Detergent action of rosin soaps and fatty acid — Rosin soaps

Summary A method for evaluating the detergent action of soaps has been described and applied to a series of soap solutions. The detergent action of rosin soaps, the effect of compounds present in soap or used with soap on the detergent action of a rosin soap, and the effect of rosin soap on the detergent action of tallow soap have been tested. The effect of temperature on the detergent action of some of the detergent solutions has also been determined. The results of these detergent tests on rosin, fatty acid and fatty acid-rosin soaps indicated the following: (1) Rosin soaps made from different gum rosins, produced from longleaf and slash pine gums, have equal detergent action; (2) The presence of soaps of oxidized rosin acids has no effect on detergent action of the rosin soap; (3) The detergent action of soaps made from pyroabietic acid, abietic acid and hydrogenated rosin parallels their ability to lower the surface tension of water and the amount of hydrogen present in the rosin acids; (4) The addition of builders that increase the alkalinity of the rosin soap solution improves the detergent action of the solution; (5) The blending of rosin soap with tallow soap improves the detergent action of the tallow soap in solutions having a soap concentration of 0.25 percent or more; (6) Temperature affects the detergent action of rosin and coconut oil soaps more than tallow soap.     

Surface tension of rosin soap solutions

Summary The surface tension of soap solutions made from rosins and rosin acids has been measured and the surface tension of fatty acid soap solutions and fatty acidresin soap solutions have been measured and compared.     

Foaming properties of rosin soap and their comparison with those of fatty acid soaps

Summary The foam production of soaps made from rosin, modified rosins, and rosin acids were evaluated. The foam production of rosin soaps was compared with soaps made from the individual fatty acids. There was no difference in the foaming properties of soaps made from longleaf and slash pine rosin. Oxidation of the unstable rosin acids in rosin caused the foaming properties of the rosin soap to become more nearly proportional to the concentration. The more hydrogen present in the rosin acid molecule the greater were the foaming properties of the rosin soap. At temperatures between 200° C. and 275° C., the lower the temperature employed for producing pyroabietic acid catalytically, the greater were the foaming properties of the pyroabietic acid soap. There was a difference in the foaming properties of commercial stabilized rosins. In foaming properties the soaps made from rosins, modified rosins, and rosin acids were more like sodium laurate than the other individual fatty acid soaps tested. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to to Dr. G. S. Jamieson and W. G. Rose of the Agricultural Chemical Research Division for the pure lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid used in this study.     

Use of modified rosins in soap

Summary We have endeavored to show the advantages that rosins modified by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or polymerization have over ordinary rosins when used in soap. Ordinary rosin darkens in color upon oxidation. The modified rosins are not as susceptible to oxidation, and, therefore, soaps made using them do not darken in color to any greater extent than is normal for a soap made from the same fat stock but without rosin. The modified rosins when used as a replacement for part of the fat in soap making increase the rate of solubility of soap to a greater extent than do the ordinary rosins. They also show a slight advantage on the amount and stability of the lather. Hydrogenated rosin should be considered wherever germicidal value is desired since it contains a large proportion of tetra- and di-hydroabietic acids which have been shown by other investigators to have greater germicidal activity than the ordinary rosin acids or the fatty acids. The addition of modified rosins increase the wetting action of fatty acid soaps. It is indicated that up to 50% of modified rosin can be added to soap without decreasing detergent action, which, taken together with its other beneficial properties, makes it an ideal extender for fatty soap stocks. Chairman, Committee D-12 on Soap and Other Detergents of the American Society for Testing Materials.     

Rosin/acid oil-based liquid soap

Soapstock was converted into a liquid soap from its acid oil and formulated with varying amounts of rosin. The characteristics of the acid oil and rosin were experimentally estimated. Liquid soaps were characterized by density, pH, total fatty matter, free caustic alkali, critical micelle concentration, foaming capacity, wetting power, and washing performance. The foaming results indicated that the liquid soap is best used as an ingredient in a washing-machine detergent. The dark aspect of a formulation with 10% rosin precluded higher substitution.     

The germicidal activity of rosin soap and fatty acid-rosin soap as indicated by hand-washing experiments

Summary and Conclusions Price’s procedure as slightly modified (4) was used for studying the germicidal action of cleaning agents on the hands and showed that rosin soap and a commercial soap containing rosin were more active germicidally on the bacteria normally found on human skin than the usual commercial fatty acid soaps free from rosin soap. The experiments indicate that the lather of a 10-percent coconut oil soap solution and of a 10-percent coconut oil-rosin soap solution are germicidally active against the organisms removed. However, three 2-minute washes with these soap solutions had little effect on the bacteria not removed from the hands. The use of a 10-percent rosin soap solution in the same manner had a marked germicidal effect against both the organisms removed and those remaining. The lather of a commercial soap containing rosin soap was shown to be germicidally active, but three 2-minute washes had only a slight effect on the resident flora. However, the regular use of this soap daily for one week led to substantial reduction of both the transient and resident flora of the hands. The evidence of germicidal activity of rosin soaps and soaps containing rosin, both with regard to these hand-washing experiments and the “in vitro” (7) experiments, indicates that wider consideration might well be given this type of soap where germicidal activity is of importance. L. S. Stuart was employed in the Industrial-Farm Products Research Division when this work was done.     

松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性的研究

用分光光度法研究水中金属离子浓度、pH值和添加不同种类表面活性剂等对松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性的影响,并寻找提高松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性的方法。实验结果表明:在实验研究的离子浓度范围内(Ca2+浓度0～0.78mmol/L、Mg2+浓度0～0.74mmol/L),水的硬度对松香皂乙醇水溶液稳定性没有影响;在偏碱性的水溶液中加入适量非离子表面活性剂可有效提高松香皂乙醇水溶液的稳定性。     

歧化松香钾皂生产状况

介绍了熔融法、溶剂法和松脂直接歧化法等歧化松香的生产技术路线以及松香歧化催化剂的研究进展。概述了国内歧化松香钾皂的合成工艺以及市场现状,提出了提高歧化松香钾皂的质量以及积极拓展国外市场等建议。     

Comparative value of fatty acids and resin acids of tall oil in soaps

Summary A study has been made of the detergency and foaming power of soaps made from a typical acid-refined American tall oil. Sodium soap of tall oil, straight tall oil fatty-acid soap, and straight tall oil resin-acid soap were evaluated. The effect of fatty acid-resin acid ratio was determined by using mixtures of those soaps. Sodium rosinate, sodium oleate, and mixtures of these soaps were used as comparison standards. Curves plotted show wash-test data and foaming values as functions of the ratio of fatty soap to resin soap. The data indicate in terms of detergency: a) tall oil soap has a higher value than sodium rosinate; b) sodium oleate is better than tall oil fatty-acid soap, but the latter is approximately equivalent to soaps from various unsaturated vegetable oils; c) both tall oil resin-acid soap and rosin soap have low detergency on cotton; d) the detergency of most mixtures of tall oil fatty-acid and resin-acid soaps at lower concentrations is greater than would be predicted from the individual soaps, indicating a synergistic effect. As a rough approximation, tall oil soap without unsaponifiables is equivalent to a corresponding mixture of sodium oleate and sodium rosinate. The presence of unsaponifiables lowers both detergency and foaming. Tall oil soap is somewhat less sensitive to hard water than sodium oleate. Significant differences between detergencies of soaps, and especially between soap mixtures, are obscured when launderometer tests are run at moderate soap concentrations. These differences are readily detected at lower concentrations. Presented at 113th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., April 14–23, 1948.     

液状强化松香皂胶的性能研究

用高效液相色谱、X-射线光电子能谱仪和激光粒度分布仪等分析了几种商品液状强化松香皂胶 ,试制了 3个液状强化松香皂胶样品 ,并详细地研究了它们的理化性质     

歧化松香皂脱色精制工艺研究及脱色机理探讨

针对目前国内市场上歧化松香皂产品颜色过深的问题,深入研究了歧化松香皂脱色的实验方法,确定了SQZ-9脱色方法是一种工艺简单、成本低廉且能显著降低现有歧化松香皂产品颜色的脱色方法,可将特级歧化松香皂的加纳色号从8降至3。根据实验研究结果,在广西梧州松脂股份有限公司进行了歧化松香皂脱色工业中试。针对中试中发现的局部过热和脱色产物透明度下降问题,改进了歧化松香皂脱色工艺,并采用红外、紫外分析手段对其脱色机理进行了分析。     

Studies in soap crystallization processes. Part III. Acid soap crystallization in the segregation of tall oil fatty acids

Tall oil fatty acids have been fractionated into 80–90% oleic acid, and 60–80% linoleic acid fractions, by precipitation of the oleic acid as acid soap from polar solvents. Sodium and potassium acid soaps are equally effective, but ammonium acid soaps require lower operating temperatures. The choice of solvent is not critical as regards degree of separation, but technically attractive filtration rates have been obtained only with methanol and acetone. Acidulation gives colorless oleic acid of very low rosin acid and unsaponifiable content, but with 5–10% of conjugated linoleic acid.     

气质联用法鉴别ESBR和SSBR

本文介绍了一种通过气质联用法（GC/MS）测定提取液中的松香酸类物质以区分溶液聚合丁苯橡胶（SSBR）和以松香酸皂或混合酸皂为乳化剂的乳液聚合丁苯橡胶（ESBR）的方法,适用于生橡胶、混炼橡胶、硫化橡胶和橡胶制成品。对多个SBR进行GC/MS实验,谱图分析显示ESBR均含有松香酸类物质和脂肪酸类物质,而SSBR则未发现这两类物质。在此基础上开展已知配方硫化橡胶的实验。结果表明：对于生橡胶而言,无论ESBR使用何种乳化剂,均可以通过松香酸类物质和/或脂肪酸类物质完全区分ESBR和SSBR;混炼橡胶、硫化橡胶和橡胶制成品样品在确定含有丁苯橡胶的基础上,通过松香酸类物质的存在即可确认ESBR。     

Solubility of calcium soaps of gum rosin,rosin acids and fatty acids

Summary The solubility of calcium soaps of rosin acids and fatty acids have been determined and compared. The solubility of calcium soaps of rosin acids (d-pimaric, dihydroabietic, and l-abietic acids) present in gum rosin was found to be greater than that of the calcium soaps of the following saturated fatty acids: lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. The calcium oleate was much more soluble than the calcium stearate. As the amount of hydrogen in the rosin acid molecule is increased, l-abietic to dihydroabietic to tetrahydroabietic acid, the solubility of the calcium soap is decreased. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. G. S. Jamieson and W. G. Rose of the Agricultural Chemical Research Division for the pure lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid used in this study.     

松香聚乙二醇丙三酸酯表面活性剂的合成及性能探讨

以松香(RO)为主要原料,CaO/MgO为催化剂,与聚乙二醇(PEG)反应合成松香聚乙二醇酯(RPGE),RPGE的合成最佳条件为:n(RO):n(PEG)=1:1.6,反应温度270℃,反应时间2h.RPGE再与丙三酸合成一种新型表面活性剂——松香聚乙二醇丙三酸酯(RPGPE),RPGPE合成的最佳条件为:反应温度1...     

Regulation of molecular weight of styrene–butadiene rubber. II. Influence of variation of polymerization recipe on the regulating efficiency of diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide

The influence of kind and amount of an anionic emulsifier, pH of water phase, addition of free rosin, and content of conjugated structures in rosin on the regulation efficiency of diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide in emulsion copolymerization of butadiene with styrene at +5°C. was studied. The apparent chain transfer constant C decreased in the order: Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺, for the cations with the hydrolysis of rosin soap. This soap is replaceable with other anionic emulsifiers, C being dependent on the absorption area of one soap molecule. With increasing amount of soap the value of C decreased. With the decreasing pH of the water phase, the value of C increases. This fact can be explained by the increase in hydrolysis of carboxylic groups of rosin and oleate soaps and an increase in the permeability of the monomer–polymer particle surface to molecules of regulator. This tendency does not exist in the case of sulfonate-type soaps. After addition of free rosin to the monomer phase, a similar increase in C is noted. The value of C increased also with an increase in the content of conjugated structures characterized by a value δ, which is related to the retardation of polymerization. The standard polymerization recipe at pH 10.8 is suitable from the point of view of using diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide as a molecular weight regulator.     

影响硬丁腈橡胶3604聚合反应速率的因素

采用松香酸皂、油酸皂和萘磺酸钠甲醛(NSF)缩合物为复合乳化体系替代拉开粉热法合成丁腈橡胶3604,在水相pH值为10～12的条件下,考察聚合温度、引发体系、复合乳化剂的用量和配比等因素对聚合反应速率的影响.结果表明,在聚合温度为30℃,过硫酸钾与三乙醇胺的质量比为4.00/1,复合乳化剂中NSF缩合物为0.5份、松香...     

Fatty and Resinic Acids Extraction from Crude Tall Oil

Abstract

The separation of fatty and resinic acidic fractions from crude tall-oil soap solutions with n-heptane by the technique of dissociation extraction is discussed. The theory of the overall process is supported by a systematic study developed to cover the high selectivity demonstrated in the differential solubility and the aptness between fatty and diterpenic acids to both liquids phases. To study the main factors affecting those liquid-liquid extraction systems and the amphiphilic behavior of such molecules involved, sodium salts aqueous solutions of crude tall oil and synthetic mixtures as molecular acidic models were used.     

不同浆种对松香皂胶应用性能的影响

考察了不同浆种对3种自制松香皂胶施胶效果的影响,测定了纸浆的表面电荷和总电荷。结果表明:纸浆种类对自制皂胶的施胶性能具有较大的影响,而且施胶效果也与施胶剂、硫酸铝的添加量有关。     

聚甘油脂肪酸酯的表面性能研究

利用甘油聚合得到聚甘油,与一系列高级脂肪酸酯化合成聚甘油脂肪酸酯。分别测试和比较了合成产品的HLB值、表面张力、乳化性能、泡沫性能及钙皂分散性能,并讨论了合成影响因素,为研究聚甘油酯类产品应用性能提供了理论基础。