CATT在SAP系统中的应用

介绍了在SAP系统中运用CATT（计算机辅助测试工具）的基本方法和技巧。根据CATT的操作流程，模拟了在SAP系统中批量建立物料主数据的几个主要视图的过程，包括录制CATT，变量设置，格式导出，数据准备和数据导入。     

安全联锁系统是否可在DCS中实现

基于DCS系统是足够好的理由，许多用户为了节省投资，将紧急停车（ESD）、联锁、火灾及可燃气体检测报警系统等安全联锁功能全部设置进一个分散控制系统（DCS）中。该文从操作、维护及性能要求等方面论述了将过程控制和安全联销系统（SIS）设置进同一个DCS系统中，对于象核电站、石油化工等高危险性的装置是不合适的。应将安全联锁功能与过程控制功能分别设置在“相互独立”的系统中。     

实现企业质量体系认证有效性的思考

有效性是质量体系认证工作的出发点和落脚点。我国企业质量体系认证的有效性较差,原因有多方面,但根本原困在于企业内部。本文从企业管理内部分析了影响质量体系认证有效性的原因,提出了企业提高质量体系认证有效性的对策。     

先进控制技术在延迟焦化装置的应用

介绍上海石油化工股份有限公司延迟焦化装置成功实施先进控制的情况。该先进控制系统选用美国AspenTech公司的DMCplus和AspenIQ软件包，整个系统设计开发了三个控制器，涵盖了整个延迟焦化的全流程。为了提供实时的质量数据和焦炭塔状态，系统中设计开发了三个软测量仪表和工艺计算程序。该系统上线后，有效提高了装置的操作稳定性，装置处理量提高了1．51％，液体收率提高0．64％，能耗降低8．375MJ／t，且减轻了操作人员劳动强度，取得了良好的经济效益。     

IPR方程通式中Vogel参数与流动效率R的计算

针对油井三相流动时的流入动态方程（IPR）通式,提出了一套利用压力恢复试井数据和系统试井数据计算Vogel参数与流动效率R的数值方法。计算结果表明．该方法简洁、可靠。     

石油企业下岗职工安置的难点与对策

石油企业下岗职工安置工作是一项长期、复杂的系统工程，是国有石油企业改革攻坚战中的关键战役，其成功与否，直接关系到国企改革的成败。在分析石油企业形成下岗职工成因的基础上，理出了突破下岗职工安置的难点，探讨了解决这些难点的对策和思路。     

一种新型的常规测井资料处理软件INTINT

介绍了一种新型的常规测井资料处理软件（INTINT），该软件在WINDOWS95系统下，用VISUALC++开发，具有操作灵活、扩充性强、解释精度高等特点，可以完成常规测井资料的予处理、解释、分层、打印出图等工作。     

液相本体聚丙烯装置设备改造及优化

针对液相本体法聚丙烯装置能耗高、物耗高、产品收率低等问题,通过摸索,采取了一系列措施。措施包括设备改造、优化操作、采用普通氢气及新型DQ－2催化剂等。措施的实施使能耗降低了64％;收率提高了17．5％,加氢成本降低了2／3,年综合经济效益500万元人民币。     

深化设计改革 控制基建投资

分析了基建工程建设项目投资管理中存在的问题,提出了实施限额设计、建立新的设计工作体系、控制基建投资的思路和方法：要转变设计观念,增强经济效益观念和投资风险意识;建立限额工作责任制,完善基建管理制度和定额体系;将限额设计贯穿于设计工作的全过程,保证预期目标的实现。     

裂解碳五馏分分离ACN法和DMF法的技术经济对比

介绍了裂解碳五（C5）馏分分离萃取蒸馏技术乙腈抽提（ACN）法和二甲基甲酰胺抽提（DMF）法的工艺流程,分析对比了2种方法的技术特点、产品质量、操作参数、能耗物耗、经济效益等方面存在的共性和差异.结果表明,与DMF法相比,ACN法各塔系分离精度高、杂质含量低,异戊二烯收率高1％,在减少设备投资、节约维护和成本费用等方面的优势明显,综合能耗约降低11％,运行周期延长3倍以上.     

Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophenic Compounds in a Light Cycle Oil

Abstract

A hydrotreating study was conducted in a bench-scale hydroprocessing reactor, over a wide range of operating conditions of industrial interest, to look in detail at hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and aromatics hydrogenation, and the interactions between these reactions. This article focuses on preliminary HDS results and some general findings. The feed used was a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), light cycle oil (LCO) and the catalyst was a commercial NiMo/Al₂O₃ hydrotreating catalyst. The HDS results were analyzed by focusing on individual dibenzothiophenic sulfur species in the feedstock and products. Some of those species were positively identified while others were grouped into classes. It was observed that above 385°C, the assumption of irreversible pseudo-first-order reaction is not applicable for both total sulfur removal and sulfur removal of individual dibenzothiophenic species. All HDS reactions involving dibenzothiophenic structures reach a point where they are affected by hydrogenation/dehydrogenation equilibrium. Among all the 14 difficult-to-remove sulfur species identified in this work 4-methyldibenzothiophene (4-MDBT) has the highest HDS reactivity, while 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) has the lowest HDS reactivity attributable to steric hindrance by methyl substitutes at 4 and 6 positions. It was also found that H₂S significantly reduces the reaction rates of HDS. However, this effect reaches a plateau as H₂S concentration in the gas phase increases. At low reactor temperature, HDS rates linearly increase with the increase in hydrogen partial pressure. At high temperature it reaches the limit of complete conversion.     

The direct,one-step process for synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas. III. DME as a chemical feedstock

In Parts I & II of this Series, we illustrated the process research studies on a new, trendsetting indirect syngas conversion process, the direct, one-step LPDME^tm process, which is now a shining example of “dual catalysis” or “cooperative/adaptive” catalysis and also of thermodynamic/kinetic coupling in series-parallel reactions.

In this part III, we take a look at several processes on the research and pilot scale that employ methanol and DME as chemical feedstocks for further conversion to value-added chemicals. A most rational and cogent argument for the use of DME as a feedstock is that the unit production cost of DME from the direct, one-step DME processes, most notably the LPDME^tm process, can be lower than methanol (from LPMeOH^tm), on a methanol-equivalent basis. DME also has inherently more benign physical and chemical properties, contains 1 less mole of water, and results in a substantially similar product distribution, as methanol, for the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) and methanol-to-olefins (MTO) process. DME can also be converted to several other important chemicals; some of these include dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, methylal, formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl acetate, and polyoxymethylene ethers. In this report, we offer a critical assessment of the current status of these processes and a projected path to commercialization. Considering the trendsetting and impactful nature of DME as a chemical entity and as a chemical feedstock, along with its “free” cost, we are of the opinion that the future of DME, and of its chemical conversions, as so-called “DME economy”, is very bright.     

生物降解热塑性材料的研究进展

生物降解塑料作为一种新型材料,有很好的应用前景。综述了近年来国内外研究广泛的合成类生物降解塑料(聚乳酸、聚羟烷基酯、聚ε-己内酯、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚碳酸亚丙酯、聚乙烯醇及其共聚物)和淀粉类生物降解塑料的研究现状,探讨了存在的问题,并提出了今后的发展方向。     

Hydrodesulfurization, Hydrodenitrogenation, Hydrodemetallization, and Hydrodeasphaltenization of Maya Crude over NiMo/Al2O3 Modified with Ti and P

The effect of adding Ti (4.5 wt%) and P (∼1.0 wt%) by several routes to a NiMo/ab Al₂O₃ catalyst on the hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodemetallization (HDM), and hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) of heavy Maya crude was investigated. The results show that not all the catalyst functionalities respond equally well to the addition of Ti and P to the catalyst formulation. There is not a single catalyst formulation that can achieve optimum performance in all the catalyst functionalities. For HDS, Ti incorporation increases activity but the route by which P is added afterwards can improve or be detrimental to HDS activity. For HDN, the incorporation of P to the catalyst can lead to significant improvements in catalytic activity and catalyst stability. Ti increases HDM activity but the addition of P to the catalyst is detrimental to this functionality. For the elimination of asphaltenes, the catalyst supported on pure alumina is the best. So for HDAs, no benefit is obtained by the addition of Ti or P to the catalyst. Textural properties are important and HDM and HDAs increase with catalyst average pore diameter. Hydrodemetallization activity increases with the acidity of the catalyst.     

Ultrasensitive immunoassays based on biotin–streptavidin amplified system for quantitative determination of family zearalenones

In this work, based on a newly obtained monoclonal antibody (MAb) against zearalenone (ZEN) and biotin–streptavidin system (BSAS) for signal amplification, two sensitive and rapid immunoassay formats including biotin–streptavidin amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BA-ELISA) and biotin–streptavidin amplified fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (BA-FLISA), were developed for family zearalenones (ZENs) determination. And the limits of detection (LODs) of ZEN were 0.02 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.10 ng mL⁻¹ for BA-ELISA and BA-FLISA respectively. Using the BA-ELISA platform the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) were 0.18 ng mL⁻¹ for ZEN, 0.39 ng mL⁻¹ for α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), 0.46 ng mL⁻¹ for β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), 0.30 ng mL⁻¹ for zearalanone (ZAN), 0.30 ng mL⁻¹ for α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), and 0.73 ng mL⁻¹ for β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). With the broad specificity, the developed immunoassays could be used as sensitive and valuable tools for detection of family ZENs. Additionally, the suitability of the proposed immunoassays for its application to corn flour and corn based baby food has also been investigated.     

应用测井资料识别层序地层界面的方法

以层序地层学理论为基础,应用自然电位、电阻率、声波时差和感应电导率等测井资料,采用自然电位和自然电位镜像法、自然电位与视电阻率曲线组合法、声波时差法、声波时差与电阻率曲线交汇法和感应电导率法等5种方法进行层序界面识别。勘探实例证实这些方法是可行的,应用效果较好。     

Authentication of protected designation of origin artichokes by spectroscopy methods

Artichoke samples with the protected designation of origin (PDO) ‘Alcachofa de Benicarló’ were discriminated from those produced in other towns surrounding Valencia and Murcia, outside the PDO frame. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), near infrared (NIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were assayed in order to achieve a correct sample classification of the three different origin sample groups (Benicarló, Valencia and Murcia). Chemometrics was used to compare the ability of classification of artichoke from their origin by using concentration data of mineral elements, determined by ICP-OES, NIR spectra and XRF spectra. Multivariate analysis tools, as principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA), were used for chemometric data treatment. This study evidenced that the mineral profile of artichokes is a good way for the correct identification of sample origin and that the direct use of XRF spectra of the lyophilised edible part of artichoke can be used as a cheap and green alternative for the authentication of samples produced in the PDO ‘Alcachofa de Benicarló’ and to differentiate from those produced in near areas.     

Gasoline as a motor fuel at the pump: Conventional wisdom and new paradigms

The domestic energy policies are still defined by the energy crisis and the Arab oil embargo of the 1970s and 1980s, and occasional spikes in gas prices – with emphasis on alternative and renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, the over-reliance on gasoline/diesel as the only motor fuels of choice is surprising and even counter-directional, especially when new and lower-cost alternatives which serve to protect the environment (on account of lower emissions) have been available for decades. These alternatives can be classified as electric (pure or gas-electric hybrids), gas/liquid (natural gas, propane, methanol/ethanol), or gas (H₂, as part of H₂-economy). In this report, we examine the reasons for gasoline as the “sole” choice and make the assertion that gasoline is not necessarily the most economical or cleaner-burning, and examine the available alternatives. We make the case that a switch from gasoline-powered vehicles to gas-electric hybrids at first, and then by an entire shift to pure electric vehicles (EVs) is the most meaningful alternative. The introduction of the Toyota Prius – the most successful gas-electric hybrid – introduced in the late-1990s (around 2000) – can be seen as a torch bearer in this regard, and a few other noteworthy examples including Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf have further stoked the flames in this revolution. It is also conceivable that a retrofit modification of the vehicles already on the road – from gasoline to gas-electric hybrids – will enable this transition in a more seamless way.     

Hydrotreating of Maya Crude Oil: I. Effect of Support Composition and Its Pore-diameter on Asphaltene Conversion

A systematic study for a concept governing support effect in heavy oil hydrotreating (HDT) catalysts is performed. Different Al₂O₃ and its mixed oxides supports were prepared and CoMo supported catalysts were tested for Maya heavy crude oil hydrotreating. Fresh and spent catalysts are characterized with N₂ adsorption-desorption, element analysis, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion analysis by x-ray (SEM-EDAX), which confirms that coke and metals deposition on the surface of catalyst is most probably near the pore mouth. It is also demonstrated from these results that asphaltene conversion depends on the pore diameter of the catalyst, while other hydrotreating conversions (hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitogenation (HDN), and in some extent hydrodemetallization (HDM)) are more likely affected by the nature of active metal distribution. The evaluation of alumina mixed oxide (TiO₂, ZrO₂, B₂O₃, and MgO) supported catalysts indicates that supports with basic nature have better stability than the acid ones.     

甲基环己烷－苯－DMF汽液平衡的研究

采用改进的Ｒｏｓｅ釜测定了１０１．３ｋＰａ下苯（１）－ＤＭＦ（２）、甲基环己烷（１）－苯（２）、甲基环己烷（１）－ＤＭＦ（２）３组二元体系及甲基环己烷（１）－苯（２）－ＤＭＦ（３）三元体系的汽液平衡数据。三组二元体系的ＶＬＥ数据均通过了微分法热力学一致性检验。应用ＮＲＴＬ模型和ＵＮＩＱＵＡＣ模型关联了二元、三元体系的ＶＬＥ数据。推算了三元体系ＶＬＥ数据。