新型除草剂精草铵膦对柑橘园杂草的田间防效

[目的]为评价新型除草剂精草铵膦对柑橘园杂草的田间防效。[方法]采用定向茎叶喷雾法,分别于2018、2019年进行了10%精草铵膦钠盐可溶液剂的田间小区试验。[结果]10%精草铵膦钠盐可溶液剂570~870 g a.i./hm^2对柑橘园阔叶杂草、禾本科杂草均具有较好的防效,药后30 d,总草株防效和鲜重防效分别为94.9%~98.8%、95.0%~98.5%,与对照药剂200 g/L草铵膦水剂1400 g a.i./hm^2处理相当。[结论]精草铵膦可作为防治柑橘园或非耕地杂草的高效低用量药剂,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂防除非耕地杂草田间药效试验

评价20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂对非耕地杂草的防除效果。于杂草生长盛期采用茎叶喷雾法进行田间小区试验。试验药剂20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂剂量为300～600 g a.i./hm²时，对非耕地禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均有较好的防效，药后20 d，总草株防效和鲜重防效分别为93.32%～97.69%、97.69%～99.53%；对照药剂20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂在450 g a.i./hm²剂量时的总草株防效和鲜重防效分别为95.14%、98.52%。20%精草铵膦铵盐可溶液剂可以有效防除非耕地杂草，推荐剂量300～600 g a.i./hm²。     

离子色谱法测定草铵膦含量

[目的]建立草铵膦原药和草铵膦水剂的离子色谱定量分析方法.[方法]采用8 mol/L氢氧化钾水溶液为流动相,AS-11离子色谱柱(含AG-11保护柱)以及电导检测器对其有效成分草铵膦进行外标法定量分析.[结果]方法线性相关系数为0.9995(50～250 mg/L),标准偏差均小于0.08,变异系数均小于0.15％,平均回收率为100.26％.[结论]该方法可用于测定草铵膦原药或草铵膦水剂中的有效成分,具有精密、准确、简便易行的特点.     

草铵膦原药中铵离子的离子色谱分析

[目的]建立草铵膦原药中铵离子定量分析的离子色谱方法。[方法]采用离子色谱法,使用电导检测器和Dionex Ion Pac CS12A阳离子分析柱,在12 mmol/L甲基磺酸水溶液淋洗条件下,对铵离子进行分离和测定。[结果]当铵离子质量浓度为0.43~8.51 mg/L时,铵离子的线性相关系数为0.9998,标准偏差为0.09;变异系数为1.0%,平均回收率为99.6%。[结论]该方法简便、准确、灵敏,适合于草铵膦原药中铵离子的定量分析。     

草铵膦铵盐的高效液相色谱测定

建立了用高效液相色谱分析草铵膦铵盐的方法.使用Nucleosio SB离子交换柱,柱温室温;以0.1 mol/L的磷酸二氢钾水溶液为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min;紫外检测器,检测波长195 nm,外标法对草铵膦铵盐的有效成分进行定量分析.结果表明,草铵膦的线性范围为0.254～2.496 g/L,相关系数为0.99914,13.5%草铵膦水剂的标准偏差为0.152,变异系数为1.137%,草铵膦原药的标准偏差为0.2013,变异系数为0.2113%,平均回收率:13.5%草铵膦水剂为100.5%,95%草铵膦原药为99.5%.此方法可用于原药和制剂的分析检测.     

利用QuEChERS-液相色谱串联质谱法测定桃中草铵膦及其代谢物残留

[目的]建立桃中草铵膦及其代谢物MPP和NAG残留的QuEChERS-液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC/MS/MS)方法,并通过田间试验研究了草铵膦在桃中的残留水平。[方法]样品经甲醇和水溶液振荡提取2h,取上清液离心后,过滤膜后进行分析,分析物经BEHC18色谱柱分离,以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相,梯度洗脱,UPLC/MS/MS测定。[结果]在0.005～0.5 mg/L范围内,草铵膦、MPP和NAG的进样质量浓度与其对应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r0.99,该方法检出限(LOD)为0.005 mg/kg,最低检出质量分数(LOQ)为0.05 mg/kg。在0.05、0.5、2.5 mg/kg的添加水平下,草铵膦在桃中的回收率为87.2%～110.0%,相对标准偏差为6.05%～7.61%;MPP在桃中的回收率为81.8%～120%;相对标准偏差为4.83%～18.04%;NAG在桃中的回收率为88.0%～109.6%;相对标准偏差为4.86%～10.42%。[结论]18%草铵膦可溶液剂按照有效成分900 g a.i./hm~2剂量于桃园杂草茎叶喷雾施药,施药3次,桃收获时采样测定,草铵膦在桃上残留量0.15 mg/kg,均小于食品法典委员会(CAC)规定的草铵膦在桃上的最大残留限量(MRL)0.15 mg/kg,因此,在桃园中使用草铵膦对杂草定向喷雾防除杂草,有效剂量为900 g a.i./hm~2,施药3次时,不会造成其在桃中残留超标的风险。     

草铵膦铵盐及其中间体的合成

[目的]研究不采用剧毒氰化物原料的非Strecker法合成草铵膦铵盐的工艺路线。[方法]以廉价易得的三氯化磷和亚磷酸三乙酯为原料制备氯代亚膦酸二乙酯,经格氏反应得到甲基亚膦酸二乙酯;甲基亚膦酸二乙酯与二溴乙烷在自制催化剂催化下反应得到甲基(2-溴乙基)膦酸乙酯;然后与乙酰氨基丙二酸二乙酯负离子在甲苯中反应,经盐酸酸化,氨水铵化得到草铵膦铵盐。[结果]以三氯化磷计,甲基亚膦酸二乙酯收率为57.6%;以甲基亚膦酸二乙酯计草铵膦铵盐收率为25.8%;制备的草铵膦铵盐各性能指标与文献相符。[结论]以三氯化磷、亚磷酸三乙酯为原料制备氯代亚膦酸二乙酯,经格氏反应得甲基亚膦酸二乙酯是一条原材料成本较低、收率较高、易于工业化的合成路线;甲基亚磷酸二乙酯与二溴乙烷反应制备甲基(2-溴乙基)膦酸乙酯的反应可通过优化催化剂的设计提高过程收率;草铵膦的收率略低于目前以氰化物为原料的Strecker法。     

草铵膦·草甘膦混合制剂的检测

[目的]分别采用高效液相-荧光检测器、紫外可见分光光度仪对混合制剂中的草铵膦、草甘膦2种组分进行检测。[方法]草铵膦检测:以邻苯二甲醛为衍生剂,甲醇-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(体积比35:65)为流动相,以C_(18)为色谱柱,激发波长295 nm,发射波长450 nm,试样衍生后进行高效液相-荧光检测器检测。草甘膦检测:试样亚硝化反应后采用紫外可见分光光度仪检测,检测波长为242 nm。[结果]草铵膦质量浓度在30~70 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9957,检测限为0.53 mg/L。草甘膦质量浓度在5~25 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9986,检测限为0.02 mg/L。[结论]该检测方法反应条件温和,灵敏度较高,重现性好,适用于草铵膦·草甘膦混合制剂中草铵膦、草甘膦的测定。     

柱前手性衍生化-RP-HPLC法拆分D,L-草铵膦

[目的]建立柱前手性衍生化-反相高效液相色谱法拆分D,L-草铵膦。[方法]以邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸(OPA/NAC)为手性衍生化试剂,反应生成具有荧光吸收的一对非对映异构体衍生物,采用戴安C18色谱柱,流速1.0 mL/min,50 mmol/L醋酸铵缓冲溶液(pH值5.7)-甲醇(体积比90∶10)流动相,柱温35℃,激发波长350 nm,发射波长450 nm。[结果]L-草铵膦与其光学异构体分离度大于4,最低检测质量浓度为0.1μg/L(S/N≥3),线性范围为1~100 mg/L(r2为0.9995),方法重复性好。[结论]采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸(OPA/NAC)经柱前手性衍生化-RP-HPLC法可用于L-草铵膦的光学纯度控制。     

手性冠醚固定相直接拆分草铵膦对映异构体

[目的]用冠醚手性柱CROWNPAK CR(+)直接拆分草铵膦对映异构体。[方法]考察高氯酸水溶液p H值和温度对分离度(Rs)、分离因子(α)、保留因子(k)的影响,用HPLC/MS方法确认草铵膦2个对映体的色谱峰。[结果]10~40℃,草铵膦2个异构体在p H值1.0的高氯酸水溶液中分离度Rs为2.02~6.82。外消旋体质量浓度在0.10~20 g/L范围,2个对映体峰面积和质量浓度的相关系数均为0.999 9。[结论]该方法为草铵膦光学纯度检测提供了方便、快捷的测定方法。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。