Two-Frequency Mutual Coherence Function of Millimeter Wave in Rain

In this paper, the general formulations of two-frequency mutual coherence function, Γ, for a pulse wave propagating in random discrete media are summarized. The relations of the amplitudes and phases of the Γ to ω_d are given by Ishimaru et al, based on average particle in cloud and rain. In practice, since the particles sizes in random discrete media are in a size distribution spectrum, the Γ ought to be derived from a particles size distribution. Based on an approximately solution, we describe these examples of millimeter waves (94, 220GHz) pulse propagating in rain and show that the Γ 's amplitudes and phases obvious varies as rainfall and frequency. For a kind of rain, considering raindrops size distribution and average raindrop size, respectively, the Γ 's amplitudes and phases are calculated. The numerical results show that the differences between the results calculated by raindrops size spectrum and by average size are remarkable, especially for heavy rainfall. Therefore, It is shown that the Γ calculated by a particles size distribution is more reasonable than by average size. For the Γ numerical analyses, particles size distribution ought to be adopted. This study is important for us to provide adequate bandwidths to achieve high-rate pulse communications and improve MMW radar system performances and atmospheric remote-sensing techniques.     

Atmospheric multiple scattering effects on GLAS altimetry. I.Calculations of single pulse bias

Estimates of the effect of pulse stretching on satellite laser altimetry, such as planned for the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), by cloud multiple scattering were made from an analytical method and with Monte Carlo simulations. Altimetry is dependent on the time required for a laser pulse to complete the roundtrip to the surface and return to the transmitter. Since a transmitted Gaussian pulse will be stretched by the effects of multiple scattering, the use of the pulse centroid as the receive time will produce a biased measurement or an apparent delay in the receive time. The magnitude of this delay was found to be dependent on several factors including cloud height, cloud optical depth, cloud particle size, particle shape, and receiver field of view. The delay was found to be largest for low-level clouds with particle radii of 3-20 μm, potentially amounting to altimetry biases of tens of cm. Alternate methods for measuring the receive time, such as a simple Gaussian fit of the return pulse peak reduce the path delay estimates for all cloud conditions. Since GLAS is a dual mode instrument that includes an atmospheric lidar channel, altimeter measurements that are likely to be significantly contaminated by multiple scattering can be identified     

1.315 μm波长冰晶粒子辐射特性的模拟研究

利用逐线积分法(LBL)计算得到了大气分子红外吸收信息,结合不同形状冰晶粒子的单次散射特性,通过离散纵标法(DISORT),模拟计算了由实心六棱柱状冰晶粒子组成的卷云在波长为1.315μm时的散射特性和辐射特性,定性分析了激光在卷云中传输时的衰减和散射规律与入射光的位置、卷云光学厚度、冰晶粒子有效尺度等参数的关系。与晴天大气相比较,卷云的散射明显改变了光辐射的空间分布,被其他传感器探测到的可能性增大,其结果对于激光测距、激光探测等有关工程设计方面有非常重要的参考价值。     

Atmospheric multiple scattering effects on GLAS altimetry. II. Analysis of expected errors in Antarctic altitude measurements

For pt.I see ibid., vol.39, no.1, p.92-101 (2001). The altimetry bias in the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) or other laser altimeters resulting from atmospheric multiple scattering is studied in relationship to current knowledge of cloud properties over the Antarctic Plateau. Estimates of seasonal and interannual changes in the bias are presented. Results show the bias in altitude from multiple scattering in clouds would be a significant error source without correction. The selective use of low-optical-depth clouds or cloud-free observations, as well as improved analysis of the return pulse such as by the Gaussian method used here, is necessary to minimize the surface altitude errors. The magnitude of the bias is affected by variations in cloud height, cloud effective particle size, and optical depth. Interannual variations in these properties as well as in cloud cover fraction could lead to significant year-to-year variations in the altitude bias. Although cloud-free observations reduce biases in surface elevation measurements from space, over Antarctica these may often include near-surface blowing snow, also a source of scattering-induced delay. With careful selection and analysis of data, laser altimetry specifications can be met.     

MMW-Band Backscattering Cross Sections from Typical Clouds over Xi'an

In this paper, macro- and micro-physical properties of clouds over Xi'an region are discussed based on meteorologic observation data. The theory and mechanism of backscattering for clouds are analyzed. The quantity calculations of the backscattering cross sections for various reflection mechanism of clouds are dealt with at 1≈100GHz. The results calculated show that the major contributions for the backscattering cross section come possibly from clear-air and humidity turbulence, and also from distributions of cloud particles, especially, at higher frequencies. These numerical calculation results on the basis of Xi'an typical clouds properties confirm previous results and it is significance for millimeter wave communication, active and passive remote sensing, and low availability satellite links.     

用简化Mie理论及K—K关系求微粒复折射率的透射法

用简化的Ｍｉｅ散射理及Ｋｒａｍｅｒｓ－Ｋｒｏｎｉｇ关系式，从单频透射比光谱反演微粒的复折射率，用较大粒径的碳黑微粒作了模拟计算，结果表明本方法计算比较简单，比现有方法提高了精度，扩大了波长及粒径范围。最后利用红外分光光度计测出的透射比光谱确定煤粒的复折射率。     

基于CloudSat的台风深对流云微物理参数相关性分析

以2009年14号台风“彩云”为例,基于CloudSat相关云产品统计了台风深对流云中水云和冰云的有效粒子半径、云水含量谱分布的特征。在此基础上探讨了两个云微物理参量的相关性,并对不同发展时期的多个台风进行了该关系的应用检验。研究结果表明,不论是水云还是冰云,若以云水含量为横坐标,以云有效粒子半径为纵坐标,台风深对流云像元散点图的分布存在明显的下边界线,且边界值随着有效粒子半径和云水含量参数值的增大而逐渐提高;零度层以下低层水云的有效粒子半径与液态水含量呈正相关关系,可采用对数关系式进行拟合。经检验,该拟合关系式对其他发展阶段的台风同样适用,证实了该关系的普适性。     

地球临边场景红外遥感成像仿真方法

地球临边场景仿真是卫星红外探测领域的关键组成部分,是空中高速目标远距离探测场景模拟的重要基础。临边观测下的地球表面近似于球面,传统的基于海洋三维形态并计算表面辐射特性的海洋红外图像仿真方法不适用。云层的厚度和高度对红外辐射传输特性的计算有重要影响,视云层为粒子团的处理方法会大大降低仿真的计算速度。因此,研究了海洋和云的红外辐射模型、地球-空间坐标系与红外相机坐标系的转换关系和大气传输模型,提出地球临边场景红外遥感成像仿真方法。根据场景组分的差异,分别建立海洋分布模型、多层云分布模型,并根据海洋和云层的红外辐射与反射特性,构建地球临边场景红外辐射模型。通过地球-空间坐标系与相机坐标系的转换关系,利用大气传输理论和传感器效应仿真,计算各观测角度的地球临边场景卫星遥感红外仿真图像。实验结果表明:仿真得到的红外图像画质清晰,符合地球临边场景红外辐射特性,其平均拉普拉斯算子和可达0.15,平均灰度梯度可达0.70。     

云对激光下行传输影响的仿真研究

激光在云中传输时会出现能量降低、角度弥散、时间展宽和空间分散等现象。利用蒙特卡洛法研究了云的高度和厚度对激光下行传输的影响。在云厚度固定、云高度变化和云高度固定、云厚度变化两种情况下,分别仿真了激光透过云下行传输到海平面时的能量、角度、时域和空域分布。结果表明,当云厚度固定对,随着云高度的增加,到达海平面的激光脉冲半峰全宽和光斑尺寸明显增加,但是能量和角度分布基本保持不变;当云高度固定时,随着云厚度的增加,到达海平面的激光脉冲能量降低,角度分布先弥散后趋于稳定,半峰全宽增加,光斑尺寸先增大后趋于稳定。该研究为评价光通信系统的性能提供了一定的参考。     

激光在云层信道中传输的蒙特卡罗模拟

针对云层介质对激光传输有较强的吸收和散射作用,严重影响了激光对潜通信系统的应用范围这一问题,采用Monte Carlo法来模拟激光在云层中传输的过程。得出云层光脉冲的时间扩展特性和部分参数的模拟结果,为通信系统进行后期的分析和设计提供了一定的理论和实用价值。     

复杂大气条件对微波传播衰减的影响研究

为了进一步提高大气对微波传播衰减影响的描述精度,为微波链路遥感反演大气新应用提供理论基础,该文系统性研究了大气主要吸收气体和各种大气粒子对微波传播的衰减情况。利用ITU-R模型计算大气主要气体成分对微波的吸收衰减,然后在降水粒子、云雾粒子和沙尘粒子的介电模型、形状、相态和谱分布的基础上,计算得到群粒子对微波的衰减特性,系统讨论降水强度、相态、含水量、谱分布、气压和温度等因素对微波传播衰减的影响。数值模拟结果表明,大气主要气体成分在60 GHz, 180 GHz和320 GHz附近存在强烈的吸收带,其衰减系数与水蒸气含量和气压呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;降水强度、谱分布、相态以及冰水比例对降水的微波衰减存在不同程度的影响,云雾的含水量和相态,沙尘的数密度、谱分布和含水量是影响微波衰减的主要因素,而温度的影响较小;大气各因素的衰减系数从大到小依次为爆炸沙尘、降水、气体吸收、水雾、冰雾和自然沙尘。     

机载激光云粒子成像仪研制与校准研究

为了实现对25m~1550m范围云粒子的测量和成像,采用了光学成像方法,基于准直光束照射的云粒子在64元探测器上投影切片组合的原理,研制了机载激光云粒子成像仪.介绍了激光云粒子成像仪各组成部分的功能,进行了探测单元量化标准、数据获取与处理方法、以及影响云粒子成像准确性的因素等方面的分析.建立了粒子尺寸校准装置,并采用7种规格的标准圆点进行了校准实验.结果表明,机载激光云粒子成像仪可探测到云粒子并成像,实现了粒子的尺寸测量和2维图像显示.     

用于激光颗粒测试技术的非球形颗粒的椭圆衍射模型

激光颗粒大小测试的结果与颗粒形状密切相关。通过对椭圆衍射谱的研究，提出在激光粒度分析中以椭圆谱代替球形颗粒谱。计算机模拟计算与对金刚砂实测的结果表明椭圆衍射模型可以有效地抑制粒度反演结果的展宽，更准确地获得非球形颗粒群的粒度分布     

大气气溶胶对激光传输衰减的影响研究

在大气气溶胶类型、谱分布的基础上,利用Mie散射理论计算气溶胶在可见光和近红外波段的散射和衰减特性,讨论分析了大气气溶胶对可见光和近红外波段激光传输衰减的影响,计算结果表明,激光传输在很大程度上受粒子的折射率和谱分布的影响;不同类型气溶胶粒子具有不同的折射率和谱分布参数,从而决定了其具有不同的散射和吸收特性;气溶胶粒子的数密度越大,其衰减和散射能力就越强,对激光传输的衰减也就越大;但前后向散射的不对称性只与气溶胶谱分布有关,与数密度无关.所得出的结论有助于准确评估大气气溶胶对激光传输的影响以及提高激光传输、通信和激光测风等应用.     

云参数对AIRS亮温模拟计算的影响试验

由于云污染对大气红外遥感的严重干扰,大量红外资料遭到了舍弃。为 了充分同化红外资料,提高初始场精度和改善数值预报效果,利用通用辐射传输模式(Community Radiative Transfer Model, CRTM) 模拟了大气红外探测仪(Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, AIRS)的通道亮温,并分析了云类型、云层含水量、云厚度和云顶高度等云参数对AIRS亮温的 影响。结果表明：(1)由于云层对红外辐射的截断作用,只有高于云顶的大气才会对辐射亮温产 生影响;(2)随着云层积分含水量的增加,亮温逐渐减小,但其减速放缓,直至不变;有效半径较 大的粒子对辐射的散射作用较强,相应亮温较小;(3)若云顶高度固定不变,云厚度的变化 则不会对亮温产生影响;若云底高度固定不变,云层越厚,相应的亮温越小;(4)地面通道亮温 对云顶高度的变化比较敏感,云顶以上通道的亮温不受云顶高度变化的影响。     

激光云粒子成像探测仪研制

为了研究云粒子微观特性, 采用激光成像技术、高斯光束匀化处理技术、高分辨率阵列探测器以及图像抽帧还原算法, 研制出激光云粒子成像仪。通过地面模拟测量及实际飞行试验, 对仪器性能进行了测试。结果表明, 研制仪器可实现对25 μm~1550 μm云粒子的成像, 分辨率为25 μm, 粒径测量误差小于9.5%;实测的冰晶粒子形态符合云粒子自然分布规律, 粒子尺度谱符合指数分布, 决定系数在0.58~0.97之间。该研制仪器可为云降水微物理研究提供基础观测数据。     

多激光波长在不同稀薄随机分布冰晶粒子层的散射特性

依据稀薄随机分布冰晶粒子的激光散射特性,当球形冰晶粒子分别服从指数、对数正态、Gamma三种不同分布时,数值计算并分析了0.65、1.31、1.55 m激光入射下不同稀薄随机冰晶粒子层的微分散射截面随散射角的变化关系。结果表明:入射激光波长的改变对冰晶粒子层的微分散射截面有一定的影响;当冰晶粒子服从指数分布时稀薄随机分布冰晶粒子层的微分散射截面最大,要比其他两个分布大几个数量级;不同激光波长和冰粒子的尺度分布对稀薄随机分布冰晶粒子层的激光散射特性有较大影响。文中所做的工作为进一步开展地空链路中冰晶粒子云层对激光传输特性的影响研究奠定基础。     

太赫兹波段信号在雾中的传输特性研究

太赫兹（THz）波提供的通信带宽和容量远大于毫米波。与可见光和红外光相比,THz脉冲的波长较长,在随机介质中传播时,不但会发生时域和空域的形变,介质中的粒子还会对入射波发生散射,这些都会使得脉冲信号发生衰减。根据Mie理论与随机离散分布粒子的波传播与散射理论,计算了THz波信号入射下雾滴粒子的消光系数,分析了不同THz波波长下,雾滴粒子消光系数随粒子尺寸的变化。结合雾滴粒子谱分布,考虑粒子群的平均体系散射特性,得到了不同波长下的平均反照率与相函数。最后分析了THz波段信号在不同能见度雾中的传输特性。结果表明:大气环境中,雾对THz波产生的吸收和衰减不容忽视,不同THz信号的水的折射率虚部的变化严重影响了THz信号在雾中的传输。     

Propagation Characteristics of Infrared Pulse Waves through Windblown Sand and Dust Atmosphere

The physics characteristics of the windblown sand and dust atmosphere at the sand bench of Yellow River in China are discussed. The pulse distortion and time delay of infrared nanosecond pulse propagating through the atmosphere having sand and dust particles are investigated at 1.06 and 3.8 μm, respectively. It is shown that the delay of 10 ns laser pulse propagating through 5 km windblown sand and dust atmosphere are over 1 ns and 10 ns at 1.06 and 3.8 μm, respectively. The pulse spread increases slightly with wavelength increase. The pulse spread of a 10 ns laser pulse is over 40 ns at 3.8 μm. The pulse delay and spread increase rapidly with the sand particle density increasing in atmosphere. The narrower the pulse width is, the more the pulse distortion is. Hence, at infrared band, for a laser pulse propagating in sand and dust atmosphere, the pulse delay and spread are quite severe and need be taken into account for a narrower pulse laser system.     

纳秒激光诱导透射元件粒子喷射的分布特征

光学元件在高能量激光辐照下将发生激光损伤,损伤过程伴随着材料破裂、结构崩塌和粒子喷射,而向外喷出的粒子将影响周围光学元件的激光损伤性能。搭建了双光束泵浦探测成像系统,获得了激光诱导透射元件粒子喷射的瞬态图像,并根据粒子接收板的统计数据,获得了喷射粒子的空间分布、粒子尺寸和出射角度特征。同时,针对不同激光能量、不同的粒子接收距离以及真空度,对喷射粒子分布的影响因素进行了研究;此外,还结合能谱仪对激光诱导金属膜喷发后的分布规律、不同金属元素在大气与真空环境中的喷射行为进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:透射元件在激光作用下喷发出微米尺寸的粒子形态,金属膜的喷发主要以原子态或熔融液滴为主;粒子在最终接收板上的分布特征主要受初始条件的影响,而真空环境影响相对较小;不同薄膜制备工艺对金属膜的喷发特征影响较为明显。