介质波导阵列的横向传播特性分析

根据已提出的有关二维周期介质严格分析理论，针对介质波导阵列进行了大量的数值计算。对介质波导阵列中波的横向传播作了详细分析。首先，在给定纵向波矢量(k)的情况下，分析了在不同工作频率时的横向波矢量间布里渊区色散特性，对空间谐波的相互作用情况也进行了研究。其次，在给定工作频率的情况下，分析了不同纵向波矢量和不同调制系数时的横向波矢量间布里渊区色散特性。由于空间谐波的相互作用随纵向波数或调制系数的增大而增强，导致阻带能明显地表现出来，从而使介质波导阵列的横向传播特性能较为全面地得到分析。     

介质波导阵列电磁特性分析

根据已提出的二维周期介质严格理论,比较详细地分析和研究了介质波导阵列的电磁特性．首先,对存在纵向波传播时(kz≠0)的空间谐波相互作用特征进行了分析,得出了横向波传播色散特性．其次,在横向平面上的两互相垂直方向的波数相等(kx=ky)时,对不同波频率下空间谐波相互作用特性及其产生的阻带分布特征作了详细研究,并对横向纵向波传播色散关系进行了分析和计算．最后,得出介质波导阵列存在纯纵向导波的十分有意义的结论,具有实用价值．     

Rigorous Analysis of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide Array

Cylindrical Dielectric Waveguide Array(CDWA) should be considered as a kind of two-dimensionally periodic(2DP) medium. Based on the established rigorous theory for 2DP medium, a great amount of numerical results for CDWA were presented. Wave propagation in CDWA was analyzed in detail in this paper. Firstly, given the longitudinal wave vector (k _z=0), Brillouin dispersion relations between transverse wave vectors were analyzed when modulation coefficients or the rate of different dielectric areas in a unit cell varied. Interactions between space harmonics were also studied. Secondly, when the area of dielectric cylinder in the unit cell varied within a given range, CDWA dispersion relations were compared with Rectangle Dielectric Waveguide Array's, some interesting conclusions were obtained.     

DIELECTRIC EFFECT ON THE RADIO-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE GRATING TRAVELING WAVE TUBE

A new type of partial-dielectric-loaded rectangular waveguide grating slow-wave structure (SWS) for millimeter wave traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented in this paper. The radio-frequency characteristics including the dispersion properties, the longitudinal electric field distribution and the beam-wave coupling impedance of this structure are analyzed. The results show that the dispersion of the rectangular waveguide grating circuit is weakened, the phase velocity is reduced and the position of the maximum E _z is basically invariant after partially filling the dielectric materials in the rectangular waveguide grating SWS. Although the coupling impedance decreases a little, it still keeps above 40 Ω.     

Dispersion of the relaxation time of quasi-two-dimensional electrons under conditions of ionized-impurity scattering in a superlattice with doped quantum wells

Ionized-impurity scattering of quasi-two-dimensional electrons in GaAs/Al_0.36Ga_0.64As superlattices (SLs) with doped quantum wells is considered. The scattering probability is calculated assuming that the electron wave function is represented by the ground-state eigenfunction of the lowest SL miniband. Analytical expressions describing dispersion of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times with respect to the longitudinal wave vector are derived and numeric calculations are carried out. The dependence of the components of the relaxation-time tensor on the SL period and the temperature in the region around T=77 K is analyzed.     

Diffusion of excited state molecules in FIR- and CO2-lasers

Both standing waves in laser oscillators and spatially inhomogenous cross sections of laser beam and pumprate cause a non-uniform distribution of excited state molecules in longitudinal and transversal direction, respectively. This spatial hole burning however is smoothed by diffusion of the excited molecules. The effect of diffusion is investigated theoretically for an optically pumped far infrared laser as well as the corresponding CO₂ pump laser. It is found, that the remaining spatial hole burning in the direction of wave propagation is negligible within CO₂ lasers but not within FIR lasers. Concerning the transversal direction it can be shown that in the FIR laser diffusion takes no effect, whereas the transversal distribution of the excited molecules in the CO₂ laser is significantly influenced by diffusion. FIR ring lasers avoid longitudinal spatial hole burning, which leads to the common assumption that they use the active medium more efficient than conventional standing wave lasers, hence delivering higher output powers. This expected advantage is levelled out to a great extent by diffusion.     

Resonant raman scattering and dispersion of polar optical and acoustic phonons in hexagonal inn

It is shown that a study of the dependence of impurity-related resonant first-order Raman scattering on the frequency of excitation light makes it possible to observe the dispersion of polar optical and acoustic branches of vibrational spectrum in hexagonal InN within a wide range of wave vectors. It is established that the wave vectors of excited phonons are uniquely related to the energy of excitation photon. Frequencies of longitudinal optical phonons E₁(LO) and A₁(LO) in hexagonal InN were measured in the range of excitation-photon energies from 2.81 to 1.17 eV and the frequencies of longitudinal acoustic phonons were measured in the range 2.81–1.83 eV of excitation-photon energies. The obtained dependences made it possible to extrapolate the dispersion of phonons A₁(LO) and E₁(LO) to as far as the point Γ in the Brillouin zone and estimate the center-band energies of these phonons (these energies have not been uniquely determined so far).     

Limiting factors of photon-to-current conversion in polymer/nanocrystal bilayer hybrid solar cells: An analytical quantum efficiency model study

This paper introduces an analytical external quantum efficiency (EQE) model of planar hybrid solar cells (HSCs) based on photon-to-current conversion processes and uses this to investigate the factors that limit the maximum EQE (EQE_m) of devices; i.e., the photon absorption coefficient α, exciton diffusion coefficient D_z, exciton lifetime τ_z, exciton dissociation rate k_dis, electron diffusion coefficient D_e, electron lifetime τ_e, nanocrystals thickness d, and thickness of the polymer l. Our simulations indicate that relying solely on modifying k_dis, D_e, or τ_e cannot achieve a breakthrough increase in the EQE_m of planar HSCs. However, increasing α, D_z, or τ_z could potentially lead to a large EQE_m (30–100%), especially in the context of high k_dis values. Moreover, the calculation results indicate that although both D_z and τ_z contribute to the exciton diffusion length (L_z) via the equation L_z² = D_zτ_z, the EQE_m has an asymmetric dependence on these variables. With a small k_dis (i.e., <10⁴ cm/s), an increase in D_z results in an initial increase and then decrease in EQE_m, resulting in a peak value that increases with increasing k_dis. When k_dis is sufficiently large (∼10⁵ cm/s), the EQE_m becomes saturated after the initial increase. Thus, although an increase in D_z can adversely affect device performance when the k_dis is lower than 10⁴ cm/s, increasing τ_z always improves device performance, regardless of large k_dis becomes. This behavior can be attributed to the detrimental effect of excitons accumulating at the D/A interface, and can be used to optimize the material design and device engineering of planar HSCs and related solar cells for maximum photon-to-current conversion performance. In addition, we also demonstrate that the model can fit to the experimental data.     

Beam scattering of the Luneberg lens by a complex source point

The complex source point method and vector mode function expansion are used to calculate the electromagnetic beam scattering by the Luneberg lens. A six-layered medium with different radii is considered as a model of the Luneberg lens. A comparison between the well-known numerical result in the Cartesian coordinate system and the new numerical one in the vector mode function is made for the incident Gaussian beam propagation in free space. The propagation properties are in good agreement with each other. The total electric field distributions along the transversal and longitudinal axes are examined for scattering by the Luneberg lens, whose dimension is assumed to be comparable with the beam width. The focusing effect of the Gaussian beam is much lower than that of the plane wave. The spot size focused by the Luneberg lens almost equals the wavelength for the various beam parameters including the plane wave.     

Analysis of inelastic scattering of quasi-two-dimensional electrons of a superlattice by acoustic phonons with allowance made for the miniband dispersion

Formulas for the effective momentum-relaxation time and mobility of quasi-two-dimensional electrons of a superlattice with consideration of inelastic scattering by acoustic phonons and the dispersion of the miniband energy spectrum as a function of the longitudinal wave vector have been obtained. Numerical calculation was performed for a nondegenerate gas of quasi-2D electrons in a symmetrical GaAs/Al_0.36Ga_0.64As superlattice with a quantum well width of 5 nm at T=77 K. It was shown that consideration of the elasticity of scattering and the dispersion of the miniband energy spectrum gives rise to a significant increase in the electron mobility.     

The fundamental electromagnetic wave of a single-wire line in a weakly absorbing medium

An approximate dispersion equation valid over a wide frequency range is obtained from the dispersion equation for the symmetric E ₀₀ wave (the Sommerfeld wave) propagating along a finite-conductance metal wire embedded in a lossy dielectric. The boundaries of this frequency range are determined. A technique is developed for solution of the obtained approximate dispersion equation in the frequency band where the pronounced skin effect is observed. The ratio of the wire radius to the thickness of the skin layer is assumed to be no less than 10. This technique is applied to calculate the longitudinal and transverse propagation constants for 1.0-and 2.5-mm-radii copper wires over the frequency range 0.5 MHz to 1000 GHz.     

Electric-field-controlled effects of spatial recurrence and multiplication of electron waves in two-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures

Effects of recurrence and multiplication in the spatial distribution of the probability-flux density j _x(x, z) (or the quantum-mechanical current density ej _x(x, z), where e is the elementary charge), which arise from electron-wave interference in two-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures, are analyzed, and the possibility of controlling these effects by the application of a dc transverse electric field is examined. A type of nanostructure represented by two rectangular quantum wells (a wide one and a narrow one) whose widths are measured in the direction of the z axis (the quantum-confinement axis) with the wells arranged sequentially in the direction of propagation of the electron wave (the x axis) is considered. It is shown that, for an electron wave entering the wide well from the narrow well, the initial transverse distribution peak j _x(0, z) is reproduced with some accuracy at distances X _p = pX ₁ (recurrence) and, in nanostructures symmetric along the z axis, splits at distances X ₁/q into q identical peaks of magnitude reduced by a factor of q (multiplication) (here, p and q are integers). It is demonstrated that these effects can be controlled by a dc electric field applied in the transverse direction (along the z axis) in the region of the wide quantum well. A reduction in the effective well width and appearance of asymmetry in the transverse potential profile upon application of the electric field cause a radical change in the j _x(x, z) distribution in this quantum well and make possible inverse population of the quantum-confinement subbands.     

Isofrequency surfaces and dependences of electromagnetic waves in infinite ferromagnetic space

Isofrequency surfaces and dependences of various (spin, nonresonant, and postresonant) electromagnetic waves that propagate in infinite ferromagnetic space under saturated magnetization are calculated. In a frequency interval of ω_H < ω < ω_⊥, the propagation of spin waves is characterized by open isofrequency dependences and the cutoff angles that depend on the frequency and material parameters. When the conditions are not satisfied, closed dependences are obtained. The properties of the isofrequency dependences that determine specific features of the reflection and diffraction divergence of waves are analyzed. The spin wave that propagates perpendicularly to the uniform magnetic field may exhibit zero angular width of the beam in the plane that is parallel to the magnetic field vector. In the same plane, the nonresonant wave with linear dispersion may have the diffraction divergence that is significantly less than that of the wave in isotropic media. In the presence of a plane interface, the reflection of the wave to the ferromagnetic material may give rise to two reflected beams.     

运动等离子体中电磁波的相对论效应

本文给出了组成关系的Ｅ、Ｂ表示，导出运动介质中的波动方程及场量Ｅ、Ｈ纵分量满足的方程。对于电磁波垂直入射于向运动的等离子体介质表面，求得了反射波，透射波以及透射波的色散关系和频率关系，讨论了透射波的截止和反向及频率移动。对于脉冲波，演算得到了反射脉冲脉宽压缩和脉冲放大。     

Theoretical study of mechanical properties of multi-layer ULSI interconnect dielectrics by surface acoustic wave method

The surface acoustic waves (SAWs) technique is becoming an attractive tool for accurately and nondestructively characterizing the mechanical property of the fragile low dielectric constant (low-k) thin film used in the advanced ULSI multi-layer interconnects. The dispersion features of SAWs propagating on the layered structure of low-k/SiO₂/Si substrate and low-k/Cu/Si substrate are investigated in detail. The influence of the film thickness on the dispersion curvature is provided as an instruction for an accurate and facile fitting process. Numerical results indicate that the mechanical property of low-k films is expected to determine effectively when the broadband frequency is up to 300 MHz.     

Characteristic Study of the Periodically Iris-Loaded Elliptical Waveguide for Slow-Wave Structures

The slow-wave characteristics taking no account of space harmonics for periodically iris-loaded elliptical waveguides is presented. By using the field-matching method, the dispersion equation and the mean interaction impedance for odd and even hybrid modes of this structure are derived respectively. It is indicated from the numerical calculation results that changing the eccentricity can improve the dispersion characteristics and the interaction impedance for _oHEM₀₁ mode.     

波在暖电离层中的传播和耦合

本文研究了波在暖电离层中的传播。文中导出了用拆射率n表示的波的色散关系,并由此推导出分层暖电离层中q的方程。所有这些方程都被用于用射线方法研究波在暖电离层中的传播,模式联接和波的线性耦合。 本文还讨论了波方程的奇点、等离子体波与电磁波的耦合。在波耦合区中,波的场可以通过求解波方程在奇点附近的解而求得。文中比较了用射线方法和全波方程研究波耦合时电波传播的结果。 本文所得结果对研究用无线电波加热电离层实验中的吸收区域是有用的。     

Sub-picosecond chirped pulse propagation in concave-dispersion-flattened fibers

We propose the sub-picosecond chirped soliton pulse propagation in concave-dispersion-flattened fibers(CDFF).The effects of pulse characteristics and the fiber dispersion parameters on propagation characteristics of the chirped soliton pulse are numerically investigated in the CDFF by the split-step Fourier method(SSFM).The unchirped soliton pulse can stably propagate with unchanged pulse width in the CDFF.The temporal full width at half maximum(FWHM) of the chirped soliton performs a damped oscillation with the increase of propagation distance.The period and amplitude of theoscillation increase with the increase of the chirp parameter |C|.The effect of high-order dispersion(β3-β6) on soliton propagation characteristics can be neglected.The soliton pulse slightly broadens with the increase of propagation distanceand still maintains soliton characteristics when the fiber loss(ATT) is further considered.The variation of root-meansquare(RMS) spectral width with propagation distance is opposite to that of the temporal width.The output spectrum of soliton has a single peak for the unchirped case,while has multi-peak for chirped case.The temporal width of the soliton obviously increases with the increase of the initial width,decreases with the increase of dispersion peak D0 of the fiber,and slightly increases with the decrease of dispersion coefficients k1 and k2 of the fiber.     

Evanescent wave of extraordinary beam at uniaxial crystal surfaces

Under the circumstance of optical axis being in the incident plane,the evanescent wave of total reflection is studied when an extraordinary beam is incident from an isotropic medium upon a uniaxial crystal by using the general characteristics of uniaxial crystal and electromagnetic field.This paper presents the propagation directions of equiphase plane and the images of evanescent wave,and reveals that the equiamplitude plane and the equiphase plane are not in quadrature any more,and the phase difference between longitudinal wave and transversal wave does not equal π/2,either.But the reflectivity is still kept at 100.