水三相点容器的浸没特性及套管对浸没特性的影响

采用步进电机控制器和Labview编程控制,建立了水三相点容器浸没特性的自动测量装置。该装置通过步进电机精确控制温度计在水三相点容器温度计阱内的升降高度,用准确度为0.02×10-6的交流比较仪电桥测量标准铂电阻温度计在计阱内不同高度的电阻值;通过线性拟合,获得水三相点容器的静压修正系数;此外,研究了套管对浸没特性的影响。实验结果表明:温度计阱内径分别为16 mm和18 mm的水三相点容器的静压修正系数实验值与理论值非常接近,差值小于0.4 μK/cm;套管对静压修正系数的影响小于0.5 μK/cm。     

Uncertainties in the Realization of the SPRT Sub-ranges of the ITS-90

Working Group 3 of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry is responsible for recommending methods to assess uncertainties in contact thermometry. Accordingly, it has now completed a guide summarizing the uncertainties in the realization of the standard platinum resistance thermometer subranges of ITS-90 between the triple point of neon (24.5561K) and the freezing point of silver (961.78 °C). The document provides guidance to assess the uncertainties of both SPRT calibrations and temperature measurements. The document describes all known sources of uncertainty and influence variables, identifies key references in the literature that discuss, model or evaluate each effect, gives an indication of the typical magnitudes of the uncertainties, and provides propagation laws. This article is an overview of the guide emphasizing aspects that may be different from common practice, which includes: associating all uncertainty terms with a physical cause to ensure they can be propagated and to prevent double counting; uncertainty due to the oxidation state of the SPRT; uncertainty due to the isotopic composition of fixed-point substances; uncertainty due to impurities in fixed-point substances; and uncertainty due to non-uniqueness of the SPRT interpolations. The article gives a graphical summary of the total uncertainties in ITS-90 over the SPRT temperature range.     

Evaluation of Cobalt–Carbon and Palladium–Carbon Eutectic Point Cells for Thermocouple Calibration

Two cobalt–carbon (Co–C) eutectic point (1,324 °C) cells and one palladium–carbon (Pd–C) eutectic point (1,492 °C) cell were constructed for thermocouple calibration. The lengths of the Co–C and Pd–C cells were 297 mm, 140 mm, and 140 mm, respectively. The melting and freezing plateaux at the Co–C and Pd–C eutectic points were observed using Pt/Pd thermocouples. The repeatability of the plateau, the effect of the surrounding temperature, and the temperature profile in the cell were measured, and the heat flux effect along the thermometer well was evaluated. When the plateaux of Co–C (297 mm height), Co–C (140 mm height), and Pd–C cells, were measured three times, seven times, and six times, respectively, the standard deviations of the melting points were 0.1 μV, 0.1 μV, and 0.4 μV, respectively. According to the temperature profiles along the thermometer well during the melting plateaux, it was found that the Pt/Pd thermocouple should be inserted at least 9.5 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm below the surface of the eutectic alloys in the Co–C (297 mm height), Co–C (140 mm height), and Pd–C cells with the furnace set-point 16 °C above the melting point.     

Construction of Sodium Heat-Pipe Furnaces and the Isothermal Characteristics of the Furnaces

Due to an excellent temperature flattening ability, annular sodium heat pipes operating from 500 °C to 1200 °C have been widely used as liners for isothermal furnaces to provide uniform and stable temperature zones. In order to develop the capabilities to fabricate liquid-metal heat pipes, an apparatus for fabricating sodium heat pipes was set up at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China. In this paper, the newly developed fabrication apparatus, the detailed procedures for manufacturing sodium heat pipes, the sodium heat pipes, the constructed furnaces for realizing the aluminum freezing point, and their isothermal characteristics are described. The experimental results showed that the biggest temperature differences within 150 mm from the bottom of the thermometer well in an aluminum point cell placed in the sodium heat-pipe furnaces were better than 15 mK, when the temperatures of the furnaces were controlled at approximately 657 °C.     

Bilateral Comparison of Aluminum Fixed-Point Cells Using Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer

The objective of Project EURAMET 1114 (Bilateral comparison of a freezing point of aluminum) in the field of thermometry is to compare realization of a freezing point of aluminum (660.323???C) between the Dutch national laboratory VSL and the Slovenian national laboratory MIRS/UL-FE/LMK using a long-stem 25 ?? standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT). Both laboratories had participated in a number of inter-comparisons on the level of EURAMET and also on BIPM CCT level (VSL). MIRS/UL-FE/LMK laboratory recently acquired a new fixed-point cell which had to be validated in the process of intercomparison. A quartz-sheathed SPRT was selected and calibrated at MIRS/UL-FE/LMK at the aluminum freezing point and at the water triple point. A second set of measurements was made on the same SPRT and at the same fixed points at VSL (NL). After its return, the SPRT was again recalibrated at MIRS/UL-FE/LMK. In the comparison the W value of the SPRT was used. The results of the internal and external intercomparisons confirmed that the new aluminum cell of the MIRS/UL/FE-LMK realizes a temperature that agrees with the VSL aluminum fixed point within the uncertainty limits of both laboratories. Furthermore, the results of this bilateral-comparison were compared with results that both laboratories achieved in the EURAMET K4 (Project 820) and were found to be in agreement.     

Analytical and experimental studies of the factors determining the temperature gradient during calibration at the reference points of MTSh-90

An analytical solution is presented for the problem of the temperature distribution over the height of the temperature channel of platinum resistance thermometers during their calibration at the reference points of MTSh-90. Estimates are made of the distortions of the initial linear temperature distribution on the outside of the channel with the transition to its inside surface. Miniature thermometers are used to measure temperature distribution over the height of the channel in triple-point cells. The measurements show that the temperature gradient at the bottom of the channel (regardless of whether or not the miniature thermometer is present) does not conform to the calculated distribution due to the effect of the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the column of the test substance on the phase-transformation temperature. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 31–35, November, 1996.     

Bilateral Comparison of Mercury and Gallium Fixed-Point Cells Using Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer

The objective of project EURAMET 1127 (Bilateral comparison of triple point of mercury and melting point of gallium) in the field of thermometry is to compare realization of a triple point of mercury (?38.8344 °C) and melting point of gallium (29.7646 °C) between the Slovenian national laboratory MIRS/UL-FE/LMK and the Croatian national laboratory HMI/FSB-LPM using a long-stem 25 ?? standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT). MIRS/UL/FE-LMK participated in a number of intercomparisons on the level of EURAMET. On the other hand, the HMI/LPM-FSB laboratory recently acquired new fixed-point cells which had to be evaluated in the process of intercomparisons. A quartz-sheathed SPRT has been selected and calibrated at HMI/LPM-FSB at the triple point of mercury, the melting point of gallium, and the water triple point. A second set of measurements was made at MIRS/UL/FE-LMK. After its return, the SPRT was again recalibrated at HMI/LPM-FSB. In the comparison, the W value of the SPRT has been used. Results of the bilateral intercomparison confirmed that the new gallium cell of the HMI/LPM-FSB has a value that is within uncertainty limits of both laboratories that participated in the exercise, while the mercury cell experienced problems. After further research, a small leakage in the mercury fixed-point cell has been found.     

A High-Emissivity Blackbody with Large Aperture for Radiometric Calibration at Low-Temperature

A newly designed high-emissivity cylindrical blackbody source with a large diameter aperture (54 mm), an internal triangular-grooved surface, and concentric grooves on the bottom surface was immersed in a temperature-controlled, stirred-liquid bath. The stirred-liquid bath can be stabilized to better than 0.05°C at temperatures between 30 °C and 70 °C, with traceability to the ITS-90 through a platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) calibrated at the fixed points of indium, gallium, and the water triple point. The temperature uniformity of the blackbody from the bottom to the front of the cavity is better than 0.05 % of the operating temperature (in °C). The heat loss of the cavity is less than 0.03 % of the operating temperature as determined with a radiation thermometer by removing an insulating lid without the gas purge operating. Optical ray tracing with a Monte Carlo method (STEEP 3) indicated that the effective emissivity of this blackbody cavity is very close to unity. The size-of-source effect (SSE) of the radiation thermometer and the effective emissivity of the blackbody were considered in evaluating the uncertainty of the blackbody. The blackbody uncertainty budget and performance are described in this paper.     

Fabrication and Determination of an Aluminium Fixed Point Cell as a Secondary Standard in Thermocouple Calibration

A new open-type aluminium (Al) fixed-point cell has been fabricated in Puslit Metrologi-LIPI. The cell was successfully characterized by direct comparison with a commercial Al cell. The cell plateau lasted for four hours with a flatness of 0.014 °C, measured as the difference between the beginning and the end of the plateau using a type S thermocouple. The reproducibility of realizations is 0.04 °C; the immersion profile of the cell was measured for 30 mm depth, from the bottom of the cell, and the variation was found to be 0.02 °C. A good agreement within 0.16 °C was measured at the freezing point. Furthermore, the cell improves the entry in Appendix C, calibration and measurement capability (CMC) by 0.24 °C, allowing the cell to be included as a secondary standard of the international temperature scale of 1990 realization in Puslit Metrologi-LIPI.     

Construction and Characterization of a Large Aperture Blackbody for Infrared Radiometer Calibration

A large aperture blackbody (LABB) with a diameter of 1 m has been successfully constructed for calibrating radiation thermometers and infrared radiometers with a wide field of view in the temperature range between 10 °C and 90 °C. The blackbody is a 1 m long cylindro-conical cavity with a diameter of 1.1 m. Its conical bottom has an apex angle of 120°. To achieve good temperature stability and uniformity, the cavity is integrated to a water-bath to which the pressurized water is supplied from a reservoir. To reduce the convection heat loss from the cavity to the ambient, the cavity is purged of the dried air that passes through a coiled tube immersed in the reservoir. For an uncertainty evaluation of the LABB, its temperature stability was measured by using a reference radiation thermometer (RRT) and a platinum resistance thermometer (PRT), and its radiance temperature distributions on the aperture plane were measured by using a thermal camera. Measuring the spectral emissivity of the coating material, the effective emissivity of the blackbody was calculated to be 0.9955 from 1 ??m to 15 ??m. The expanded uncertainty of the radiance temperature scale was evaluated based on the PRT readings, which vary from 0.3 °C to 0.5 °C (k = 2) in the temperature range. The temperature scale is validated by comparing with the RRT of which the temperature scale is realized by a multiple fixed-point calibration.     

Investigating the Inconsistency of ITS-90 for SPRTs in the Subrange 0 °C to 419.527 °C

The subrange inconsistency is a significant factor to uncertainty in the standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) subranges of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This paper investigated the subrange inconsistency between the water–zinc and water–aluminum subranges. The calibration data for 60 SPRTs from four manufacturers were analyzed, and the result confirms that the coefficient c in the interpolation of ITS-90 is available to determine the subrange inconsistency in this temperature range again. The inconsistency, Δt, can be simply equal to 59.83c.     

Research on H500-Type High-Precision Vacuum Blackbody as a Calibration Standard for Infrared Remote Sensing

Based on the calibration requirements of vacuum low background aerospace infrared remote sensing radiance temperature, a high-precision vacuum blackbody (H500 type) is developed for the temperature range from ??93 °C to +?220 °C at the National Institute of Metrology, China. In this paper, the structure and the temperature control system of H500 are introduced, and its performance, such as heating rate and stabilization of temperature control, is tested under the vacuum and low-background condition (liquid-nitrogen-cooled shroud). At room temperature and atmospheric environment, the major technical parameters of this blackbody, such as emissivity and uniformity, are measured. The measurement principle of blackbody emissivity is based on the control of surrounding radiation. Temperature uniformity at the cavity bottom is measured using a standard infrared radiation thermometer. When the heating rate is 1 °C min^?1, the time required for the temperature to stabilize is less than 50 min, and within 10 min, the variation in temperature is less than 0.01 °C. The emissivity value of the blackbody is higher than 0.996. Temperature uniformity at the bottom of the blackbody cavity is less than 0.03 °C. The uncertainty is less than 0.1 °C (k?=?2) over the temperature range from ??93 °C to +?67 °C.     

Realization of PLTS-2000 for Low-Temperature Resistance Thermometer Calibration Services Below 650 mK

In this study, the Provisional Low Temperature Scale of 2000 (PLTS-2000) was realized below 650 mK for the purpose of launching low-temperature resistance thermometer calibration services in Japan. A Straty–Adams-type \(^{3}\)He melting pressure thermometer (MPT) and a dilution refrigerator were used to realize the PLTS-2000. Offsets due to hydrostatic pressure head in a filling capillary line of the MPT were adjusted using the minimum pressure fixed point on the \(^{3}\)He melting curve. A rather large MPT hysteresis between the decreasing and increasing pressures was observed during pressure calibration of the MPT and was the main source of uncertainty. The combined standard uncertainty (\(k = 1\)) between 50 mK and 650 mK was estimated to be in the range of 0.40 mK to 2.62 mK. The MPT and a number of resistance thermometers with negative temperature coefficients were mounted on the experimental platform with a thermal connection to a mixing chamber and compared in a multiple-temperature-point calibration. The temperature range around the melting pressure minimum, 250 mK to 400 mK, was not used for the calibration. The expanded uncertainty (\(k = 2\)) in the calibration based on realization of the PLTS-2000 between 50 mK and 650 mK was estimated to be in the range of 0.86 mK to 5.25 mK.     

A Cryostat for Automated mK-Level Thermometer Calibrations from ?202??��C to 250?��C

The National Measurement Institute of Australia (NMIA) has developed a vacuum cryostat capable of calibrating precision electronic thermometers with a transfer error less than 2 mK over the range from ?202 °C to 250 °C. The calibration of precision temperature measurement probes such as platinum resistance thermometers is usually performed in circulated fluid baths to achieve mK-level calibration uncertainties, and requires the use of several baths to cover the commonly used range of ?80 °C to 250°C. Below ?80 °C, dry-well systems cooled by liquid nitrogen are available down to ?196 °C, but achieve poor uniformity and stability. The increased use of cryogenic preservation in the biomedical area has seen an increase in demand for precision calibration of electronic thermometer systems, in particular, down to a few degrees below the boiling point of nitrogen (?196 °C). This has prompted NMIA to develop a new design of a dry-well calibrator, based around a 380 mm long, 50 mm diameter, oxygen-free copper block insulated by gold-plated radiation and guard shields. Temperatures down to ?202 °C are achieved by controlling the flow of liquid nitrogen through a restricting orifice into an evacuated heat exchanger. Computer control of the nitrogen flow and of several immersion heaters achieve a temperature stability of a few mK at all temperatures over the operational range, requiring typically 60 min to equilibrate at each new setpoint. Radiative transfer limits operation to 250 °C where the uniformity is 0.5 mK · cm^?1 (and becoming negligible at lower temperatures). A significant design innovation is the thermometer entry region, which has a purge system to keep the wells free of condensed moisture or atmospheric gases without the need for a seal. As the block is only 50 mm from the face of the cryostat, thermometers as short as 250 mm can be calibrated. The system is now in regular use at NMIA providing fully automated calibrations of precison temperature measurement systems without the need to use multiple temperature enclosures.     

Triple-Fixed-Point Blackbody for the Calibration of Radiation Thermometers

A new triple-fixed-point blackbody containing the fixed-point materials aluminum (freezing point 660.323°C), zinc (FP 419.527°C), and tin (FP 231.928°C) in one device has been developed at the Ilmenau University of Technology. It enables calibration of a radiation thermometer with direct reference to the ITS-90 at three fixed points after a single adjustment of the calibration object. The setup significantly reduces the technical effort and the time for the calibration procedure. Measurements of the phase-transition temperature and the time-dependent blackbody temperature made with a transfer radiation thermometer, the Linearpyrometer LP5 of the IKE Stuttgart, are presented in the article.     

Effect of Impurities on the Freezing Point of Zinc

The knowledge of the liquidus slope of impurities in fixed-point metal defined by the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is important for the estimation of uncertainties and correction of fixed point with the sum of individual estimates method. Great attentions are paid to the effect of ultra-trace impurities on the freezing point of zinc in the National Institute of Metrology. In the present work, the liquidus slopes of Ga–Zn, Ge–Zn were measured with the slim fixed-point cell developed through the doping experiments, and the temperature characteristics of the phase diagram of Fe–Zn were furthermore investigated. A quasi-adiabatic Zn fixed-point cell was developed with the thermometer well surrounded by the crucible with the pure metal, and the temperature uniformity of less than 20 mK in the region where the metal is located was obtained. The previous doping experiment of Pb–Zn with slim fixed-point cell was checked with quasi-adiabatic Zn fixed-point cell, and the result supports the previous liquidus slope measured with the traditional fixed-point realization.     

Improved High-Temperature Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer

To prevent short circuits, to improve stability, and to raise the upper temperature limit to the freezing point of copper (1084.62 °C), the high-temperature standard platinum resistance thermometer (HTSPRT) was redesigned. The most important change was an improvement in the structure of the sensor support. The strip support was replaced by a new specially designed cross support. The structure and design of the new HTSPRT are briefly described in this article. The test results of a group of thermometers are presented. The test included long-term drifts of the thermometers at the triple point of water and freezing point of silver during a period of a few hundred hours operation at 1085 °C, the short-term stability of R (tpw) and W (Ag) in a period of 5 days, and thermal cycles between 22 °C and 1085 °C. The test results show that the thermometer performance is improved, and the new HTSPRT can operate up to the freezing point of copper.     

Development and Realization of Iron–Carbon Eutectic Fixed Point at NPLI

The concept of metal–carbon eutectic temperature fixed point has been introduced in 1999 and is extensively being investigated by thermometry researchers to cover the high-temperature range above copper fixed point. Metal–carbon eutectic fixed points also helped to provide direct traceability with reduced associated uncertainty in the high temperature range for thermometry and radiometry applications. In view of this, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI) has developed iron–carbon (Fe–C, 1153 °C) eutectic fixed point cell in the graphite crucible and realized by using the noble metal thermocouples. The preparation parameters such as design and fabrication of a graphite crucible, Fe:C eutectic composition and filling procedure, furnace profile, melting and freezing plateau measurements, heat flux immersion, inhomogeneity, etc. have been optimized and presented in this paper. The measurement uncertainty of the Fe–C eutectic cell realized with Type-S thermocouple was estimated to be 3.04 μV (0.25 °C) at coverage factor k = 2.     

高精度复现铟凝固点

利用金属外壳密封铟点容器,采用连续热流密度法,高精度复现了铟熔化温坪和凝固温坪.通过线性拟合方法确定铟的液相温度,并将其与凝固温坪最大值之间的差异作为评判铟点容器质量的重要依据.实验结果表明:液相温度和凝固温坪最大值之间的差异在0.27 mK范围内一致;距离容器温度计阱底部16 cm内垂直温场均匀度为13 mK.因此,...     

An Investigation of the Relation Between Contact Thermometry and Dew-Point Temperature Realization

Precision optical dew-point hygrometers are the most commonly used transfer standards for the comparison of dew-point temperature realizations at National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and for disseminating traceability to calibration laboratories. These instruments have been shown to be highly reproducible when properly used. In order to obtain the best performance, the resistance of the platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) embedded in the mirror is usually measured with an external, traceable resistance bridge or digital multimeter. The relation between the conventional calibration of miniature PRTs, prior to their assembly in the mirrors of state-of-the-art optical dew-point hygrometers and their subsequent calibration as dew-point temperature measurement devices, has been investigated. Standard humidity generators of three NMIs were used to calibrate hygrometers of different designs, covering the dew-point temperature range from ?75 °C to + 95 °C. The results span more than a decade, during which time successive improvements and modifications were implemented by the manufacturer. The findings are presented and discussed in the context of enabling the optimum use of these transfer standards and as a basis for determining contributions to the uncertainty in their calibration.