江西省灌区内农业灌溉配水到户方法研究

借鉴国内外有关水权及水量分配方面的研究成果,分析江西省灌区现状及存在的问题,重点分析目前江西省农业灌溉配水到户的难点,在此基础上研究适合江西省农业灌溉配水到户的技术路线及方法.为探索南方灌区的水资源合理分配方式提供依据和方法.     

新形势下交口灌区配水工作的主要方法

配水工作是灌区灌溉管理工作的重要组成部分.详细介绍了在引水模式从大流量短历时变为小流量长历时情况,交口灌区配水工作应采取的配水方法,对灌区配水工作具有.较强的指导作用.     

灌区灌溉用水管理

灌溉用水管理是整个灌溉管理工作的中心环节,用水管理的好坏,直接影响灌溉工程效益的发挥、农业增产和农民增收。一、编制用水计划用水计划是灌区(干渠)从水源地向各用水单位或各渠道配水的计划。它包括灌区取水计划和配水计划。(一)取水计划由灌区的管理机构编制,它是在预测计     

新疆灌区供水到户管理模式创新实践及效益

文章介绍了“供水到户”管理模式构成及运行关系;分析了供水到户与行为理论、用水管理制度、灌溉管理技术集成应用、水权理论的关联及创新和实践;综述了灌区推广供水到户成果所产生的经济社会效益,研究成果对我国农业灌区节水管理具有现实指导意义。     

内陆干旱灌区优化配水模型及管理模式

从新疆生产实际需要和灌区现状出发,针对灌区灌溉方式、种植面积改变后,渠系水量如何分配及先进的灌溉节水技术推广难等问题,围绕灌溉渠系优化配水模型及灌区现代化管理模式两方面内容开展研究,构建了多种作物同时灌溉,基于遗传算法的渠系优化配水模型,探讨了适应市场经济、利于推广的新型灌区管理模式,为今后节水方向和政府决策提供依据。     

黑龙江省大中型灌区量水现状及对策

灌区量水作为用水控制的主要手段,是合理调度灌溉水源、正确执行用水计划、加强用水管理的必要措施,也是衡量灌溉管理水平和灌溉水利用率高低的重要技术手段.黑龙江省水土资源丰富,大中型灌区325处,是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,但大部分灌区量水工作发展比较落后,影响了灌区可持续发展,需要通过大力发展量水来促进灌区农业发展.     

广饶县引黄灌区用水改革初探

分析了广饶县黄灌区农业灌溉用水供需矛盾日益突出,严重制约灌区农业快速发展的现状。提出了实行计划用水、进行产业结构调整、实行用水户协会自主管理等灌区农业节水灌溉改革的总体思路。以具有代表性的乡(镇)为试点,介绍了实行"总量控制,定额管理,以水定地,配水到户,公众参与,水量交易,水票流转"的用水改革具体做法,最后强调了改革过程中需注意的"核定用水户灌溉面积、分析确定灌溉用水定额、层层分配水量、成立用水户协会"等等问题。     

灌区优化配水研究进展

针对我国水资源缺乏、农业灌溉用水低效的现象,介绍了非充分灌溉优化配水技术、灌区水库调度的国内外研究状况,分析了存在的有关问题,提出了可能的解决途径。     

对桃曲坡灌区量配水设施建设与管理的几点思考

渠道量水设施是灌溉管理行业经营性渠道必配的一个设施,是价格管理的物质基础,是灌溉管理单位准确掌握引水、输水、配水的重要依据。本文通过对桃曲坡灌区渠系量配水设施现状和存在问题进行客观分析,探索渠系量配水设施建设与管理的措施,为提高灌区量水设施建设与管理和量配水工作质量提供了借鉴。     

某灌区灌溉制度设计

灌溉制度是灌区规划设计和灌溉管理的重要指标。合理可行的灌溉制度可以优化灌溉规模、水资源调度方案,提高水资源利用率;而且还对灌溉管理中制定最优配水、调水计划都有一定影响。文章结合某灌区水资源情况,作物基本参数和不同时期的需水量、还有降水量,来计算与设计灌区的灌溉制度。通过灌溉制度的设计应用显示该灌区的灌溉制度设计是合理可行的。     

提高我国农业生产能力的途径及需注意的几个关系

导致我国农业综合生产能力下降的原因很多,但耕地面积减少、耕地质量下降和灌溉排水基础设施效益衰减是主要因素.根据我国农业综合生产能力制约因素分析,稳定和提高农业生产能力的核心是提高水分生产率和土地生产率,基本途径是扩大灌溉面积和提高灌溉排水保证率.由于这项工作具有很强的公益性、基础性和外部性,必须注意处理好粮食生产与农民增收、近期与长远、骨干工程与田间工程等方面的关系.     

Comparative Assessment of New Design Criteria for Irrigation Improvement in Egypt

The Egyptian Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) has expressed concern about the current high cost of the Irrigation Improvement Project (IIP) implemented in the “old lands” of the lower reaches of the Nile River. Because the IIP is financed through fees paid by the direct beneficiaries of the project, i.e., irrigation water users, these same Egyptian agricultural producers are especially sensitive to the higher than expected costs that the project has incurred to date. The objective of the current study is to evaluate whether this cost reduction is associated with any deficiency in irrigation performance. This Monitoring and Evaluation (M&;E) study aims to answer questions such as: Does reducing pump capacity and increased pump operation affect the farmers negatively? And, does the use of electricity instead of diesel fuel affect the farmers positively? Six indicators were used to compare new design criteria in the W10 and the IIP1 irrigation system designs, water savings, irrigation cost, irrigation time, night irrigation, and land savings. The W10 project design achieved the minimum actual operating cost per unit of area and per unit of water compared to the IIP1 project design on both Meet Yazied and El-Mesk Canals. The total cost per unit of area in the W10 project design is lower than IIP1 by 19.33% and 24.92% on the Meet Yazied and El-Mesk Canals, respectively. The total cost per unit of water in the W10 design is also lower than IIP1 on the Meet Yazied and El-Mesk Canals. Average irrigation time for rice and cotton crops cultivated in the W10 area are higher than average irrigation time for these crops cultivated in the IIP1 area for all locations on the Mesqa (head, middle and tail), because of increased pump operation in the W10 area (16 to 20 h d^???1). The number of irrigation events at the head of the Sefsafa Canal in the W10 area is higher than on the Meet Yazied and El-Mesk Canals in the IIP1 areas because of the increased pump operation in the W10 area.     

长江流域发展节水灌溉的思考

长江流域灌溉面积占全国的28.4%,粮食产量占全国的35.5%,其中水稻占60%以上.农业用水量1 080亿m3,占流域内总供水量的83%,灌溉用水量占农业用水量的77%.为了合理开发利用保护长江水资源,应采用工程、农耕及管理措施,灌区改制,水价改革,按量收费,用水户参与管理的节水方法,使灌溉工程达到节水、省地、增收增效的目的,更进一步地发挥长江水资源综合利用的效益.     

Historical aspects of irrigation agriculture and river regulation in the Murraay-Darling Basin,Australia

River regulation in Australia is a feature of the last on hundred years. Irrigation farms were established along the River Murray in the 1880's and on the Murrumbidgee in the first quarter of the twentieth century. These demonstrated that such labour-intensive types of farming were unprofitable in Australia. The additional profits obtained by irrigation farmers were not sufficient to pay for the reservoirs and distributary works required and these had to be paid for by the State. Water was sold to farmers at a price which was only sufficient to maintain the projects. Political pressure led to a further increase in the consturction of reservoirs and the area irrigated in the Murray-Darling basin expanded from 0·6 million hectaers in 1945 to 1·6 million hectares in 1979. As irrigation practices improved, farm profits increased, but the price of water continued to be based on the cost of maintaining the projects. This led to increased profits being built into the price of irrigated land. Low water prices encouraged farmers to over-irrigate and aggravated the problem of rising water tables and salination. It is argued herein, that the efficiency of water usage in irrigation could be improved by transferring the existing water rights from the state of irrigators, and making them transferable from one irrigator to another or from irrigators to other users at prices negotiated in a free market. Such a system would ensure that water was put to its optimum use, reducing wastage and minimizing detrimental effects of over-use. The water price established in such a market could be used to calculate whether the marginal returns from irrigation and other uses were high enough to justify the construction of new projects.     

青海省大峡渠灌区典型地块农业灌溉耗水监测试验与模拟研究

为开展青海省大峡渠灌区典型地块农业灌溉耗水监测试验与模拟研究,加强区域水资源管理,提高水资源利用效率,在典型地块引退水量和地下水监测的基础上,分别采用引排差和VSMB模型模拟两种方法对该灌区典型地块耗水系数进行了计算。结果表明,两种方法计算得到的该灌区典型地块2013年耗水系数分别为0.572和0.632,两者较为接近,这说明在研究区范围内,VSMB模型模拟的方法可以对引排差法计算耗水系数进行较好的验证。     

挠力河流域灌区地下水资源承载力评价

近年来黑龙江省挠力河流域工农业有了长足发展,为了合理开发利用和保护地下水资源,基于挠力河流域灌区实际情况,采用主成分分析法和集对分析法,选取耕地灌溉率、地下水开采率、地下水利用率等8个指标,对挠力河流域灌区内现状年地下水资源承载力进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:锦西灌区、东泄总灌区、友谊西部灌区、锦南灌区、大兴灌区、八五三灌区地下水资源开采已经具有一定规模,继续开发的潜力比较小;三环泡灌区、五九七灌区、龙头桥灌区、尖山子灌区、七里沁灌区仍具有一定的开采潜力,可以适当增强地下水的开采力度。并据此进一步提出了提高挠力河流域水资源承载力的对策。研究采用了两种评价方法,以便评价结果能更加合理、可信;同时也证明了集对分析方法应用于地下水资源承载力评价的合理性。     

Suitability Evaluation of Cultivated Land Reserved Resources in Arid Areas Based on Regional Water Balance

With rapid socioeconomic and population growth, high-quality arable land resources are decreasing daily, especially in arid areas, which makes arable land reserve resources an important way to supplement arable land. How to accurately evaluate cultivated land reserve resources is of great significance to socioeconomic development and sustainable land use in arid areas. Therefore, this study selected Hangjin Banner as a typical area and calculated the regional maximum available irrigation water based on the principle of regional water balance. Then, the "irrigation area check algorithm" was used to evaluate the amount of cultivated land reserve resources, and policy recommendations were proposed for the development and utilization of cultivated land resources. The results showed that Hangjin Banner had no cultivated land reserve resources under the current irrigation method and had cultivated land reserve resources under the efficient water-saving irrigation method, but only in the southern zone during normal and partially abundant water years. Therefore, we believe that arid areas should adhere to the "set land by water" principle, the allocation of water resources should be optimized, and cultivated land resources with high quality should be utilized based on the actual regional conditions.

     

膜下滴灌在日光温室黄瓜 种植中的应用

本文介绍了膜下滴灌在山西省平遥县现代农业温室黄瓜种植中的应用,从节水、节能、增产、省工、省地、省肥等方面分析了应用效果。而且针对其操作方法不规范、与换茬后栽培模式不匹配,滴头堵塞、运行维护滞后的问题,从技术服务、栽培模式、预防滴头堵塞、运行管护及发展前景方面提出了相关对策建议。     

Operating rules of irrigation reservoir under climate change and its application for the Dongwushi Reservoir in China

Since agriculture development would be affected by climate change, the reservoir operation for agricultural irrigation should be adjusted. However, there are to date few literatures addressing how to design adaptive operating rules for an irrigation reservoir. This study aims to analyze the adaption of fixed operating rules and to derive adaptive operating rules under climate change. The deterministic optimization model is established with the solving method of two-dimensional dynamic programming (TDDP), and its optimal trajectory is supplied to derive reservoir operating rules at time intervals of crop growth periods. Then, two alternative operating rules, including fixed operating rules based on historical data and adaptive operating rules based on climate change data, are extracted using the fitting method with the multiple linear regression model. The alteration of reservoir inflow under climate change is calculated by the Budyko formula. A case study of the China’s Dongwushi Reservoir shows that: (1) fixed operating rules are unable to adapt climate change in the future scenario. Thus, adaptive operating rules should be established, (2) adaptive operating rules can reduce profits loss resulting from climate change, and improve field soil water storages, and (3) precipitation reduction by 7%/40a is the major cause for agricultural profits loss, whereas, the decrement of agricultural profits is less than that of precipitation, which indicates agricultural crops have the resilience to resist the adverse influence from precipitation decrease. These findings are helpful for adaptive operation of irrigation reservoirs under climate change.