负压环境下铝镁贫氧推进剂激光点火及燃烧特性

为研究不同负压对铝镁贫氧推进剂的点火及燃烧特性的影响,在负压环境下(0.01,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.1 MPa)和不同热流下(1.26,1.86,2.23,2.79 W·mm~(-2))采用CO_2激光点火系统对铝镁贫氧推进剂进行点火实验,使用高速摄影仪记录点火燃烧过程,使用两个光电二极管同时监测激光和火焰信号得到其点火延迟时间,研究了负压对推进剂点火延迟时间、燃烧过程和燃速的影响。结果表明,压强影响推进剂热解气体的扩散,压强为0.08 MPa时,初焰为圆柱状,随着压强降低至0.02 MPa,初焰为圆球状;随着压强的降低,推进剂点火延迟时间增加,但随着热流密度的增大,压强对点火延迟时间的影响显著降低;压强对推进剂燃速影响较大,随着压强的降低,推进剂燃速降低,当压强从0.1 MPa降至0.01 MPa时,燃速降低47%;同时,在负压环境下,Vielle燃速公式更适用于表征铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃速特性。     

铝基微单元复合燃料在NEPE固体推进剂中的应用

为研究铝基微单元燃料在硝酸酯增塑聚醚（NEPE）固体推进剂中的应用性能,以自制的铝基微单元复合燃料（Al@AP）代替铝粉加入NEPE固体推进剂,以真空定容爆热试验、发动机试验、残渣活性铝测试、高速摄影、单向拉伸试验、工艺性能测试等手段研究了Al@AP对NEPE固体推进剂燃烧、力学、工艺等性能的影响;并对Al@AP在NEPE固体推进剂中的燃烧作用机理进行了分析。结果表明,以19.5%的Al@AP代替FLQT-3 Al后,NEPE固体推进剂的爆热由6039.4 J·g^-1提升至6924.8 J·g^-1,残渣量由28.91 g降至7.64 g,残渣活性铝含量由14.64%降至0.37%,残渣粒径d₅₀由94.12 μm降至24.21 μm,NEPE固体推进剂喷射效率提升,铝粉在燃面停留时间由55 ms缩短至40 ms,且无明显融联团聚现象,且Al@AP对推进剂的燃速、力学、工艺等性能基本无影响。     

ADN/GUDN 双氧化剂对NEPE 固体推进剂燃烧性能的影响（英）

设计并制备了含N?脒基脲二硝酰胺盐（GUDN）和二硝酰胺铵（ADN）的硝酸酯增塑聚醚（ NEPE）固体推进剂样品,测试了推进剂的燃烧性能（燃速和压强指数）、燃烧火焰结构和燃烧波温度分布,并与不含GUDN和ADN的推进剂性能进行对比。结果表明,GUDN/ADN 双氧化剂对NEPE推进剂的燃烧性能有明显的影响,推进剂配方中添加ADN可提高推进剂的燃速和压强指数,含15%、20%和22.5%的ADN替换高氯酸铵（AP）可使推进剂在7.0MPa 下的燃速提高25.30%、36.76%和47.69%,GUDN使推进剂在7.0MPa下的燃速降低18.97% ,而压强指数在1~15MPa提高12.04%,而且在不同压力下含双氧化剂的NEPE推进剂的燃烧火焰结构呈多火焰结构,而且火焰的亮度随着压强的增大而变亮。     

ADN/GUDN双氧化剂对NEPE固体推进剂燃烧性能的影响

设计并制备了含N?脒基脲二硝酰胺盐(GUDN)和二硝酰胺铵(ADN)的硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)固体推进剂样品,测试了推进剂的燃烧性能(燃速和压强指数)、燃烧火焰结构和燃烧波温度分布,并与不含GUDN和ADN的推进剂性能进行对比。结果表明,GUDN/ADN双氧化剂对NEPE推进剂的燃烧性能有明显的影响,推进剂配方中添加ADN可提高推进剂的燃速和压强指数,含15%、20%和22.5%的ADN替换高氯酸铵(AP)可使推进剂在7.0MPa下的燃速提高25.30%、36.76%和47.69%,GUDN使推进剂在7.0 MPa下的燃速降低18.97%,而压强指数在1～15 MPa提高12.04%,而且在不同压力下含双氧化剂的NEPE推进剂的燃烧火焰结构呈多火焰结构,而且火焰的亮度随着压强的增大而变亮。     

不同环境压强下炭黑含量对聚乙烯点火和燃烧性能的影响

为了获得炭黑质量分数和环境压强对固体燃料聚乙烯点火和燃烧性能的影响,加工了不同组分配比的固体燃料样品。以CO2激光器作为点火源研究了它们的点火和燃烧特性。用高速摄影仪记录实验过程。用扫描电子显微镜观测了燃烧后的固体燃料表面形貌。分析了不同环境压强下不同组分配比固体燃料的点火燃烧过程、点火延迟时间和燃速。结果表明,固体燃料聚乙烯的点火过程为典型的气相点火,燃烧火焰属扩散火焰。点火延迟时间随着炭黑的加入急剧缩短,当炭黑质量分数大于20%时,炭黑质量分数的增加对点火延迟时间的影响很小。点火延迟时间随着环境压强的增加缩短,当环境压强大于0.2MPa时,环境压强的增加对点火延迟时间的影响也很小。根据实验结果,采用最小二乘法,拟合得到了环境压强为0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5MPa时点火延迟时间与炭黑质量分数的函数关系式。固体燃料的燃速随炭黑质量分数的增大而减小,随压强的增大而增大,当炭黑质量分数大于5%时,炭黑质量分数是影响固体燃料燃速的主要因素。     

8-羟基喹啉金属盐对NEPE推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了8-羟基喹啉铅(PbHql2)、8-羟基喹啉铜(CuHql2)、8-羟基喹啉镍(NiHql2)、8-羟基喹啉铝(AlHql3)、8-羟基喹啉铅铜(PbCuHql4)、8-羟基喹啉铅镍(PbNiHql4)、8-羟基喹啉铜镍(CuNiHql4)及其复配体系对NEPE推进剂燃烧性能(4.0～10.0MPa压强范围内)的影响。结果表明,8-羟基喹啉金属盐均能提高NEPE推进剂4.0～10.0MPa压强下的燃速,并不同程度地降低其燃速压强指数;含铜的8-羟基喹啉金属盐可有效降低推进剂4.0～10.0MPa压强范围内的压强指数,CuHql2/PbCuHql4/CB复配体系可使推进剂4.0～7.0MPa压强范围内的压强指数降至0.54;含镍的8-羟基喹啉金属盐对推进剂燃速的提高作用最为明显,PbHql2/CuNiHql4/CB复配体系可使推进剂4.0MPa压强下的燃速提高达53.4%,其4.0～7.0MPa压强范围内的燃速压强指数也降至0.58。     

环境氧含量和压力对铝镁贫氧推进剂燃烧性能的影响

为研究不同海拔处大气氧含量(氧体积分数)变化对铝镁贫氧推进剂燃烧特性的影响,采用激光辐射点火,使用高速摄影仪记录推进剂的点火与燃烧过程,并利用红外测温仪测量推进剂的表面温度及火焰温度,研究了环境氧含量与压力对推进剂的点火过程、火焰温度和燃速的影响。结果表明,环境气体氧含量高于推进剂热解产物中氧含量时,点火气相化学反应主要发生在推进剂热解产物与环境气体的扩散区,初现焰远离推进剂表面,但随着压力增加,扩散区与推进剂表面之间距离减小;火焰温度与环境氧含量和压力线性正相关;压力与环境氧含量增加时,铝镁贫氧推进剂燃速增加,压力和环境氧含量对铝镁贫氧推进剂燃速的影响符合B数理论,压力是影响推进剂燃速的主要因素,但随着压力增加,压力对燃速的影响相对减小,压力从0.1 MPa增加到1.5 MPa时,压力和环境氧含量的燃速敏感系数比从200下降到40。     

中止燃烧方法模拟固体推进剂动态点火冲击过程（英）

为了研究火箭发动机点火过程中动态冲击对固体推进剂的影响,设计了一个基于中止燃烧的模拟点火冲击装置。该装置由点火螺栓、燃烧室和泄压螺栓组成。金属爆破片安装在泄压螺栓的剪切口处,在点火冲击过程中准确控制泄压压力。模拟点火冲击试验的研究对象是圆环柱体形状的poly(BAMO-THF)/AP/Al固体推进剂试样。p-t曲线表明爆破片的泄压压力与测得的压力一致,其误差在±6%。根据p-t曲线计算增压速率,10 MPa下增压速率达到7000 MPa·s^-1,15 MPa下增压速率达到12000 MPa·s^-1,这远远大于固体火箭实际点火过程中的增压速率。在模拟点火冲击试验后,推进剂试样端面(受损表面)镶嵌的粒子受损,而内侧表面(未损表面)仍保持完整的状态。点火冲击试验后,推进剂试样的压缩强度增加,而压缩强度开始增加时的形变值降低。这说明在模拟点火冲击试验后,推进剂受损表面会进一步受损,力学性能也会发生改变。     

添加剂Eo对NEPE推进剂高压燃烧性能的影响

采用燃速测试、微热电偶技术、燃烧火焰结构照像等试验方法,研究了含Eo的NEPE推进剂的高压燃烧性能.结果表明,推进剂中添加Eo可改善推进剂的高压燃烧性能,含Eo的推进剂在低压下的燃速较高,在高压下的燃速较低,并且随压强的上升,燃速压强指数降低.     

3,5-二硝氨基-1,2,4-三唑肼盐晶体结构、热性能及在CMDB推进剂中的应用

在甲醇/水溶剂中培养了3,5-二硝氨基-1,2,4-三唑肼盐（HDNAT）单晶,利用X射线单晶衍射仪测定了结构;晶体结构解析表明HDNAT属于正交晶系,空间群为P2（1）,晶胞参数a=0.35976（12） nm,b=0.9348（3） nm,c=1.1833（4） nm,V=0.393.9（2） nm³,Z=2,D_c=1.91 g·cm^-3,μ=0.170 mm^-1,F（000）=230;采用TG-DTG分析了HDNAT的热性能,其分解峰温为193.17 ℃,分解历程为固相直接分解;设计并制备了含HDNAT的改性双基推进剂（CMDB）配方,测试了爆热、比容、密度、特征速度、比冲等能量特性参数和燃烧性能,实测爆热为6042 kJ·kg^-1、比容为638 L·kg^-1、密度为1.767 g·cm^-3、特征速度为1592.3 m·s^-1;Φ50 mm发动机燃烧性能实测结果表明,在15 MPa压强下工作稳定,比冲可达到250.91 s,燃速较RDX-CMDB推进剂提高18.8%以上,但推进剂的部分压强指数超过0.4以上。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.