荧光定量PCR法检测结核杆菌效果研究

目的:探讨荧光定量PCR法检测结核杆菌效果.方法:210例肺结核患者的血、尿、痰液标本均进行直接涂片和浓集涂片找抗酸杆菌和结核杆菌培养及FQ-PCR检测,观察3种方法检测不同标本中结核杆菌的阳性率.结果:本组痰标本中FQ-PCR技术检测结核杆菌阳性率为59.5%,高于涂片镜检的30.0%和结核杆菌培养的阳性率(39.1%),后两种与前者方法比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).血和胸水标本中FQ-PCR技术检测结核杆菌阳性率分别为37.6%,36.7%,与其他两种方法比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:FQ-PCR应与常规细菌学方法互补使用,以提高结核病诊断的准确率.     

荧光定量PCR技术在植物病原检测方面的应用

就实时荧光定量PCR的原理、应用和不足及前景等方面进行了论述.实时荧光定量PCR技术以其快速、灵敏、准确和高通量等特点受到了人们越来越多的重视,被广泛的应用于生物学研究的各个领域.近年来在植物病原检测方面,已建立了一大批植物病原的实时荧光定量PCR方法,这为植物病害的准确诊断与防控提供了强有力的工具.     

食品中幽门螺杆菌荧光PCR快速检测方法的建立及评价

目的:建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的幽门螺杆菌检测方法,并对方法进行评价,为快速、准确、有效检测幽门螺杆菌方法的建立提供依据.方法:以尿素酶基因序列为靶位点,用Primer Express 3.0软件设计引物及探针,经Blast软件对相似序列搜索后,筛选出一套最优与常见致病菌无交叉反应的引物;分别用食品中常见致病菌大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌、沙门菌和空肠弯曲菌DNA进行特异性实验;将计数过的幽门螺杆菌菌悬液与牛奶样品混合液,梯度稀释后分别提取DNA进行荧光PCR扩增,确定检测方法的灵敏度;对人工污染幽门螺杆菌的生奶及生肉样品进行检测验证方法的可行性.结果:利用尿素酶基因设计的引物及探针仅对幽门螺杆菌有扩增曲线,而其他对照以及阴性对照均未有明显扩增曲线;能够对生奶及生肉中污染的幽门螺杆菌进行有效扩增;设计的引物对幽门螺杆菌的检测敏感性可达到3 CFU·mL-1,检测可以在4 d内完成.结论:荧光PCR方法特异性强,灵敏度高,可以快速、准确检测食品中污染的幽门螺杆菌.     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测志贺氏菌的研究

[目的]利用环介导等温扩增技术快速检测志贺氏菌.[方法]以志贺氏菌侵袭性质粒抗原H基因(ipaH)作为靶序列,设计引物,优化Mg<'2+>浓度、Bst酶浓度等反应条件,建立LAMP反应体系.[结果]确定了环介导等温扩增技术检测志贺氏菌的适宜反应条件;该法检测志贺氏菌的灵敏度为62 cfu/ml.[结论]该研究初步建立了一种利用LAMP快速检测志贺氏菌的方法,为食品中志贺氏菌快速检测构建了一个技术平台.     

实时定量PCR检测大鼠神经激肽1受体mRNA方法的建立及评价

目的:建立检测大鼠神经激肽1(NK1)受体mRNA的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时定量PCR方法,为检测大鼠NK1受体基因表达提供有效的手段.方法:提取大鼠中脑总RNA,扩增NK1受体基因片段,将其克隆入pMD-18T载体,制作NK1受体标准品质粒;应用SYBR Green Ⅰ双链嵌合染料,对连续稀释的标准品质粒进行实时PCR分析,评价所建立方法的检测灵敏度;对PCR产物进行溶解曲线分析评价其特异性.结果:成功构建NK1受体标准品质粒,经酶切及测序鉴定,目的片段已插入pMD-18T载体;所建立的实时定量PCR方法的最低检测限度均为每反应102个拷贝,在每反应102～109拷贝范围内,荧光信号达到设定阈值所经历的循环数(Ct值)与起始模板浓度具有良好的线性关系,r=0.999.结论:所建立的检测大鼠NK1受体mRNA的SYBR Green Ⅰ实时定量PCR方法具有敏感性高、特异性强和线性范围广等特点,适用于对大鼠各种组织NK1受体的大量样本检测.     

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in humans, animals and foods

The Listeria monocytogenes-carrying rates were 100% for listeriosis patients and 1.3% for healthy humans. The L. monocytogenes contamination rates for retail sliced beef (34.2%) and pork (36.4%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those for cattle (2.0%) and pigs (0.8%) and for cattle (4.9%) and swine (7.4%) carcasses. The percentages of serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b and 4b which are most dominant in human patients were high in isolates from fresh (90.0%) and processed (100%) fish and shellfish and imported natural cheese (96.7%).     

Differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua by 16S rRNA genes and intraspecies discrimination of Listeria monocytogenes strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphisms

Differences in the 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) which can be used to discriminate Listeria monocytogenes from Listeria innocua have been detected. The 16S rDNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction with a set of oligonucleotide primers which flank a 1.5-kb fragment. Sequence differences were observed in the V2 region of the 16S rDNA both between L. monocytogenes Scott A and L. innocua and between different L. monocytogenes serotypes. Although L. monocytogenes SLCC2371 had the same V2 region sequence as L. innocua, the two species were different within the V9 region at nucleotides 1259 and 1292, in agreement with previous studies (R.-F. Wang, W.-W. Cao, and M.G. Johnson, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:3666-3670, 1991). Intraspecies discrimination of L. monocytogenes strains was achieved by using the patterns generated by random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. Although some distinction can be made within the L. monocytogenes species by their 16S rDNA sequence, a far greater discrimination within species could be made by generating random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns from chromosomal DNA. By using a number of 10-bp primers, unique patterns for each isolate which in all cases examined differentiate between various L. monocytogenes serotypes, even though they may have the same 16S rRNA sequences, could be generated.     

Antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the leading foodborne pathogens and has been implicated in numerous outbreaks in the last 2 decades. Immunocompromised populations are usually the most susceptible to Listeria infections. Although the pathogenic mechanism is a complex process, significant progress has been made in unravelling the mechanism in recent years. It is now clear that numerous extracellular and cell-associated proteins, such as internalin, listeriolysin, actin polymerization protein, phospholipase, metalloprotease, and possibly p60 proteins, are essential for L. monocytogenes entry into mammalian cells, survival inside the phagosome, escape into the cytoplasm, and cell-to-cell spread. Other proteins may be responsible for growth and physiology or to maintain the structural integrity of the bacteria. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been developed against many of those antigens or their synthetic derivatives that have helped greatly to determine the structure and function of these antigens. The antibodies were also used for the diagnosis and detection, immunocytochemical staining, and serotyping of Listeria. Humoral immune response to live L. monocytogenes cells was examined in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. Studies revealed that only extracellular antigens induced the humoral response, whereas cell-associated antigens had apparently no response. It is speculated that during the occasional bacteremic phase, L. monocytogenes releases extracellular antigens that are then processed by the immune system for antibody production. As L. monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen, the cell-associated antigens are not persistent in the blood circulation and thus fail to stimulate the humoral immune response.     

Macrophages activated by Listeria monocytogenes induce organ-specific autoimmunity

We have previously reported an experimental autoimmune model induced by the local infection of Listeria monocytogenes. The unilateral inoculation of virulent Listeria into a testis of a normal mouse induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity response against testicular antigen and caused autoimmune orchitis in the contralateral testis. The orchitis was transferred to naive mice by T cells from the intratesticularly infected mice. In this paper, we demonstrated that avirulent Listeria, which lacks the expression of listeriolysin O, failed to induce any anti-testicular responses or contralateral orchitis even when it was inoculated at a high dose into the testis. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal inoculation of virulent Listeria with testicular antigen induced the anti-testicular responses and orchitis although intraperitoneal inoculation of testicular antigen with avirulent Listeria failed to induce them. The difference between virulent and avirulent Listeria in the induction of anti-testicular responses was supposed to be dependent on the difference in macrophage activation by the two bacterial strains because, first, the anti-testicular responses were elicited in normal mice when macrophages from virulent Listeria-infected mice were intraperitoneally transferred with testicular antigen although no viable bacteria were detected from the macrophages, and secondly, in contrast, the intraperitoneal co-inoculation of macrophages from avirulent Listeria-infected mice and testicular antigen failed to elicit any anti-testicular responses. Finally, we found that the virulent Listeria-induced macrophages expressed a higher level of CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) molecules than did the avirulent Listeria-induced macrophages and naive peritoneal macrophages. These results thus suggest that virulent Listeria activates macrophages to induce autoreactive T cells while avirulent Listeria does not. The up-regulation of B7 molecules by virulent Listeria infection is a candidate of the mechanism for the activation of autoreactive T cells.     

Stress proteins in Listeria monocytogenes

The proteins induced by the different stress conditions in Listeria monocytogenes were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis with the aid of a computerized 2-D gel analysis system. The stress conditions imposed were pH 4, pH 10, 0.015% sodium, dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.03% sodium deoxycholate and 4% ethanol. As previously seen for heat shock and cold shock, more than half of the proteins normally synthesized by Listeria cells were repressed under these stress conditions. Conversely, the synthesis of a great number of proteins was increased and novel proteins appeared upon stress. Each stress factor induced a specific set of proteins. These stress proteins were characterized by their apparent molecular mass and isoelectric point. No universal stress proteins were found to be common to all the stresses studied, while some proteins were commonly induced by two or three stress conditions. The degree of dissimilarity in stress responses was best illustrated by the induction of only two proteins common to exposure to the two detergents SDS and sodium deoxycholate. This work together with that on heat and cold shock, constitutes the basic step for the identification of stress proteins in Listeria.     

Listeria monocytogenes arthritis of several joints

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) developed an infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes in her left knee and both shoulder joints. The clinical presentation of the disease was rather indolent with relatively moderate joint symptoms. Moreover, the synovial fluid sample was only slightly turbid with a white blood cell count of 23.5 x 10(9)/1. As compared to the earlier reported cases of L. monocytogenes septic arthritis, our patient is unique because she had infection in several joints. The polyarticular joint involvement combined with the clinical symptoms resembling the activation of RA posed us diagnostic difficulties.     

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in milk by pulsed electric field

Pasteurized whole, 2%, and skim milk were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and treated with high-voltage pulsed electric field (PEF). The effects of milk composition (fat content) and PEF parameters (electric field strength, treatment time, and treatment temperature) on the inactivation of the bacterium were studied. No significant differences were observed in the inactivation of L. monocytogenes Scott A in three types of milk by PEF treatment. With treatment at 25 degrees C, 1- to 3-log reductions of L. monocytogenes were observed. PEF lethal effect was a function of field strength and treatment time. Higher field strength or longer treatment time resulted in a greater reduction of viable cells. A 4-log reduction of the bacterium was obtained by increasing the treatment temperature to 50 degrees C. Results indicate that the use of a high-voltage PEF is a promising technology for inactivation of foodborne pathogens.     

The molecular mechanisms of actin-based intracellular motility by Listeria monocytogenes

A rapid, sensitive method was developed for the quantification of the R- and S-enantiomers of ketoprofen and their acyl glucuronide conjugates in the plasma and dialysate of hemodialysis-dependent anephric patients. Unconjugated R- and S-ketoprofen plasma concentrations were determined directly by liquid chromatography using a S,S-Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase. R- and S-Ketoprofen glucuronide for use as standard were resolved using a C18 reversed-phase HPLC column with a mobile phase containing the ion-pair reagent tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. Plasma glucuronides, however, could not be directly quantified due to matrix interference. Therefore, the glucuronides were isolated using reversed-phase HPLC and quantified after alkaline hydrolysis using the S,S-Whelk-O1 chiral stationary phase column.