Conical Double-Dielectric Fresnel Zone Lens and Antenna

A conical double-dielectric phase-reversal Fresnel-zone plate (FZP) lens is introduced. We present the lens design equations as functions of cone opening angle. As an example, the phase-reversal lens has been applied to four millimeter-wave antennas with different lens opening semi-angles: 45deg, 60deg, and 75deg (conical lenses) and 90deg (plane lens). The radiation characteristics of these antennas have been calculated and contrasted one-to-another, and to those with the same semi-angles and linear dimensions binary (half-open) FZP lens antennas. The double-dielectric FZP conical arrangement can serve as a conical antenna lens and a radome simultaneously     

Compound Fresnel Zone Lens Conformal to Truncated Cone: Antenna Application

A millimeter wave antenna consisting of two Fresnel zone plate lenses, plane and conical, is examined numerically by use of the vector diffraction theory. The lenses are of Wood-Wiltse (double-dielectric) or Soret (half-open) type, and are designed for the frequency of 117 GHz. The lenses are made conformal to a truncated circular cone with a base diameter of 500 mm and a plateau diameter of 250 mm. Designs for two opening semi-angles, 45° and 75° each of them with a particular lens thickness are presented. For the angle of 90° the cone lens becomes a plane ring lens, which in combination with the plateau zone lens forms a plane lens of size equal to the cone base diameter. Illuminated by directive feeds set at a focal distance of 525 mm from the cone apex, the double-dielectric and half-open compound and plane lenses, form three pairs of Fresnel zone lens antennas, the co-polar and cross-polar radiation characteristics of which have been compared numerically. The double-dielectric lens antennas examined are about 5 dB superior in gain to the half-open lens antennas, which has a gain of approximately 45 dBi. Because all lenses are of equal transverse aperture, the corresponding lens antennas exhibit the same ?3 dB beamwidth of about 0.33 degrees. The plane zone lens antenna is very thin and simple. Instead, the antenna comprising a 3-D compound Fresnel zone lens is thicker but can be made conformal to a specific surface shape and possesses more levels of design and optimization freedom.     

Indoor signal focusing by means of Fresnel zone plate lens attached to building wall

A simple inexpensive on-wall Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens for indoor focusing of microwave signals is studied. It consists of concentric metal rings mounted on the outside of an exterior building wall. In our theoretical and empirical work the on-wall FZP lens is illuminated normally by a plane or spherical wave, of vertical or horizontal polarization, but other, more general incidence situations can be treated by similar means. The scalar quasi-optical focusing theory of the free-space zone plate has been modified and used for design and analysis of one-, two-, and three-ring on-wall FZP lenses. It is found that the presence of the wall does not change the FZP lens focusing efficiency significantly, but it has a strong axial defocusing effect. A 2-GHz FZP lens assembly consisting of three metal rings made out of thin antimosquito mesh has a focusing efficiency of about 15 dB (measured) and 14 dB (calculated), and axial defocusing of about 0.22 m. Some variations of on-wall/on-roof FZP lenses and their feasible applications in the microwave/millimeter-wave communication links are also discussed.     

Curvilinear Fresnel-Zone Plate Lens Antenna: Vector Radiation Theory

A generalized vector diffraction theory of the half-open curvilinear Fresnel zone plate (FZP) tens antenna that is valid for any lens profile shape is presented. It is an extension to the vector Kirchhoff diffraction theory for the plane half-open FZP lens antenna and is based on the conical-segment lens profile approximation. An equation for the electric far-field vector is derived from which follow the expressions for the co- and cross-polarization radiation patterns and directive gain. The proposed theory is utilized for a numerical analysis and comparison of 140-GHz curvilinear half-open FZP lens antennas grouped in two distinct sets:

1. (a)
   Set I: antennas with different in shape FZP lenses (plane, conical, parabolic and spherical) having the same number of zones. All eurvilinear FZP antenna lenses are designed for similar gain, co- and cross-polarization performance and bandwidth, regardless of the lens-profile.
    
2. (b)
   Set II: antennas with different in shape FZP lenses and different number of zones. Since this affects gain, polarization and bandwidth performance, to make the characteristics of these FZP lens antennas practically equal to those of Set I, antenna feeds with different gain patterns have been used.
    

     

基于FZP的双焦点聚焦天线的研究

该文基于异于传统的菲涅尔相位修正结构平板(Fresnel Zone Plate),设计并分析了一种具有双焦点结构,可用于毫米波成像等领域的聚焦天线.相比常用的椭球反射蕊天线,新型的FZP天线制作成本低,聚焦性能优越.     

Focusing characteristics of curvilinear half-open Fresnel zone plate lenses: plane wave illumination

A diffraction field-focusing equation based on a specific conical-segment linearization procedure is derived for the Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens of arbitrary curved profile and is applied for contrasting plane, spherical, parabolic and conical zone plate lenses, convex-side illuminated by a paraxial plane wave front. Two sets of 100-GHz curvilinear and plane FZP lenses are studied numerically with regards to their dimensions, axial focusing intensity and footprint, and frequency bandwidth. For the first set , where the curvilinear and plane lenses share a common lens base aperture and have equal focal lengths, the following new finding has resulted: regardless of their different in shape profiles the FZP lenses have equal zone numbers and produce similar axial focusing. The second set also consists of plane, spherical, parabolic and conical lenses. They share a common apex, and have equal in diameter base apertures and focal lengths but different thicknesses. For such disposition and proportions, the FZP lenses possess different zone numbers and focusing parameters (gain, efficiency, footprint and bandwidth). The belief that the curvilinear FZP have superior (or inferior) electromagnetic characteristics, compared to those of the plane FZP lens with equal number of zones is not in general true. Their relative focusing qualities can vary significantly depending on the lens positioning and dimensions.     

Design and analysis of a folded Fresnel Zone Plate antenna

Based on the Kirchhoff-Huygens diffraction theory, a simple analytical method of a planar folded Fresnel zone-plate (FZP), that is the case when a planar reflector is placed behind the zone plates, has been developed. According to the numerical calculation results, the design procedure of the FZP antenna has been presented, and its focusing characteristics and gain-optimized conditions have been discussed. The variations of the focal field distribution with the antenna parameters such as zone numbers, focal length and antenna diameter and the radiation power patterns of the FZP have been simulated numerically. To take a good balance of both receiving and transmitting antennas, at 60GHz operating frequency, the focal length should be designed as a half of the antenna diameter and the zone number should be from 10 to 15. The results in this work show that the folded FZP has good focal characteristics and off-axis performance, and its antenna gain can be optimized by the suitable antenna parameter design. The possibility of applying the folded FZP as a low cost and high gain antenna without strict manufacturing requirement for millimeter-wave communications has been shown.     

用菲涅尔区板天线实现来波方向的鲁棒性估计

针对蜂窝移动通信局域散射电波传播的空间分布源模型,研究了应用菲涅尔区相位修正平面聚焦结构和馈源阵列的组合形成的一种新型多波束自适应天线．基于广义MUSIC算法及极大似然估计算法．分别实现相干及非相干的空间分布式源信号来波方向及其角度扩展参数的鲁棒性估计问题．数值仿真计算结果表明．在这一无线传播环境中,基于菲涅尔区相位修正平面聚焦结构在减小相关参数估计的RMS误差等方面,其性能优于传统的均匀直线阵列模型．因此基于该新型自适应天线．可以实现来波方向的鲁棒性估计。     

Reconfigurable Fresnel-Zone-Plate-Shutter Antenna with Beam-Steering Capability

A reconfigurable Fresnel-zone-plate (FZP) antenna, capable of dynamic beam scanning, is introduced. The FZP consists of a series of thin metal shutters, which discretize the antenna aperture into a number of reconfigurable transparent and opaque zones. The shutters are individually controlled to focus the beam at a desired location. Beam scanning of at least +40deg from broadside with a small degradation in gain is possible in one plane using this design. This paper examines the effects of zone discretization on the ideal radiation patterns using full-wave numerical modeling. These effects are then verified by the measurements of a prototype antenna designed at 23 GHz.     

双层费涅尔区板透镜的焦区场

采用改进的全波分析方法，分析了双层费涅尔区板透镜在平面波入射下的焦区场的分布，计算结果与文献的实验结果相符，进一步检出了平面波正投射与斜投射于单层ＦＺＰ透镜，双层ＦＺＰ透镜，双层ＦＺＰ透镜含不同介质层时，焦区场分布的计算结果，由此得出的结论为该类天线的设计提供一理论依据。     

A millimeter-band planar lens based on an inhomogeneous medium with forced refraction

A millimeter-band planar lens designed on the basis of an inhomogeneous medium with forced refraction, which is formed by a periodic grating of metal strips placed on the surfaces of a dielectric plate, is considered. The possibility of application of this lens as the basis for the design of a multibeam receiving antenna for a radio imaging system is analyzed. The structure of an antenna consisting of a planar lens and a multichannel feed is proposed. The results of the design of a planar lens based on an inhomogeneous medium with forced refraction are presented. A multichannel feed in the form of an array of E-plane horns is analyzed and the results of simulation of this feed with the help of an approximate technique and numerical solution of an electromagnetic problem are given. The design of the multibeam antenna and its experimental characteristics are presented. The possibility of computer correction of radiation patterns of the multibeam antenna is considered.     

一种用于卫星电视接收的FZP天线

本文用物理光学法对ＦＺＰ反射器的聚焦场、聚焦效率及偏轴扫描特性等进行初步分析，并由此提出一种使用ＦＺＰ天线实现多颗卫星信号同时接收的技术方案。原理性样机实际接收结果证实了其可行性     

V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线设计

设计并实现了一种V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线.在平行平板波导间,根据龙伯透镜原理与介电常数等效原理,推导出了圆柱龙伯透镜天线的理论设计公式,并结合商业仿真软件高频结构仿真器(HFSS)仿真分析和优化,完成天线设计.仿真结果表明,该V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线增益为21.4 dBi,波束宽度为1.56o,副瓣电平为-14.7 dB.根据设计结果,加工和测试验证V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线的可实现性,实测结果表明,该天线增益为20.1 dBi,波束宽度为1.60o,副瓣电平为-11.1 dB,天线效率为45.7％,说明该天线具有一定的工程应用价值.     

Design procedure for a Fresnel-zone plate antenna

A design procedure for two types of Fresnel-zone plate antennas is presented: viz. antennas with absorbing/transparent zones and phase-correcting zones. Design objectives are the optimization of the gain of the lens of the antenna and the side-lobe envelope of its radiation pattern. The design rules are derived from numerical simulations.     

基于菲涅尔区修正结构的多波束自适应天线

菲涅尔区相位修正结构具有类似于二次曲面的聚焦特性和更好的偏轴扫描特性,将该结构与馈源阵列相组合,并通过用改进的ＬＭＳ算法对馈源阵列输出的自适应信号处理,实现了对来波方向的估计和数字波束形成,从而构成了一类新型的多波束自适应天线。计算机模拟的有关结果证实了其可行性。     

费涅尔透镜的焦区场──谱域法与物理光学法的比较

本文分别采用传统的物理光学法（PO）和全被分析的谱域技术（SDT），分析了费涅尔区板（FZP）透镜的焦区场分布。SDT法的计算结果与文献的实验结果一致。通过对PO与SDT两种方法的数值结果比较可知：对单层FZP透镜，PO分析结果的有效性依赖于透镜的焦距与透镜的费涅尔区下限之比，而SDT则具有广泛的适应性。     

Design and analysis of multiple-beam reflector antennas

Simplified design and analysis equations are presented for multiple-beam reflector antennas based on the Gaussian-beam analysis of the primary and secondary patterns. The derived equations are useful for the quick design and performance analysis in terms of the coverage-area directivity and the inter-beam isolation of multiple-beam antenna systems. Results of the analysis given in this paper agree well with rigorous computations based on physical-optics analysis of the reflector-antenna radiation patterns. Extension of the analysis to multiple-beam lens antennas, and to shaped/contoured-beam antennas, is also presented     

Nonuniform Luneburg and two-shell lens antennas: radiationcharacteristics and design optimization

Design optimization of radially nonuniform spherical lens antennas is the focus of this paper. In particular, special attention is given to the optimal design of nonuniform Luneburg (1964) lens antennas. One of the important engineering objectives of designing an optimal Luneburg lens antenna is to use as small number of shells as possible while maintaining an acceptable gain and sidelobe performance. In a typical radially uniform design, by reducing the number of shells, the gain is decreased and the grating lobes are increased. This deficiency in the radiation performance of the uniform lens antenna can be overcome by designing the nonuniform lens antenna. This necessitates the optimum selection of each layer thickness and permittivity. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer with adaptive cost function is implemented to obtain the optimal design. In this manner, the GA optimizer simultaneously determines the optimal material and its thickness for each shell by controlling the gain and sidelobes envelope of the radiation pattern. Various lens geometries, including air gaps and feed offset from the lens surface, are analyzed by using the dyadic Green's functions of the multilayered dielectric sphere. Many useful engineering design guidelines have been suggested for the optimum construction of the lens. The results have been satisfactory and demonstrate the utility of the GA/adaptive cost-function algorithm. Additionally, the radiation characteristics of a novel two-shell lens antenna have been studied, and its performance is compared to the Luneburg lens     

Impedance, bandwidth, and Q of antennas

To address the need for fundamental universally valid definitions of exact bandwidth and quality factor (Q) of tuned antennas, as well as the need for efficient accurate approximate formulas for computing this bandwidth and Q, exact and approximate expressions are found for the bandwidth and Q of a general single-feed (one-port) lossy or lossless linear antenna tuned to resonance or antiresonance. The approximate expression derived for the exact bandwidth of a tuned antenna differs from previous approximate expressions in that it is inversely proportional to the magnitude |Z'/sub 0/(/spl omega//sub 0/)| of the frequency derivative of the input impedance and, for not too large a bandwidth, it is nearly equal to the exact bandwidth of the tuned antenna at every frequency /spl omega//sub 0/, that is, throughout antiresonant as well as resonant frequency bands. It is also shown that an appropriately defined exact Q of a tuned lossy or lossless antenna is approximately proportional to |Z'/sub 0/(/spl omega//sub 0/)| and thus this Q is approximately inversely proportional to the bandwidth (for not too large a bandwidth) of a simply tuned antenna at all frequencies. The exact Q of a tuned antenna is defined in terms of average internal energies that emerge naturally from Maxwell's equations applied to the tuned antenna. These internal energies, which are similar but not identical to previously defined quality-factor energies, and the associated Q are proven to increase without bound as the size of an antenna is decreased. Numerical solutions to thin straight-wire and wire-loop lossy and lossless antennas, as well as to a Yagi antenna and a straight-wire antenna embedded in a lossy dispersive dielectric, confirm the accuracy of the approximate expressions and the inverse relationship between the defined bandwidth and the defined Q over frequency ranges that cover several resonant and antiresonant frequency bands.     

An experimental completely overlapped subarray antenna

A completely overlapped subarray antenna was designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate its broad-band, low sidelobe, wide scan angle performance. It uses time delay steering at the inputs to a transform feed, which illuminates a phase-shifter steered objective lens. The transform feed is a Rotman lens and the objective is a cylindrical bootlace lens, both of which are parallel plate waveguide cavities with coaxial probe elements. The signal bandwidth goal of 20 percent (8.1-9.9 GHz) at55degscan was met easily, however, achieving the peak sidelobe goal of - 30 dB proved more difficult because of internal reflections in the Rotman lens beamformer. A brief summary is presented of the completely overlapped subarray antenna (COSA) concept to explain the detailed design of our experimental model. Antenna pattern and S-parameter measurements illustrate the operating principles, the difficulties encountered, and the results achieved.