Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of more channels in radio communication systems. It has also been recognized that microwave and millimeterwave frequency radiometers on board satellites as promising tools for remote sensing. The frequency more than 10 GHz is affected by rain and cloud. Though the effects of rain on radiowave is more than cloud but the occurence of cloud is more than rain. Cloud has been found to occur for weeks together over this part of the world. It is therefore essential to study cloud morphology over different geographical region. In this paper, an attempt has been made to the cloud occurrences over an Indian tropical station, Delhi (28.35°N, 77.12°E) observed during different months and daytime and nighttime. It is seen that low clouds occurrence over Delhi is very significant and particularly during July, August and September. The specific attenuation of radiowave due to clouds at various frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been deduced. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to cloud at 10 GHz varies from 0.0608 dB/km to 0.1190 dB/km while at 100 GHz the specific attenuation varies from 6.8460 dB/km to 11.9810 dB/km     

电磁波传播的云雾衰减特性研究

研究了云雾对电磁波传输的衰减特性,在云雾衰减理论模型基础上,给出了云雾衰减工程计算模型,该模型所需参数少、计算简便,且误差符合工程计算要求,仿真分析了电波频率、温度、发射角度及成雾类型等参数对雾特征衰减率的影响。当无线电波的频率高于10GHz时,需要考虑云和雾对电波的衰减;当频率高于50GHz时,云、雾对电波的衰减才显得重要。云雾对电磁波传播的衰减随着电波频率、温度、发射角及水汽含量的增大而增大。     

Proposed Model for Radio Wave Attenuation due to Rain (RWAR)

Radio wave attenuation is primarily caused by the absorption of a radio signals by some atmospheric phenomenon like rain, snow or ice, clouds, dust etc. These losses are more prevalent in the frequency ranges above 10 GHz. Attenuation caused by rain is not only limited to satellite up-link and down-link but it can also affect the point-to-point terrestrial microwave links above 10 GHz. This paper briefly discussed about the work done by researchers at different parts of the world regarding the attenuation caused by the rain for higher frequencies. It then proposes a mathematical model for prediction of radio wave attenuation due to rain. The implementation results of proposed model were also compared with the ITU-R model.

     

基于光频梳的超短光脉冲的产生及其在光模数转换中的应用

提出并实验验证了一种基于光频梳的超短光脉冲的产生方法。使用强度调制器和相位调制器级联直接调制直流激光得到了29条顶部功率变化小于1.5dB的光频梳。利用单模光纤色散将光频梳整形成重复频率为10GHz,脉宽为2.68ps的光脉冲。并成功用于对1～4GHz信号采样,系统的信噪比可达33.83dB,等效于5.33bit的有效比特数。     

Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequencies for Satellite Applications over Equatorial Climate

A propagation experiment has been carried out at Penang using the SUPERBIRD-C satellite beacon. Cloud occurrences were observed during different months and it is seen that the low cloud occurrences over Penang is very significant from October to January. The cloud attenuation results that are presented, which include the testing of models, have been obtained from the data gathered over five years. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies 12 GHz, 20 GHz, 75 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been estimated whereby the values varies from 0.14 dB/km at 12 GHz to 10.1 dB/km at 100 GHz.     

Millimeter-wave attenuation and delay rates due to frog/cloudconditions

Propagation properties of suspended water and ice particles which make up atmospheric haze, fog, and clouds were examined for microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. Rates of attenuation α (dB/km) and delay τ (ps/km) are derived from a complex refractivity based on the Rayleigh absorption approximation of Mie's scattering theory. Key variables are particle mass content and permittivity, which depends on frequency and temperature both for liquid and ice states. Water droplet attenuation can be estimated within a restricted (10±10°C) temperature range using a simple two-coefficient approximation. Experimental data on signal loss and phase delay caused by fog at four frequencies (50, 82, 141, and 246 GHz) over a 0.81-km line-of-sight path were found to be consistent with the model     

毫米波云雾衰减计算模型及特性分析

本文给出了毫米波在大气中传输受云、雾粒子吸收所导致衰减的可实用计算模型。由于实际环境中 ,云、雾类型的多样性 ,以及粒子密度的不均匀性 ,使得精确计算云雾衰减量值有一定困难 ,通常对于云雾衰减采用实时观测的方法 ,不利于对其进行定量分析。本文采取瑞利散射近似算法 ,结合我国某一地区的长年气象统计数据 ,模拟计算了该地区的云雾衰减 ,最后对计算结果进行了简要分析     

利用140 GHz雷达实现目标缩比模型的RCS测量与成像

构建了140 GHz频段的单基雷达用于缩比模型的高分辨力成像和雷达散射截面积(RCS)测量。雷达的相干收发机用全固态的方式实现,其发射信道采用一个Ka波段频率源驱动的倍频链作为本振,在5 GHz的带宽内实现了0.5 mW的输出功率,接收机采用基于肖特基二极管的次谐波混频器实现相干接收。该雷达RCS测试系统显示出高信噪比的特点,获得了大于100 dB的动态范围和3 cm的成像分辨力。除了可实现对目标的逆合成孔径成像,该系统还可完成对旋转目标全方位角的RCS测量。利用该系统对某航空母舰1/720th模型进行了成像实验和RCS测量,模拟了全尺寸目标在P波段的结果。所获得的数据根据缩比定律可为P-波段雷达设计提供参考。     

Highly integrated 60 GHz transmitter and receiver MMICs in a GaAs pHEMT technology

Highly integrated transmitter and receiver MMICs have been designed in a commercial 0.15 /spl mu/m, 88 GHz f/sub T//183 GHz f/sub MAX/ GaAs pHEMT MMIC process and characterized on both chip and system level. These chips show the highest level of integration yet presented in the 60 GHz band and are true multipurpose front-end designs. The system operates with an LO signal in the range 7-8 GHz. This LO signal is multiplied in an integrated multiply-by-eight (X8) LO chain, resulting in an IF center frequency of 2.5 GHz. Although the chips are inherently multipurpose designs, they are especially suitable for high-speed wireless data transmission due to their very broadband IF characteristics. The single-chip transmitter MMIC consists of a balanced resistive mixer with an integrated ultra-wideband IF balun, a three-stage power amplifier, and the X8 LO chain. The X8 is a multifunction design by itself consisting of a quadrupler, a feedback amplifier, a doubler, and a buffer amplifier. The transmitter chip delivers 3.7/spl plusmn/1.5 dBm over the RF frequency range of 54-61 GHz with a peak output power of 5.2 dBm at 57 GHz. The single-chip receiver MMIC contains a three-stage low-noise amplifier, an image reject mixer with an integrated ultra-wideband IF hybrid and the same X8 as used in the transmitter chip. The receiver chip has 7.1/spl plusmn/1.5 dB gain between 55 and 63 GHz, more than 20 dB of image rejection ratio between 59.5 and 64.5 GHz, 10.5 dB of noise figure, and -11 dBm of input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3).     

低功耗Zigbee收发器镜像抑制滤波器设计

分析镜像抑制和带外衰减的要求,设计了适用于2.4 GHz Zigbee无线收发前端的镜像抑制滤波器.电路采用7阶巴特沃思OTA-C双二次结构.通过线性变换实现复数滤波.采用交叉耦合输入跨导器,扩大了输入线性范围.为减小滤波器频率偏差,设计了一种锁相环频率修调电路.电路利用0.18 μm CMOS工艺实现.测试结果表明,复数滤波器带宽2.54MHz,镜像抑制大于35 dB,偏移3.5 MHz抑制超过50 dB.在1.8 V电源电压下电流为0.86 mA.     

A 1.9-GHz Direct Conversion Transmitter IC with Low Power On-Chip Frequency Doubler

A direct conversion transmitter IC including a proposed frequency doubler, a quadrature modulator, and a 3-bit variable attenuator was fabricated using BiCMOS technology with f of 12 GHz. This architecture employing frequency doubler is intended for realizing wireless terminals that are low in cost and small in size. The architecture is effective for reducing serious interference between PA and VCO by making the VCO frequency different from that of PA. The proposed frequency doubler comprises a current-driven 90° phase-shifter and an ECL-EXOR circuit for both low power operation and wide input power range of local oscillator (LO). The proposed frequency doubler keeps high output power even when rectangular wave from LO is applied owing to use of the current-driven 90° phase-shifter instead of a voltage-driven 90° phase-shifter. An LO leakage of less than –25 dBc, an image rejection ratio in excess of 45 dBc, and a maximum attenuation of 21 dB were measured. The transmitter IC successfully operates at LO power above –15 dBm and consumes 68 mA from 2.7 V power supply voltage. An active die size is 1.5 mm×3 mm.     

海雾对8mm的衰减和闪烁研究

在中国青岛地区进行了海雾对８ｍｍ信号视距传播时所产生的衰减和闪烁测量实验。１ｍｉｎ平均衰减统计表明浓海雾所引起的衰减可接的１ｄＢ／ｋｍ;并对信号的功率谱密度进行了统计分析,分析了海雾湍流团的快变化和慢变化特性;海雾湍流结构符合Ｈｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ理论;对信号起伏方差的统计结果推算海雾湍流结构常数在１０＾－１１量级。     

基于GaN HEMT的13～17 GHz收发多功能芯片

基于GaN高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)工艺设计制作了一款收发(T/R)多功能芯片(MFC),主要用于射频前端收发系统.该芯片集成了单刀双掷(SPDT)开关用于选择接收通道或发射通道工作,芯片具有低噪声性能、高饱和输出功率和高功率附加效率等特点.芯片接收通道的LNA采用四级放大、单电源供电、电流复用结构,发射通道的功率放大器采用三级放大、末级四胞功率合成结构,选通SPDT开关采用两个并联器件完成.采用微波在片测试系统完成该芯片测试,测试结果表明,在13～ 17 GHz频段内,发射通道功率增益大于17.5 dB,输出功率大于12W,功率附加效率大于27％.接收通道小信号增益大于24 dB,噪声系数小于2.7 dB,1 dB压缩点输出功率大于9 dBm,输入/输出电压驻波比小于1.8∶1,芯片尺寸为3.70 mm×3.55 mm.     

Design and Experimental Results for a Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Radio Using Differential Phase-Shift Keying Modulation for Indoor, Wireless Communications

We report on our design and measurements that have been made for a direct-sequence spread-spectrum radio using differential phase-shift keying modulation for a wireless PBX. We describe the design and implementation of a transmitter and a receiver using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter matching the spread-spectrum code of a user. The receiver performance is within 1 dB of the theoretical performance of a differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) receiver in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. We also show receiver performance in a multipath fading indoor environment with multipath fade notches of up to 50 dB depth. The indoor channel multipath fading can be overcome by using an equal gain diversity combiner which is suitable when DPSK modulation is used. We confirm that the indoor mean power level attenuation follows the inverse fourth power of the distance. Also, we investigate the multiple-access capability of the system by introducing an interfering transmitter with a different spread-spectrum code sequence.     

微波副载波复用多路光纤传输系统光发射机的研究

研制成功了直接调制带宽达2GHz的光发射机．在600MHz～2．8GHz范围内光发射机的输入反射小于－12dB。在使用频段内互调失真与载波比约为－20dB。在微波副载波多路卫星调频电视（0．97－1，47GHz）光纤传输系统中，该光发射机工作稳定，光发射机输出的光信号经40km单模光纤后获得了令人满意的图象质量（载噪比17dB）。     

Indoor broadband optical wireless communications: optical subsystems designs and their impact on channel characteristics

With proper system design, infrared multispot diffusing (MSD) configuration communications links promise several orders of magnitude higher bit rates than radio links. Essential to the communications system are the optical subsystems: transmitter and receiver optics. Preliminary experiments on fabrication of beamshaping optical elements for the transmitter and receiver optical front-end have been conducted. The impact of optical subsystems on channel characteristics is investigated, and the results undoubtedly prove the great potential of MSDC. Use of holographic optical elements at both transmitter and receiver increases the signal-to-noise ratio by at least 11 dB and at the same time significantly improves the power budget of the system by reducing path loss by more than 6 dB.     

Three-dimensional microwave tomography: experimental prototype ofthe system and vector Born reconstruction method

A method of image reconstruction in three-dimensional (3-D) microwave tomography in a weak dielectric contrast case has been developed. By utilizing only one component of the vector electromagnetic field this method allows successful reconstruction of images of 3-D mathematical phantoms. A prototype of the 3-D microwave tomographic system capable of imaging 3-D objects has been constructed. The system operates at a frequency of 2.36 GHz and utilizes a code-division technique. With dimensions of the cylindrical working chamber z = 40 cm and d = 60 cm, the system allows measurement of an attenuation up to 120 dB having signal-to-noise ratio about 30 dB. The direct problem solutions for different mathematical approaches were compared with an experimentally measured field distribution inside the working chamber. The tomographic system and the reconstruction method were tested in simple experimental imaging.     

A 7-GHz-band subminiature FPU transmitter

A compact, low-cost, light-weight field pick-up (FPU) transmitter developed for emergency news gathering is described. It consists of a 7 GHz band FET direct frequency modulator and a flat-panel antenna. The modulator uses a FET, a dielectric resonator, and two varactors. The use of two varactors magnetically coupled with the dielectric resonator results in good modulation linearity and, therefore, a linearizer before the modulator is not required. The modulator has an output power of 22 dBm, differential gain of less than 3%, and differential phase of less than 2°. The antenna is constructed of four rectangular microstrip patches on a Teflon-glass substrate and has outer dimensions of 90 mm×90 mm and a gain of 13 dBi. The dimensions of the transmitter are 60 mm×45 mm×90 mm and the weight is 300 g. Using the transmitter with a 4 dB noise-figure receiver and a 60 cm diameter parabolic receiving antenna, the unweighted signal-to-noise ratio obtained for an NTSC TV signal is 42 dB after a 10 km transmission     

Predictions of radiowave attenuations due to a melting layer ofprecipitation

A melting layer model related to the physical constants and meteorological parameters is employed in this investigation. The specific phase shift, together with the specific attenuation, is computed at 1-100 GHz by using the Mie theory. The additional zenith attenuation, which is the difference between zenith attenuation due to the melting layer and attenuation due to the same thickness of the resulting rain, is comprehensively studied. The ratio of the difference to rain zenith attenuation may be over 1 at 1-5 GHz although the difference is much less than 1 dB. The difference can be over 1 dB at frequencies above 20 GHz. A minimum of the ratio is below 0.05 at frequencies about 40-60 GHz but the ratio can become a value of about 0.1 at 100 GHz. The additional attenuation should be taken into account in satellite-Earth communications and radar remote sensing. The power law parameters of the average specific attenuation of the melting layer and rain specific attenuation are tabulated for three raindrop size distributions at rain rates of below 25 mm/h. The power law method could be utilized in the additional attenuation calculation. It is a good approximation of the Mie theory results at 1-50 GHz and a useful estimate at 50-100 GHz     

简洁构型与馈电的宽带双极化金属锥阵列天线北大核心CSCD

本文提出了一种宽带双极化金属锥阵列天线。该阵列天线以传统的旋转体天线结构为主体,通过在锥体底部开设四道正交的直通槽,以便在锥状单元内部形成可与地板间构成匹配谐振腔的开放式空腔结构。在阵列中,任意两个相邻的锥状单元之间可形成类似于Vivaldi天线的辐射缝隙结构。馈电采用同轴馈电方式,探针无弯折结构,金属锥体无弯折过孔。每个金属锥状单元独立,可极大简化加工、装配和维护过程。该天线具有两个正交极化,分别由左右和前后相邻单元构成。仿真结果表明,在频率范围为2～8GHz内,阵列大部分有源VSWR小于2,小部分端口有源VSWR小于2.5 (相对带宽为120%)。