市政污泥中重金属赋存状态及生物有效性

在分析污泥理化性质的基础上,采用Tessier连续提取法对污泥中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cd、Cr进行形态及生物有效性分析.结果表明,该污泥中有机质含量达到45.62 %,N、P、K含量分别为1.55 %、4.26 %、1.01 %,重金属含量均低于污泥农用控制标准值.污泥中Cu的生物有效态占2.65 %,潜在有效态占36.52 %,不可利用态占60.83 %;Zn的生物有效态占1.24 %,潜在有效态占10.71 %,不可利用态占88.05 %;Pb全部以残渣态存在于污泥中,不可利用态占100 %;Ni的生物有效态占46.01 %,不可利用态占53.99 %;该污泥中未检测出Cd和Cr.污泥中重金属主要以非交换态形式存在,生物可利用程度低,对污泥堆肥农用非常有利.      

火焰原子吸收光谱法在分析污泥焚烧飞灰中重金属化学形态上的应用

应用微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定污泥焚烧飞灰中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn等各重金属元素总量。研究发现,样品用HNO3-HF混合酸经微波消解后, 溶解时间由原来的3～5 h缩短到30 min。选择合适的分析谱线, 用FAAS直接测定试液中上述7种重金属元素各自总量及其不同形态含量,所得各元素的线性相关系数均大于0.999 0。分析结果表明,污泥焚烧飞灰中重金属Zn, Pb, Mn含量较高, 而Ni的含量较低; 污泥焚烧飞灰中含有的重金属除Cr相对比较稳定外, 其它重金属元素的不稳定态所占比例均很高。 处置污泥焚烧飞灰时应选择不同的处置和利用方式,尽可能地将污泥焚烧飞灰中重金属的化学形态由不稳定态转变为稳定态。     

某冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

采用随机布点的方法采取冶炼厂周边农田土壤样品53个,分析了其中Cd、Cu、As、Pb、Zn的含量及部分样品中重金属的赋存形态,结合国家土壤环境质量标准和内梅罗污染指数法对土样进行分级评价.结果表明,该地区农田土壤受重金属综合污染程度依次为:Cd > As > Cu > Zn > Pb,其中水田土壤受Cd、Cu污染较旱地严重,受As污染略轻于旱地.水旱2种类型土壤中各重金属的形态分布规律相似,其中Cd以弱酸态和可还原态为主,Cu、As、Pb、Zn均以残渣态为主.     

煤炭矿区排矸场表层土壤重金属污染研究

采用填埋覆土的方式对煤矸石进行处理,在沉陷区沟壑地带分层充填矸石,使沟地变为平地,对环境保护有重要意义。神府东胜煤田的大多数煤矿现已基本采用填埋覆土的方式对煤矸石进行处理。以神府东胜煤田中某排矸场为研究对象,分析了排矸场表层土壤（地表及-1 m处）中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的空间分布特征及土壤中重金属的赋存形态。研究表明,排矸场中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量超过该地区的土壤背景值,对当地的土壤环境造成了一定的污染;排矸场土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb在-1 m处的含量高于表层土壤,并且排矸场中-1 m处土壤的8种重金属元素的含量都高于对照区土壤重金属含量;排矸场中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni残渣态占比最大,As可氧化态占比最大,Mn、Zn、Pb可交换态和可还原态占比较大,Mn、Zn、Pb以更不稳定的形态存在,对生态环境影响较大。     

某锰矿区土壤剖面重金属形态迁移转化特征及生态风险评价

对贵州省某锰矿区剖面土壤进行采样,测定其中Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、Pb和Cd含量,并采用改进的BCR连续提取法分析重金属的赋存形态,利用风险评价编码法（RAC）及次生相与原生相比值法（RSP）对其进行风险评价。结果表明,1）研究区域土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb和Mn的质量浓度平均值分别为2.63、126.39、48.95、751.8、37.28和4 992.88 mg/kg,均高于贵州土壤背景值。从土壤重金属垂向分布来看,由于矿区土壤受到较多人为影响,导致土壤垂向重金属元素含量未表现出明显的规律性。2）不同重金属的赋存形态分布差异较大,Cd的主要赋存形态为弱酸溶态,Pb、Mn均以可还原态为主,Cr、Zn和Cu均以残渣态为主,其中Cd、Cu元素有效态均表现出在表层富集的特征。3）潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区域土壤Cd有较高的污染风险,土壤Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb和Cr以中低风险为主。不同剖面深度土壤Cd和Cu生物有效形态组分污染风险均呈由浅至深逐渐降低的趋势。     

珠江三角洲污灌区地下水重金属含量及其相互关系

为了解污灌区地下水重金属含量特征,采集地表水样5组、地下水样14组进行化学组分定量分析.结果表明:污灌区地下水8种重金属元素中,仅有Ni和As两种元素超标,超标率分别为14.3%和42.9%.8种重金属含量在污灌区地表水、工厂废水以及地下水中存在明显的对应关系.Ni、Zn、Se、Cd这4种元素间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,Cu与Pb和Cd分别呈极显著和显著的正相关关系,Cr仅与Ni呈显著的正相关关系,As与其它7种元素的相关性均不明显.聚类分析结果显示8种重金属可分为4类:Pb和Cu一类,Se、Cd、Ni、Zn一类,Cr和As均单独一类.Pb和Cu与Fe的相似性最好,Se、Cd、Ni、Zn与Mg2+存在较好的相似性,Cr与HCO3-的相似性最好,As与SO42-存在一定的相似性.     

有色金属矿区土壤Pb、Zn、Cd污染评价及形态分布研究

以郴州废弃矿区土壤为研究对象,对矿区所采集的12个土壤样品进行重金属含量调查及综合污染程度分析,并采用地累积指数法对重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明,土样中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的平均含量分别为:3 149.36 mg/kg、3 848.75 mg/kg、26.74 mg/kg.Zn和Cd达到极严重污染程度,Pb达到强污染严重水平.采用BCR连续提取法对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd三种重金属元素的形态进行分析,结果表明Pb主要以可还原态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在,Cd主要以弱酸提取态存在.     

某矿区农田土壤重金属分布特征与生态风险评价

为探明贵州六盘水某矿区周边农田土壤重金属的分布特征及污染程度,以矿区周边农田为研究对象,采集表层土壤测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和As含量,分析重金属空间分布特征,评价土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险,并探究其来源。结果显示,6种重金属元素含量均高于贵州省土壤重金属背景值,超标倍数依次为Cu(5.82)>Ni(2.52)>Zn(2.46)>Pb(1.81)Cr(1.51)>As(1.18),重金属分布显示矿区煤矸石山和洗选厂周边的农田土壤重金属富集较为严重。单项污染指数均值显示Cu处于重度污染水平,Ni、Zn为轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr、As为轻微污染水平;综合污染处于重度污染级别。地质累积指数法评价结果显示:Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb处于轻度污染,Cr、As表现为尚未污染水平。研究区重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为68.02,已经达到轻度危害程度,其中Cu、Ni对综合潜在生态风险(RI)的贡献最大。多元统计分析结果显示,Zn与Pb、Zn与As以及Cu与Pb的相关性较强,表明Zn、Pb、AS、Cu的来源较相似,为第一类来源,主要源于采矿活动产生的三废;Ni、Cr分别为第二、三类来源,第二类重金属来源与汽车尾气的排放、机械损耗有关;第三类重金属主要受土壤母质影响。4种评价结果基本一致,矿区周边农田土壤重金属处于重度污染,轻度危害程度,Cu、Ni是研究区土壤影响最显著的生态风险因子,重金属主要源于采矿活动产生的三废。     

硫酸铵对离子型稀土矿区土壤重金属的释放和形态转化影响

针对离子型稀土矿区浸矿过程导致的土壤氨氮、重金属复合污染问题,研究硫酸铵残留对土壤重金属迁移转化和形态的影响机制。通过土柱淋滤和室内土壤培养考察不同浓度浸矿剂输入土壤后,氨氮、重金属Zn、Cu和Cr的形态和迁移性变化。实验结果表明,与无浸矿剂淋滤对照组相比较,浸矿剂在重金属污染土壤中主要以氨氮形式存在,硝态氮占比低。在培养期间,浸矿剂硫酸铵淋滤降低了土壤pH值和土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）,重金属活性增加,当浸矿剂淋滤浓度为5%时,弱酸态Cr、Cu、Zn比例分别提高8.29%、5.21%、4.53%。研究结果表明：硫酸铵加剧了土壤酸化,提高重金属迁移性,促进重金属形态从生物不可利用态向可利用态转化。     

钨矿矿区土壤多种重金属含量及赋存形态研究

以赣州市赣县王母渡镇东埠头钨矿矿区开采区、尾砂库、矿区附近河流沿岸及矿区土壤为研究对象,选择该矿区污染土壤样本21个,采用王水消煮法对土壤样品进行处理,运用等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）测定土壤样品中Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的含量.选用修正的BCR法测定矿区土壤中重金属元素的赋存形态,结果表明：As、Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni在外界条件影响下可转换为可交换态,矿区中残留选矿剂对重金属赋存形态的影响较大,As、Cd污染较为严重.     

Benzimidazole resistance in cyathostomes in horses in the Ukraine

The efficacy of treatment with cambendazole was tested in 1-year-old horses on a farm in Dubrovka, Ukraine. Thirty-five horses were treated. Their egg output was compared on the day of treatment and 14 days later with that of 33 untreated horses. Before treatment the mean number of eggs g-1 faeces was 614 in the controls and 766 in horses that had been treated. After 14 days the mean egg output in the controls was 580 and in the treated horses 369. This means a reduction of 54.5%. Only cyathostome larvae could be cultured from faeces collected after treatment. It can be concluded that benzimidazole resistance in cyathostomes is present in the Ukraine.     

重庆高校推进产学研合作的案例分析

以重庆大学、重庆邮电大学和重庆理工大学为例,剖析重庆高校推进产学研合作的基本模式,已经取得的突出成绩,分析总结其基本经验.从完善政策法规体系、强化经济调控、建立组织机构、加强中介建设及开展国际产学研合作等方面,提出了深入推进重庆高校产学研合作的对策建议.     

Fractures in childhood in Khartoum

A prospective study of fractures in 231 children received at Khartoum North Teaching Hospital(KNTH) was carried out for a period of six months. The incidence of child fracture rated as one per day, then it increased from the age of 5 years onwards in boys and between 6 and 8 years in girls. Most injuries were sustained during the day time, especially between late afternoon and sunset. 82% of injured children presented to a medical facility, while 18% were taken to native healers first. Non-road traffic accidents accounted for 84% of the fractures mainly due to sports, domestic injuries and falls; whereas road traffic accidents were 16% and occurred mainly in pedestrians. Forty three percent of the fractures needed only first aid and splintage while 42% needed closed reduction. Thirty one percent of all patients were treated as inpatients. The long bones were affected in 91% of all fractures, the commonest site being the distal end of the forearm (26%), followed by supracondylar fracture of the humerus (15.6%). In the upper limb, left-sided fractures predominated. The epiphyseal injuries were 3.5% of all fractures, mainly at the distal radial epiphysis. Boys were commonly affected between 13-15 years of age. Open fractures constituted 9.8% of the series and were mainly due to traffic accidents in town dwellers, the most vulnerable bones were those of the leg and foot. Pathological fractures accounted for 2.2% and were due to bone cysts and osteogenesis imperfecta. The problem of child safety and the preventive measures need to be more stressed.     

Problems in falling in love

Certain patients enter psychoanalysis because of their inability to love another person. Often they report a repetitive erotic pursuit of desired partners, without being able to experience or maintain loving feelings. Kernberg has understood such difficulties as representing effects of early narcissistic disappointments and/or of difficulties in resolving oedipal conflicts. In this paper, Lacanian concepts of the mirror phase and symbolic love are employed to develop these issues. Sexualization of problems in mirroring may be fused with oedipal conflicts in some cases. An extended vignette is presented to illustrate the technical and theoretical issues.     

Botulism in Poland in 1996

A model is presented in which ion translocation through the F0 part of the ATP synthase drives the rotation of the ring of c subunits (rotor) versus the a subunit (stator). The coupling ion binding sites on the rotor are accessible from the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell except for the c subunit at the interface to the stator. Here, the binding site is accessible from the periplasm through a channel formed by subunit a. In the ATP synthesis mode, a coupling ion is anticipated to pass through the stator channel into the binding site of the adjacent rotor subunit, following the electrical potential. Occupation of this site triggers, probably by electrostatic forces, the rotation of the ring. This makes the binding site accessible to the cytoplasm, where the coupling ion dissociates. Simultaneously, this rotation moves again an empty rotor subunit into the contact site with the stator, where its binding site becomes loaded and rotation continues.