碱对镀锌铁表面CaCO3污垢生长特性的影响机理研究

为解决因水结垢造成的管线堵塞问题,提出了变被动结垢为主动结垢的思路。针对某油田注入水,以镀锌铁为研究基质,综合动态模拟剪切实验以及SEM、EDS和浊度测试,探究碱类型和浓度对CaCO₃污垢生长特性的影响机理。结果表明5种常用碱——碳酸钠Na₂CO₃、碳酸氢钠NaHCO₃、三乙醇胺TEOA、氢氧化钙Ca(OH)₂和氧化钙CaO对污垢结垢量、失钙率及结垢诱导期影响各异,其中Na₂CO₃对失钙速率影响显著,而CaO对结垢速率影响较为明显。其次,不同碱促使污垢形成不同的晶型晶貌,其中方块状和层状垢物易于在材料表面堆积,即有利于结垢。最后,碱浓度对污垢生长影响具有双重性,存在抑垢和促垢浓度区间。     

60℃静态时碳酸钙析晶污垢初始阶段生长机理

以余热利用换热器为研究对象,在60℃CaCl2-Na2CO3溶液中改变浓度、pH值和材料,通过静态反应生长法,采用称重法和扫描电子显微镜分别获得不同浸入时间挂片的结垢量和污垢形貌。结果表明:较高的浓度、pH值和材料表面自由能,会产生较高的晶体生长动力和能量,前者促进细长的柱状或针状晶体形成并提高其生长速率;后者使系统能量降低,促进其他晶相转变为方解石。碳酸钙析晶污垢生长可分为结垢前期(表面反应机理),结垢中期(表面反应机理与颗粒粘附机理竞争期)和结垢后期(颗粒粘附机理)。结垢前期和结垢中期在诱导期内,污垢热阻为负值或零且对流体还没有阻力,而结垢后期则对应生长期,属于污垢快速生长阶段。     

几种翼型涡流发生器对CaCO3污垢特性影响的数值模拟

为研究翼型涡流发生器结构以及布置对换热面污垢的影响,对矩形通道内布置翼型涡流发生器后壁面CaCO₃析晶污垢的沉积进行了模拟。计算并分析了在温度为50℃,流速为0.2 m·s^-1,浓度为1000 mg·L^-1的CaCO₃过饱和溶液下,翼形涡流发生器的翼型、攻角和纵向间距等几何因素对表面污垢沉积的影响。结果表明:表面单位面积结垢量随着翼型涡流发生器攻角的增大而减小,随着涡流发生器列间距的增大而增大,当间距为60 mm时达到最大,超过60 mm后表面单位面积结垢量呈现下降趋势。     

碱对镀锌铁表面CaCO_3污垢生长特性的影响机理研究

为解决因水结垢造成的管线堵塞问题,提出了变被动结垢为主动结垢的思路。针对某油田注入水,以镀锌铁为研究基质,综合动态模拟剪切实验以及SEM、EDS和浊度测试,探究碱类型和浓度对CaCO_3污垢生长特性的影响机理。结果表明5种常用碱——碳酸钠Na_2CO_3、碳酸氢钠NaHCO_3、三乙醇胺TEOA、氢氧化钙Ca(OH)_2和氧化钙CaO对污垢结垢量、失钙率及结垢诱导期影响各异,其中Na_2CO_3对失钙速率影响显著,而CaO对结垢速率影响较为明显。其次,不同碱促使污垢形成不同的晶型晶貌,其中方块状和层状垢物易于在材料表面堆积,即有利于结垢。最后,碱浓度对污垢生长影响具有双重性,存在抑垢和促垢浓度区间。     

析晶污垢生长影响因素概述

结垢问题存在于各个行业,尤其在油田表现更甚。但材料表面特性对油田采出水中析晶污垢的影响并没有得到太多关注。主要对影响析晶污垢生长的三种主要表面特性因素进行简要综述。     

高盐海水中盐度对污垢沉积特性的影响

污垢沉积过程十分复杂。管材的种类、海水的成分、盐度和温度等因素都会影响污垢的沉积特性。选用人工海水为工质,在温度为80℃,盐度为6%、8%和10%时,对静态条件下铜管和钛管表面污垢的沉积特性进行对比研究。通过实验得出,金属表面污垢质量增量在盐度为8%时最大。钛管表面污垢主要以片状的Mg(OH)₂和少量的CaCO₃为主,而铜管表面的Mg(OH)₂晶体成团聚形态,并且表面附着大量的方解石CaCO₃和少量的文石CaCO₃。在相同盐度下,两种金属表面污垢的沉积趋势不同。在金属表面没有观察到CaSO₄形态的晶体析出。     

交叉缩放椭圆管颗粒污垢特性的实验分析

为探讨纳米氧化镁颗粒在交叉缩放椭圆管内部的污垢规律,本文选用纳米氧化镁颗粒配置纯胶体溶液为研究对象,对不同颗粒直径、颗粒浓度、工质流速和温度工况下交叉缩放椭圆管的污垢特性进行了实验研究,并通过扫描电镜观察其结垢表面。结果表明：交叉缩放椭圆管纳米颗粒污垢下无明显诱导期;在相同的工况下,颗粒粒径越小,结垢速率越快,污垢热阻渐近值越大;随着颗粒浓度的增加,结垢速率加快,污垢热阻渐近值明显增大;随着流速的增加,污垢热阻渐近值和结垢速率都有所降低;污垢热阻渐近值随着实验管段入口温度的升高而降低。     

雾化学气相外延法异质外延Ga2O3薄膜的生长特性

氧化镓各晶相的应用广泛,亚稳相只能通过外延的手段获得。选择合适的生长方法和提高异质外延水平仍是学术界一直探讨的问题。采用雾化学气相沉积(Mist-CVD)法在蓝宝石衬底上异质外延生长了氧化镓薄膜,通过优化工艺条件实现了物相调控,系统研究了外延膜的结晶质量、组分和表面形貌,以及生长速率变化规律。同时,探究了Mist-CVD生长系统中,Ga₂O₃外延膜的晶体成核及晶相控制机理。在原有α-Ga₂O₃生长工艺的基础上,制备了α/ε混相薄膜、ε-Ga₂O₃纯相薄膜,呈三维岛状生长模式。在ε-Ga₂O₃纯相薄膜的基础上,随着氧气流量的增加,结晶质量先稳定后下降,生长速率先增加后降低,最高达到3μm/h。通过退火,获得了β-Ga₂O₃纯相薄膜,表面粗糙度由10.80 nm降低至5.42 nm。在利用Mist-CVD法进行不同晶相外延调控及其生长机理研究方面具有一定借鉴意义。     

环道实验研究碳酸钙结垢规律

我国出产的石油大多数属于重油,结垢问题严重。通过设计环道实验,发现随着流速的增大,碳酸钙结垢诱导期加长,结垢速率减小,渐进污垢热阻减小;表面温度越高,结垢速率越大。之前的文献中很少讨论碱度对换热表面结垢的影响,本文对不同硬度及碱度含量的水质进行了实验研究发现,碱度越大结垢越严重;随着溶液硬度的增大,结垢速率先是增大,待增大至一定浓度时降低。     

镍基TiO2复合电极的制备及电催化析氢性能

在含有TiO₂颗粒的氨基磺酸体系镀镍液中通过电沉积制备了Ni/TiO₂复合镀层。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外吸收光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对镀层进行表征的结果显示,TiO₂颗粒成功地沉积在镍镀层中,并改变了镍镀层的表面微观形貌和相结构。通过极化曲线、塔菲尔曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、计时电位曲线等电化学测试考察了不同TiO₂质量浓度下所得Ni/TiO₂复合镀层的析氢活性和稳定性。与Ni镀层相比,Ni/TiO₂复合镀层显示出更高的析氢催化活性。TiO₂表面存在的羟基有利于析氢反应中氢吸附原子的形成,提高了析氢反应速率。在10 mA/cm²的阴极电流密度下,以6 g/L TiO₂制备的复合镀层表现出较低的析氢过电位(310 mV),具有最高的析氢活性。     

木炭生产技术研究进展

木炭作为一种重要的生产、生活原料,在工业生产和家庭生活中应用广泛。现有的木炭生产技术主要有内热式炭化、外热式炭化和循环气流加热式炭化技术,本文概述了3种炭化技术与设备的研发现状,并总结了炭化工艺改进的理论研究进展:长低温停留时间,然后快速升温到高温段保温的加热工艺有利于提高木炭产率和品质,同时节省炭化时间和能量;适当提高原料湿度和炭化压力将促进木材热解,增大压力还能提高木炭得率;减小原料尺寸可以提升炭化速率,但会使得炭得率降低。最后指出当前国内木炭生产主要存在工业化水平低、理论研究滞后和缺乏相关的生产使用标准等问题,未来的木炭生产将沿着工业化、高效化和标准化方向发展。     

Microstructure and Kinetics of Crystallization of MgO-Al2O3−Si02 Glass-Ceramics

Quantitative X-ray diffraction and microscopy were used to study the morphology development and overall crystallization rate between 900° and 990°C of MgO-Al₂O₃−SiO₂ glasses with added ZrO, TiO₂, CaF₂, or CeO₂. Three basic stages of micro-structural development were distinguishable: I, an induction period, II, a spherulitic crystallization stage, and III, a final crystallization stage. The duration of the induction period, the crystallization rate of the high-quartz solid solution, and the microstructures varied markedly with prior nucleation treatment and the type of modifier present in a glass of nearly equal silica content. The roles of major (high-quartz ss , high cordierite) and of minor crystalline and liquid phases in textural development are discussed, and it is postulated that nucleants (ZrO₂, TiO₂) act also as growth-modifying "impurities" in crystal growth.     

Induction Time in Crystallization Fouling on Heat Transfer Surfaces

This work deals with the induction period in crystallization fouling on heat transfer surfaces. While the crystal growth period can be calculated, the influencing effects in the initial stage of crystallization fouling are not fully understood and quantified so far. To identify the factors influencing the induction time, experiments with calcium sulfate were performed on modified surfaces. As surface parameters the free surface energy, roughness and topography were determined by drop shape analysis and/or AFM. The visual information by microscopic studies with a SEM shows different behavior in the initial stage of crystallization on modified surfaces at constant process conditions. These microscopic findings could be verified with induction times of fouling experiments, leading to a prediction of the induction time based on surface parameters and supersaturation of the salt solution.     

过硫酸铵冷却结晶过程研究

针对工业生产中过硫酸铵从硫酸铵的电解液中结晶分离过程,研究了过硫酸铵在硫酸铵水溶液中的结晶热力学和动力学。首先,测定了(NH₄)₂S₂O₈-(NH₄)₂SO₄-H₂O体系在不同温度下的三元相图,为优化过硫酸铵冷却结晶工艺提供了热力学依据;此外,采用激光动态法测定了(NH₄)₂S₂O₈的结晶介稳区,研究了降温速率和搅拌速率对介稳区宽度的影响,计算了相关的成核动力学参数;最后,测定了(NH₄)₂S₂O₈在纯水中不同温度下的诱导期,并探究了诱导期与过饱和度之间的相关性。     

强制对流传热的换热表面结垢特性实验研究

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the fouling process of calcium carbonate on the heat transfer surface, during forced convective heat transfer. The dynamic monitoring apparatus of fouling resistance was set up for the present experiments. The fouling behavio（s were examined under different factors including fluid velocity, hardness,alkalinity, solution temperature, and wall temperature. Asymptotic fouling curves varying with time were obtained. The fouling rate and asymptotic fouling resistance increased and the induction periods were shortened with the fluid velocity decreasing, hardness andalkalinity increasing, and solution temperature and heat transfer surface temperature increasing. Thecomponents of fouling that formed on the heat transfer surface included crystallization fouling and particulate fouling. The thermal performance parameter of fouling,ρfhf, varied from 380 to 2600 kg·W·（m^4·K）^-1, increasing with growing velocity and decreasing solution temperature, hardness or alkalinity. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of fouling, λf, varied from 1.7 to 2.2 W·（m·K）^-1 .     

Nucleation and Crystallization of NaNbO3 from Glasses in the Na2O-Nb2O5-SiO2 System

Transparent glass-ceramics, in which the major phase was NaNbO₃, were obtained by heat treatment of glasses in the Na₂O-Nb₂O₅-SiO₂ system. The structure of the glass and the changes occurring during crystallization as a function of temperature and heating rate were examined by X-ray diffraction, transmission and replication electron microscopy, density, and other measurements. On heating, a rather abrupt formation of uniformly dispersed particles was observed. In the early stages of crystallization, these particles contained NaNbO₃ as loose, radially grown dendrites of identical crystal orientation which became dense during later stages of crystallization. The particle sizes ranged from 200 to 10,000 A, depending on the SiO₂ content of the glass. Transparency of the crystallized material was dependent on the particle size rather than on the amount of NaNbO₃ formed. The temperature at which crystallization occurred increased with the heating rate whereas the viscosity at crystallization decreased. For a given value of the rate of crystal formation per °C of temperature increase, the product (viscosity)ⁿ× (heating rate) was constant. The nucleation and growth phenomena which occurred in these glasses was attributed to microheterogeneities of higher Nb₂O₅ content which formed part of the glass structure.     

FOULING OF SIEVE TRAYS

Fouling due to the deposition of solids on sieve trays was studied in a 153 mm diameter column and a 90 mm diameter simulator. Tests were carried out with various gas-liquid-solid systems to determine the effect of the fouling mechanism on tray performance. For an air-water system containing saturated NaHCO₃, fouling from crystallisation occurs due to water evaporation by dry air at the tray holes. For a CO₂-water system containing K₂C0₃ and saturated KHC0₃ the reaction between C0₂ and K₂CO₃ causes the precipitation of KHCO₃ at the gas-liquid interface. For the air-water system containing insoluble solids, flour and Ca(OH)₂, no fouling was observed for a 48 hour test period. Interesting results on tray performance were also obtained. Test results indicate that (1) trays with larger holes have higher resistance to fouling, (2) fouling does not occur when trays are operated under weeping conditions, (3) fouling rate increases with increasing gas loading, (4) a bed of mesh packing on the sieve tray accelerates the fouling rate. A mathematical model has been developed for predicting the effect of crystallisation fouling on tray pressure drop as a function of time.     

Kinetics of Crystallization in Li2O-SiO2 Glasses

The kinetics of crystallization of Li₂Si₂O₅ from glasses in the Li₂O-SiO₂ system were studied using quantitative X-ray diffraction. Analysis of the data using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation showed that crystallization occurred through the nucleation and growth of rods. The spherulitic nature of the crystals was substantiated by petrographic examinations of the partially crystalline glass. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the crystallization rate using a modification of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation showed that the activation energy for nucleation was a function of composition and thermal treatment.