回转窑内气体和物料温度分布的研究

为进一步探索回转窑的优化设计及经济运行情况,在已有的回转窑传热研究的基础上,将其内部的传质过程与对流、辐射、传导3种热交换方式相结合,建立了计算回转窑温度分布的综合数学模型,预测了窑内烟气、物料及窑内壁的温度分布,并对某厂回转窑进行数值计算.结果表明:在距窑头约14m处,气体温度达到最高值,约为1760℃,物料温度约为1465℃,随后气体和物料温度沿窑长逐渐下降,到达窑尾处时分别降至约1028℃和856℃.计算结果与实际运行结果吻合较好,说明该模拟方法具有一定适用性.     

基于窑体表面温度建立回转窑壁厚数学模型

基于红外扫描仪监测到的回转窑表面温度,结合对回转窑整体的传热分析,就回转窑窑体厚度问题进行较深入地研究,建立符合现场实际的回转窑壁厚数学模型。通过该数学模型,可以依据窑体表面指定位置的温度,计算出该位置的窑体厚度。     

高温熟料非稳态非热平衡渗流换热模型

回转窑卸入篦冷机的高温水泥熟料为红热半透明的多孔介质,其复杂的气固换热机理给篦冷机的工艺改进带来较大难度。针对这一问题,将高温红热颗粒等效为光学厚介质,推导了一种高温熟料颗粒间传导与辐射综合换热系数,基于渗流力学与传热学理论,建立了考虑高温熟料颗粒间热辐射效应的水泥熟料非稳态非热平衡渗流换热模型。通过对所建模型进行求解,得到了料层内熟料温度与气体温度的分布规律,比较了不同区域冷却速率的差异,获得了辐射传热因素对料层温度分布的影响。     

玻璃熔窑中窑坎位置变化对液流温度场和速度场的影响

本文通过建立具有实用意义的浮法玻璃熔窑内物料运动和传热过程的三维数学模型，对在熔化部中放置窑坎进行了研究。通过实例计算，系统地研究了窑坎位置变化对玻璃液流温度场和速度场的影响，认为窑坎放置在５号、６号小炉中间为实例计算时的最佳位置，可使卡脖处的回流耗热为最小。     

玻璃熔窑中窑坎位置变化对液流温度场和速度场的影响

本文通过建立具有实用意义的浮法玻璃熔窑内物料运动和传热过程的三维数学模型，对在熔化部中放置窑坎进行了研究，通过实例计算，系统地研究了窑坎位置变化对玻璃液流温度场和速度场的影响，认为窑坎放置在５号，６号小炉中间为实例计算时的最佳位置，可使卡脖处的回流耗热为最小。     

水泥回转窑热动力学初探

通过微元法计算了5000t/d新型干法水泥回转窑沿窑长径向上物料、气体、窑衬的温度分布,并假定回转窑内的化学反应过程均在某一区间内完成,计算出物料化学反应所需时间,并与传统计算方法作了对比,尝试回答了窑头用煤量过度的问题.由于回转窑内化学反应的复杂性,采用了表观动力学法作为解决问题的初步尝试.     

带扬料叶片回转筒内物料运动规律的研究进展

综述带扬料叶片(板)回转筒内物料的运动规律，概括回转筒内物料运动的影响因素，总结回转筒内物料的运动模型，提出将运动模型分为周向和轴向物料运动模型，并探讨各类研究方法的主要作用及其评价指标的意义。认为带扬料叶片(板)回转筒内物料的周向运动需通过叶片持有量、料帘密度等评价参数展开研究，轴向运动主要基于轨道颗粒模型(PTM)对物料运动进行预测。未来对回转筒内物料的运动研究可以从以下3个方面展开：物料颗粒在滚筒底面的滑动对整个运动过程的影响；阻力系数在轴向运动中对物料颗粒运动的影响；空气阻力对筒内轻质物料的运动影响。     

考虑辐射效应金属蜂窝夹芯板传热性能的数值模拟分析

针对金属蜂窝夹芯板的传热性能,选取其结构胞元作为研究对象,分析了其内部结构的不同传热方式和机制,建立了考虑辐射效应的有限元传热模型,并与Swann-Pittman半经验公式做了对比;研究了胞元的等效导热系数在不同的边界条件及不同的几何参数下的变化规律。分析结果表明:辐射换热是构成蜂窝结构的主要传热方式;减小胞壁厚度,增加胞元边长会使结构等效导热系数减小;而增加胞元高度却使结构等效导热系数增加;随着温度的升高,胞元结构的等效导热系数会增加。     

颗粒弹塑性碰撞理论模型

以Hertz弹性接触力学为基础,假设材料为弹塑性强化材料,并考虑接触压力作用下颗粒球体接触面上材料进入塑性阶段后的应力调整与释放,提出了一种新的颗粒弹塑性接触理论。以此为基础,在准静态假设的基础上,研究了颗粒间的弹塑性碰撞问题,推导了相应的计算公式,并与其它弹塑性接触模型进行了比较。结果表明:按照该文模型预测的荷载变位曲线介于Hertz弹性解和Thornton解之间;强化系数越高,荷载变位曲线越接近Hertz弹性解,强化系数越低,越接近Thornton解,Thornton模型为该文模型的一个特例。在颗粒弹塑性碰撞过程中,本文理论预测的冲击力远远小于Hertz弹性解的预测结果,更与实际情况相符。     

红外扫描测温系统在我厂的应用

准确地测量出水泥生产中水泥回转窑筒体表面各部位的温度，并进行有效控制。不仅可以提高水泥的质量，而且可以延长窑炉的寿命，减少停工的时间，从而达到降低生产成本，提高产量的目的。我厂于1998年在回转窑上使用MP40红外扫描测温系统监测窑筒体表面各部位温度，避免了窑体损坏带来的高额损失，取得了较好的经济效益。一、系统组成1郾系统硬件主要由红外扫描测温仪、环境箱、位置编码器、接口箱、接线箱、计算机、显示器等设备组成。如图1所示：图1系统组成1郾回转窑；2郾红外扫描测温仪；3郾环境箱；4郾位置编码器；5郾接口箱；6郾微型…     

Effect of gravity on pool boiling heat transfer on thermal spray coating

This study deals with heat transfer enhancement surface manufactured by thermal spraying. Two thermal spraying methods using copper as a coating material, wire flame spraying (WFS) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), were applied to the outside of copper cylinder with 20 mm OD. The surface structure by WFS was denser than that by VPS. The effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer coeffcient and wall superheat at the onset of boiling were experimentally evaluated under micro- and hyper-gravity condition during a parabolic trajectory flight of an airplane. Pool boiling experiments in saturated liquid of HCFC123 were carried out for heat fluxes between 1.0 and 160 kW/m² and saturated temperature of 30 °C. As a result, the surface by VPS produced higher heat transfer coefficient and lower superheat at the onset of boiling under microgravity. For the smooth surface, the effect of gravity on boiling heat transfer coefficient was a little. For the coating, a large difference in heat transfer coefficient to gravity was observed in the moderate heat flux range. The heat transfer coefficinet decreased as gravity changed from the normal to hypergravity, and was improved as gravity changed from the hyperto microgravity. The difference in heat transfer coefficient between the normal and microgravity was a little. Heat transfer enhancement factor was kept over the experimental range of heat flux. It can be said that boiling behavior on thermal spray coating might be influenced by flow convection velocity.     

Investigation of turbulent heat transfer and nanofluid flow in a double pipe heat exchanger

In present study, heat transfer and turbulent flow of water/alumina nanofluid in a parallel as well as counter flow double pipe heat exchanger have been investigated. The governing equations have been solved using an in-house FORTRAN code, based on finite volume method. Single-phase and standard k-ε models have been used for nanofluid and turbulent modeling, respectively. The internal fluid has been considered as hot fluid (nanofluid) and the external fluid, cold fluid (base fluid). The effects of nanoparticles volume fraction, flow direction and Reynolds number on base fluid, nanofluid and wall temperatures, thermal efficiency, Nusselt number and convection heat transfer coefficient have been studied. The results indicated that increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction or Reynolds number causes enhancement of Nusselt number and convection heat transfer coefficient. Maximum rate of average Nusselt number and thermal efficiency enhancement are 32.7% and 30%, respectively. Also, by nanoparticles volume fraction increment, the outlet temperature of fluid and wall temperature increase. Study the minimum temperature in the solid wall of heat exchangers, it can be observed that the minimum temperature in counter flow has significantly reduced, compared to parallel flow. However, by increasing Reynolds number, the slope of thermal efficiency enhancement of heat exchanger gradually tends to a constant amount. This behavior is more obvious in parallel flow heat exchangers. Therefore, using of counter flow heat exchangers is recommended in higher Reynolds numbers.     

Thermal conductance of metal interfaces at low temperatures

In the present work the dependence of the heat transfer coefficient between Cu and Sn, Cu and Pb, and Cu and W on the temperature and an external magnetic field has been measured. The preparation of the metal-metal junctions has been performed by melting so that a close contact at the interface was guaranteed. The heat transfer coefficient has been found by a steady-state measuring method. In the case of the Cu-Pb junction the heat transfer coefficient could be measured both in the superconducting and normal states. For all the metal—metal junctions in the normal state a linear temperature dependence of the heat transfer coefficients on the temperature has been found. In the superconducting state a strong reduction of the heat transfer coefficient has been observed. In addition, a theoretical calculation of the heat transfer coefficient on metal-metal interfaces is given. First we consider the scattering of electrons on a steplike potential barrier between two gases of free electrons. Then the thermal conductance due to scattering in an alloy layer is calculated. Such an alloy layer may arise from diffusion during the contact preparation. Comparison of these two cases with the experiments shows the thermal conductance at the interface is mainly determined by the electron scattering on lattice irregularities in the diffusion layer.     

Mathematical Model for the Rotary Kiln Process and Its Application

A mathematical model to predict the operation behaviours of the rotary kiln process and to describe theaxial distribution of process variables along the length of the reactor has been developed in present work.Themodel is established based on the principle of mass and heat balance in the system under a steady state withthe consideration of kinetic characteristics of the processes.Four examples of the simulation processes in a pi-lot kiln and 3 commercial kilns by using the present mathematical model are given in this paper.The goodagreement between the predicted results and the measured data has been obtained.     

Numerical Model for Heat Transfer in Dilute Turbulent Gas-Particle Flows

The heat transfer between a vertical pipe wall and turbulent gas-particle flow is numerically investigated according to the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach and the k-ε turbulence model. The particles are introduced homogeneously into the simulation volume by a unique technique referred to as an artificial feeding volume. The numerical code using additional computer programs is validated with available experimental results for the constant heat flux boundary condition. An average deviation of about 4% and a maximum deviation of about 7% were attained from the numerical predictions for various particle and pipe diameters. The effect of the geometrical parameters and the flow parameters on the gas/particle temperature, the convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the gas-particle mixture, and the thermal entry length were studied. An increase in particle diameter (loading ratio ≈ 0.5) extended the thermal entry length and decreased the bulk mixed temperature, particle temperature, and convection heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the pipe diameter led to a significant reduction in bulk mixed temperature and thermal entry length, in addition to a decrease in particle temperature and Nusselt number. Increasing the loading ratio up to 2.36 led to a reduction in wall temperature and bulk mixed temperature, in addition to an increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient and thermal entry length.     

Numerical Model for Heat Transfer in Dilute Turbulent Gas-Particle Flows

The heat transfer between a vertical pipe wall and turbulent gas-particle flow is numerically investigated according to the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach and the k-ε turbulence model. The particles are introduced homogeneously into the simulation volume by a unique technique referred to as an artificial feeding volume. The numerical code using additional computer programs is validated with available experimental results for the constant heat flux boundary condition. An average deviation of about 4% and a maximum deviation of about 7% were attained from the numerical predictions for various particle and pipe diameters. The effect of the geometrical parameters and the flow parameters on the gas/particle temperature, the convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the gas-particle mixture, and the thermal entry length were studied. An increase in particle diameter (loading ratio ≈ 0.5) extended the thermal entry length and decreased the bulk mixed temperature, particle temperature, and convection heat transfer coefficient. Increasing the pipe diameter led to a significant reduction in bulk mixed temperature and thermal entry length, in addition to a decrease in particle temperature and Nusselt number. Increasing the loading ratio up to 2.36 led to a reduction in wall temperature and bulk mixed temperature, in addition to an increase in the convective heat transfer coefficient and thermal entry length.     

车轮原地打滑时轮轨接触界面摩擦温升分析

简要介绍了轮轨滚滑接触摩擦温升的研究历史和现状。基于有限元法和非稳态传热方程,建立了车轮在钢轨上原地打滑时轮轨摩擦热分析模型,分析车轮打滑速度对钢轨接触斑附近温度场的影响。模型考虑了轮轨与环境间的热辐射和热对流边界条件、轮轨接触区的相互换热以及轮轨材料热物性参数随温度的变化。分析结果显示:车轮原地打滑时,钢轨表面温升率在打滑初期非常高,随后温升率逐渐趋于零;表面温升达到稳定状态后,钢轨表面温升与轮轨接触区相对滑动速度呈线性关系;当车轮打滑转动的角位移相同而其他条件不变时,钢轨表面热影响层厚度基本不随相对滑动速度的大小而变化。     

A research on the dryout characteristics of CO2'S flow boiling heat transfer process in mini-channels

The experimental and theoretical researches have been carried out to get the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO₂ or R744) as a refrigerant in horizontal mini-channel. Based on infrared thermal imaging tests and experimental studies on heat transfer coefficients, the heat transfer coefficients and dryout characteristics of CO₂ are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in following conditions: Heat flux: 2~35 kW m^-2, Mass flux: 50~1350 kg m^-2 s^-1, saturation temperature: −10~15 °C, mini-channel inner diameter: 1 mm and 2 mm. Primary conclusions can be drawn from the results of the experiments: The increase of heat flux enhances the nucleate boiling heat transfer of the refrigerant inside mini-channel, which leads to the remarkable increase of heat transfer coefficient. But it speeds up the process of dryout. It also has a certain influence on vapor qualities of dryout at both the starting and the ending stage. The effect of mass flux on heat transfer enhancement depends on the dominant heat transfer mode in the tube. With the increase of mass flow rate, the vapor quality at the start of dryout has a decreasing trend. But the heat transfer coefficient increases at the end of dryout process or even after dryout process; the heat transfer coefficient does not vary monotonically with the saturation temperature: when the saturation temperature is high and even close to CO₂'s critical temperature, the heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of saturation temperature; when the saturation temperature is low, the heat transfer coefficient increases with the decrease of saturation temperature. Besides, during the heat transfer process, the dryout vapor quality falls monotonically with the increase of saturation temperature. It is reasonable to conclude that dryout characteristics have significant influence on heat transfer coefficient. Fang correlation that predicts the heat transfer coefficient of CO₂ is in good agreement with the experimental data, which has a mean absolute deviation of 15.7%, and predicts 71.98% of the entire database within ±20% and 86.84% of the entire database within ±30%.     

泡沫石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料的调温隔热性能

采用多次真空灌注方法将石蜡吸附到多孔的泡沫石墨中,制备出了泡沫石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料。利用Hot Disk热常数分析仪和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)对该复合材料的热性能进行了测试,结果表明,石蜡充分吸附到泡沫石墨的蜂窝状微孔中,泡沫石墨的填充极大地强化了相变材料的导热能力。研究了将该复合材料用作墙体围护结构时的隔热和调温性能,并与普通轻质墙体材料作围护结构进行了对比,结果表明,复合相变储热材料能够有效地利用昼夜温差进行储热放热,有效地阻止了热量进入室内,可明显降低室内温度波动和最大值,提高人体舒适度,具有较好的调温隔热效果。