期乙炔转化率最优分配研究

在乙炔加氢反应器的实际生产运行过程中,乙炔加氢反应大部分在第一床层,加氢反应放出的大量热量使得床层内温度高于最佳反应温度范围,致使乙烯选择性降低,乙烯产量下降,而在进行全周期操作优化时并未考虑到此问题。因此,首先考虑温度对绿油累积的影响,修正了催化剂失活动力学方程;其次,为保证反应器各床层内温度都在最佳反应温度范围,从化学反应工程理论和实际生产过程中的安全性两个角度出发,给出两种反应器各床层乙炔转化率分配方案;最后,在常规全周期操作优化模型中添加乙炔转化率约束,建立全周期乙炔转化率分配操作优化模型,并对两种乙炔转化率分配方案进行全周期操作优化。优化结果表明,两种乙炔转化率分配方案操作优化的乙烯产量要远远高于常规操作优化,且乙炔转化率方案为33∶33∶33时,乙烯产量最高,而考虑实际生产过程中的安全性,乙炔转化率分配方案为43∶47∶10时具有更好的效果。