等离子熔覆TiC/Ni超厚梯度熔覆层的组织与性能

利用等离子熔覆技术,选择适当的工艺参数,在Q235钢表面熔覆形成TiC/Ni超厚熔覆层.采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜、显微硬度计分析测试了涂层的相、组织、成分及性能.结果表明,熔覆层厚度可达2.7 mm,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷.从熔覆层底部到表层,TiC颗粒的含量和粒径均呈梯度变化;熔覆层中的组织由界面到表层依次为:平面晶、胞状晶、树枝晶;从基体到熔覆层Fe元素含量逐渐减少,而Ni,Cr,Si元素含量则逐渐增加,TiC 颗粒呈弥散分布.熔覆层硬度最大可达800 HV,平均硬度是基体的4～5倍.     

镍基熔覆层表面超声冲击处理组织及耐蚀性研究

目的 提升激光熔覆Ni基涂层表面组织及耐蚀性能。方法 采用激光熔覆技术制备成形好、无裂纹的Ni基涂层,随后进行超声冲击处理。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、电子探针（EPMA）及电化学设备等,研究熔覆层和冲击硬化层的组织及耐蚀性能,分析Ni基熔覆层的冲击强化机制。结果 激光熔覆Ni基涂层主要由γ-(Fe,Ni)固溶体和晶界碳化物组成,组织形貌由底及表为胞状树枝晶和细小的树枝晶。熔覆层内晶界的Cr元素含量高于晶内,且上部枝晶内的Cr元素含量高于底部和中部。超声冲击处理未改变熔覆层内的物相组成,但在表面形成厚度约5 μm的细晶层,冲击硬化层内晶界的碳化物被破碎成细小的碳化物并弥散分布于晶内,起到细晶强化和弥散强化的作用。超声冲击后,表面粗糙度由0.52 μm降至0.29 μm,硬度提升50%以上。电化学测试表明,冲击硬化层的平均自腐蚀电位上升37.21 mV,平均自腐蚀电流密度下降57.9%,腐蚀表面均匀平整,大量细小的碳化物弥散分布。结论 超声冲击处理细化了Ni基熔覆层的表层组织,且表面的耐蚀性能明显提高。     

激光工艺参数对TiC增强钴基合金激光熔覆层组织及性能的影响

采用6 kW CO_2激光制备了含10%的TiC-钴基合金熔覆层,通过OM、SEM、EDS、XRD及显微硬度计,研究激光工艺参数对熔覆层显微组织、成分、物相及硬度变化的影响规律。结果表明,熔覆层主要由γ-Co、TiC/(Ti, W)C_(1-x)、Cr-Ni-Fe-C和少量的Cr_7C_3相组成,从基体表面到熔覆层表层,组织由细树枝晶→等轴枝晶→细树枝晶,TiC弥散分布于二次枝晶臂根部、顶端或一次枝晶臂上。随激光功率降低或扫描速率增加,熔覆层枝晶含量增加,枝晶间距呈现增大趋势,TiC含量显著增加,尺寸变小,分布更均匀,而TiC形貌从边缘平滑的近圆形向不规则多边形转变,TiC溶解再析出会抑制一次枝晶或二次枝晶生长。实验范围内,随激光功率降低或扫描速率增加,熔覆层表层硬度增加,最高硬度为1246.6 HV_(0.2),相对基体提升接近5倍。     

原位自生TiCp／Ni60A复合涂层组织结构及长大特性

以Ni60A、钛粉和石墨粉为原料，采用高频感应熔覆技术，在16Mn钢表面原位合成了TiC颗粒增强镍基复合材料涂层。借助扫描电境、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计对复合涂层的组织结构、TiC颗粒的生长方式和性能进行了分析。结果表明：TiC是由钛粉和石墨粉原位反应生成的，原位形成的TiC颗粒细小，分布均匀，平均尺寸为0．5～1μm。熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合，涂层无裂纹、无气孔等缺陷。熔覆层组织由TiC颗粒、γ—Ni奥氏体枝晶和枝晶间M23C6共晶组织组成。熔覆层中TiC颗粒的形状有2种，一种是规则形状的八面体，另一种是由微小的八面体TiC堆积而成的花瓣状。TiC颗粒的长大是由微小的八面体TiC颗粒堆积而成，以对角连接方式长大速度最快。涂层的维氏硬度可达9800MPa～10000MPa。     

304不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni60/石墨/MoS_2复合涂层组织

针对国内核电站再热双阀组阀杆表面乙炔气堆焊Co Cr W制备耐磨焊层无法满足60年服役寿命要求的问题,在阀杆材料(304不锈钢)表面激光熔覆Ni60/石墨/Mo S2复合涂层。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和显微硬度检测等技术研究了熔覆层组织结构、相组成、显微硬度。结果表明,试样C2熔覆层从底部到顶部,熔覆层晶体依次为:平面晶、胞状晶、胞-树枝状晶、柱状树枝晶、等轴树枝晶,且平均硬度最高,为990 HV0.3。随着激光功率的升高,各类熔覆层硬度的波动幅度逐渐减小,硬质相的分布也随之越来越均匀。     

TC4钛合金激光熔覆TiC+M涂层组织和耐磨性能研究

用CO2激光在TC4合金表面熔覆TiC＋髓和TiC＋NiCrBSi金属陶瓷涂层,分析了熔覆层的微观组织,测试了熔覆层的干滑动磨损性能。结果表明,在TiC＋Ti激光熔覆层中,TiC颗粒全部溶解,熔覆层的组织是在β-Ti基体上分布着TiC树枝晶;在TiC＋NiCrBSi激光熔覆层中,TiC颗粒部分溶解,熔覆层的组织是在γ-Ni树枝晶和卜Ni＋M23（CB）6共晶的基体上分布着细小的TiC颗粒和TiC树枝晶。TiC＋骶激光熔覆层的显微硬度在500～700HV之间,质量磨损率约为TC4合金的1／3;TiC＋NiCrBSi激光熔覆层的显微硬度在900～1100HV之间,质量磨损率约为TC4合金的1／10。     

钛合金TC4激光熔覆NiCrBSi+Ni/MoS_2涂层组织和摩擦磨损性能

以Ni60+Ni/MoS2混合粉末为熔覆材料,采用Nd:YAG激光器在TC4合金表面进行了激光熔覆试验,利用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD等分析了激光熔覆层的微观组织,测试了激光熔覆层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,在激光熔覆过程中MoS2发生了分解,分解出的S与Cr反应形成了CrxSy不定比化合物,Ni60合金中的C与基材表层熔化的Ti反应形成了TiC。反应形成的CrxSy化合物呈近球状颗粒形态,TiC呈树枝晶形态,二者均匀地分布在熔覆层中。由于TiC的硬质强化作用和CrxSy的润滑作用,激光熔覆层不仅具有较高耐磨性能,而且具有低而平稳的摩擦系数。     

氩弧反应熔覆TiC／Ni复合涂层的组织与性能研究

利用氩弧熔覆技术，以Ni60自熔合金粉、钛粉和石墨粉为原料，在45#钢表面原位反应合成了以TiC颗粒为增强相的Ni基复合涂层。利用金相、SEM、XRD等技术分析了涂层的显微组织，利用显微硬度仪测试了熔覆层显微硬度，用自制磨损试验机对比了熔覆层与淬火回火65Mn钢的耐磨性。结果表明，熔覆层成形良好，无裂纹、气孔等缺陷，与基体呈冶金结合；熔覆层的组织为γ—Ni奥氏体枝晶、CrB、TiB2、Cr23C6、Fe23C6及反应合成的弥散分布的球状TiC陶瓷颗粒；熔覆层显微硬度呈梯度分布，且越靠近基体表面，硬度越低；熔覆层具有优良的耐磨性能。     

侧向送丝光纤激光单道熔覆层组织

采用正交试验法在不锈钢表面侧向送丝单道激光熔覆,确定激光功率、扫描速度、送丝速度对熔覆层横截面几何尺寸、宽高比及稀释率影响,找出最佳工艺参数组合并进行组织分析.结果表明,当激光功率为2 000 W,扫描速度为4 mm/s,送丝速度为20 mm/s时可得到稳定良好的熔覆层;熔覆层从结合区到表层晶粒形态依次是平面晶、胞状晶、柱状树枝晶、等轴树枝晶、转向树枝晶;熔覆层组织由γ奥氏体和残余δ铁素体组成,δ铁素体主要成蠕虫状、骨架状和侧板条状分布于奥氏体枝晶间或晶界处;熔覆层显微维氏硬度平均值(195 MPa)与基材(207 MPa)相当且分布相对均匀,热影响区维氏硬度略低(178 MPa).     

原位自生TiCp/Ni60A复合涂层组织结构及长大特性

以Ni60A、钛粉和石墨粉为原料,采用高频感应熔覆技术,在16Mn钢表面原位合成了TiC颗粒增强镍基复合材料涂层.借助扫描电境、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计对复合涂层的组织结构、TiC颗粒的生长方式和性能进行了分析.结果表明:TiC是由钛粉和石墨粉原位反应生成的,原位形成的TiC颗粒细小,分布均匀,平均尺寸为0.5～1 μm.熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,涂层无裂纹、无气孔等缺陷.熔覆层组织由TiC颗粒、γ-Ni奥氏体枝晶和枝晶间M23C6共晶组织组成.熔覆层中TiC颗粒的形状有2种,一种是规则形状的八面体,另一种是由微小的八面体TiC堆积而成的花瓣状.TiC颗粒的长大是由微小的八面体TiC颗粒堆积而成,以对角连接方式长大速度最快.涂层的维氏硬度可达9800MPa～10000 MPa.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.