Wettability and pressureless infiltration mechanism in SiC-Cu systems

The wetting behavior of copper alloys on SiC substrates was studied by a sessile drop technique. The microstructure of SiCp/Cu composites and the pressureless infiltration mechanism were analyzed. The results indicate that Ti and Cr are effective ele-ments to improve the wettability, while Ni, Fe, and AI have minor influence on the improvement of wettability. Non-wetting to wet-ring transition occurs at 1210 and 1190℃ for Cu-3Al-3Ni-9Si and Cu-3Si-2Al-1Ti, respectively. All the copper alloys react with SiC at the interface forming a reaction layer except for Cu-3Al-3Ni-9Si. High Si content favors the suppression of interfacial reaction. The infiltration mechanism during pressureless infiltration is attributed to the decomposition of SiC. The beneficial effect of Fe, Ni, and Al is to favor the dissolution of SiC. The real active element during pressureless infiltration is Si.     

Effect of Various Carbides on the Wettability in Ni/Ti（C,N） System

The wettability in Ni / Ti （ C, N ） systems with various carbides additions was investigated by the sessile drop technique. The substrates prepared by HP at 2073 K for 1 h before and after wetting were characterized by XRD . The microstructure ca metall ceramics interfaces was observed via SEM in a back scattered mode. Furthermore , an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer （ EDS ） attached to SEM was used to study the element diffusion in interfacial regions. The resalts reveal that reactive wetting takes place in the system in high tempercature wetting procedure , which is controlled by diffusion and dissolution mechanism. Results also show that the contact angles decrease with various carbides additions, iuelnding WC , Mo2 C, TaC , NbC and VC , and decrease continuously with the increasing of additions. The order of the contact angles in Ni/Ti （ C, N ） systems with 10 wt% carbides acMitions is Mo2 C 〈 TaC 〈 WC 〈 VC 〈 NbC. The enhancement of the wettability is due to an alloying procedure during high temperature wetting when metallic atoms diffuse into Ni phase, which decreases the interfacial energy of Ni/ Ti （ C, N） systems.     

Kinetics of Combustion Synthesis in Ti-C-3Ni-Al System

The Kinetics and mechanisms of the combustion reaction in theTi-C-3Ni-Al system were studied. Samples were prepared by igniting compacts of elemental Ti, C, Ni and Al powders with a heating tungsten coil under an inert argon atmosphere. The activation energies of Ti+C+50wt%(3Ni+Al)→TiC+50%Ni3Al and Ti+C+80wt%(3Ni+Al) →TiC+80%Ni3Al exothermic reactions were determined by measuring the combustion wave velocity and the combustion temperature, which are 129kJ.mol-1 and 79kJ*mol-1, respectively. The mechanism of formation of products for Ti-C-3Ni-Al system was found:metal phases (Ti-3Ni-Al) are melted in combustion process,and carbon dissolves into the liquid metal and TiC is subsequently precipitated out of solution, and Ni3Al is crystallized during the cooling process. The mechanism is fairly similar with that of Ti+C→TiC and Ti+C+Ni→TiC+Ni. There are two reactions (Ti+C→TiC, 3Ni+Al→Ni3Al) in the Ti+C+3Ni+Al system, and the wave velocity is mainly controlled by the velocity of Ti + C→TiC, but the velosity of 3Ni+Al→Ni3Al may play a significant role when Ni3Al contents are higher than 70wt%.     

Dynamic wetting of rolling oil on aluminum surfaces

Static and dynamic contact angles of stock oil and its solutions with additives（fatty acid, fatty alcohol, fatty methyl ester usually used in rolling aluminum） were measured on aluminum surface （Alloy 1145） by sessile drop technique on an OCA35 dynamic contact angle tester. The effect of additive on the drop spreading was investigated as well. It is shown that the drop spreads very quickly in the first 500 ms after the lubricant contacts with the aluminum surface, and then does slowly later. The dynamic contact angle decreases exponentially with time. In contrast to the stock oil, although addition of polarity additive of long chain alkyl into stock oil is able to decrease the surface tension of solutions, it weakens the wetting dynamic, which results fi＇om the adsorption at the expanding solid/liquid interface. Among the same long chain polarity organic compounds used, dynamic wetting decreases in the order of fatty acid, fatty alcohol and fatty ester. The blend of fatty alcohol and fatty methyl ester can improve the oil wetting dynamics and promote the lubricant spreading.     

通过Cu/Ti液相扩散反应进行Si_3N_4/Cu的连接

用 Ti粉作中间层在 12 73K直接进行 Si3 N4 / Cu的连接 .用四点弯曲方法测定了不同保温时间下的连接强度 ,并对连接界面进行了 SEM、EPMA和 XRD分析 .结果表明 :通过 Cu- Ti二元扩散促使液相与氮化硅发生界面反应 ,形成 Si3 N4 / Ti N/ Ti5Si3 Ti5Si4 / Cu3 Ti2 (Si) / Cu的梯度层界面 .接头弯曲强度随着保温时间的增加 ,先增后降 .微观分析表明 :Si3 N4 与 Ti的界面反应以及 Cu、Ti、Si的相互扩散决定了接头的力学性能     

甲醇/水混合溶液在蝴蝶翅表面的润湿行为

使用视频光学接触角测量仪和扫描电子显微镜研究了甲醇/水混合溶液在蝴蝶翅表面的润湿行为,根据Cassie方程分析了甲醇对蝴蝶翅表面的润湿机理。结果表明,蝴蝶翅表面具有较强的疏水性(蒸馏水接触角为134.0°～159.2°)和疏甲醇性(45%甲醇溶液接触角为91.3°～128.5°)。甲醇溶液在32种蝴蝶翅表面润湿和铺展的临界体积分数分别为50%和70%。在黄钩蛱蝶(Polygonia c-aureum)翅表面,当甲醇体积分数<45%时,液滴在纳米级结构上的体相力大于表面力,液体填满纳米级缝隙,而在微米级结构上体相力小于表面力,液滴由微米级结构支撑,翅表面不发生润湿;当45%≤甲醇体积分数<65%时,液滴在纳/微米级结构上的体相力均大于表面力,液滴塌陷;当甲醇体积分数≥65%时,翅表面发生润湿,由复合接触转为湿接触。     

The wettability of Fe based alloy on TiO

For developing TiO based imitated gold materials, the wettabilities of Fe and Fe-Cr-Ni-Ti on TiO were studied. The results indicated that the wettabilities of Fe and Fe-Cr on TiO were poor, and their wetting angles were about 90° at melting point. The wetting angles reduced with the increase of wetting temperature, but the influence of temperature was small. Fe and Fe-Cr containing Cr 50% or less could react with TiO on the interface to form Fe₂Ti and Ti₂O₃, but this did not improve the wettability effectively. When Ni-Ti was added into Fe-Cr alloy, Ni₃Ti was formed on the interface, which can reduce the interface energy, improve the wettability, and prevent the formation of Fe₂Ti and Ti₂O₃. The wetting angles could go down to about 40° when 3% Ni-Ti was added to Fe-Cr alloy. Biography of the first author: LI Qing-kui, Dr., senior engineer, born in August 1966, majoring in rare metal materials.     

Effect of magnesium and nickel coatings on the wetting behavior of alumina toughened zirconia by molten Al-Mg ahoy

The wettability of alumina toughened zirconia (ZTA) by Al-Mg alloy was investigated using the sessile drop technique.The effects of nickel coating,magnesium content,nitrogen atmosphere,and processing temperature on the contact angle between the molten alloy and the substrate were determined.Likewise,the effect of these factors on the wetting properties was studied.The results showed that the nickel coating on the ceramic substrate caused a significant reduction in solid/liquid surface energy and the contact angle decreased obviously.The presence of magnesium in the molten aluminum alloy in nitrogen atmosphere reduced the contact angle effectively.The presence of magnesium in the alloy must be at a minimum amount of 2wt％-3wt％.Moreover,it was suggested that some chemical reactions in the Al-Mg-N system led to the production of Mg3N2 and A1N compositions.These compositions improved the wetting properties of the systems by reducing the surface energy of the molten.It was shown that increasing the temperature is also an effective factor for the enhancement of wetting properties.     

Brazed joints of CBN grains and AISI 1045 steel with AgCuTi-TiC mixed powder as filler materials

The brazing process of cubic boron nitride (CBN) grains and AISI 1045 steel with AgCuTi-TiC mixed powder as a filler material was carried out.The joining strength and the interfacial microstructure were investigated.The experimental results indicate that the spreading of the molten filler material on AISI 1045 steel is decreased with the increase of TiC content.A good interface is formed between the TiC particulates and AgCuTi alloy through the wetting behavior.In the case of AgCuTi+16wt% TiC,the strength o...     

The Influence of Preheat Temperature of Steel Plate on Steel-mushy Cu-graphite Bonding

The pressing bonding of steel plate to QTi3.5-3.5 graphite slurry was conducted. Under the conditions of 530 ℃ for the preheat temperature of dies, 45% for the solid fraction of QTi3.5- 3.5 graphite slurry, 50 MPa for the pressure and 2 min for the pressing time, the relationship between the preheat temperature of steel plate and interfacial mechanical property of bonding plate was studied. The results show that when the preheat temperature of steel plate is lower titan 618 ℃ , the interfacial shear strength of bonding plate increases with the increasing of the preheat temperature of steel plate. When the preheat temperature of steel plate is higher than 618 ℃ , the interfacial shear strength decreases with the increasing of the preheat temperature of steel plate. When the preheat temperature of steel plate is 618 ℃ , the highest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate of 127.8 MPa can be got.     

Flux pinning effect of cubic equiaxed morphology and its Ti stabilizing in Nb<Subscript>3</Subscript>Sn superconductors

Two sets of internal-Sn Nb3Sn superconducting strands were fabricated through RRP method, one with 2 wt% of Ti alloyed in Sn core and the other just pure Sn. Four reaction temperatures of 650℃, 675℃, 700℃ and 725℃ and 128 h duration were applied for A15 phase formation heat treatment after Cu-Sn alloying procedure of 210℃/50 h + 340℃/25 h. For the heat-treated coil samples, transport non-Cu JC was examined through standard 4-probe technique and phase microstructure was observed by means of Field Emission Sc...     

Effect of magnesium and nickel coatings on the wetting behavior of alumina toughened zirconia by molten Al-Mg alloy

The wettability of alumina toughened zirconia (ZTA) by Al-Mg alloy was investigated using the sessile drop technique. The effects of nickel coating, magnesium content, nitrogen atmosphere, and processing temperature on the contact angle between the molten alloy and the substrate were determined. Likewise, the effect of these factors on the wetting properties was studied. The results showed that the nickel coating on the ceramic substrate caused a significant reduction in solid/liquid surface energy and the contact angle decreased obvi-ously. The presence of magnesium in the molten aluminum alloy in nitrogen atmosphere reduced the contact angle effectively. The presence of magnesium in the alloy must be at a minimum amount of 2wt%-3wt%. Moreover, it was suggested that some chemical reactions in the Al-Mg-N system led to the production of Mg3N2 and AlN compositions. These compositions improved the wetting properties of the systems by reducing the surface energy of the molten. It was shown that increasing the temperature is also an effective factor for the enhancement of wetting properties.     

Thermal-induced transformation of wetting behaviors on laser-textured SiC surfaces

Thermal-induced transformation of wetting behaviors on laser-textured silicon carbide(SiC) surfaces was discussed in this work. To investigate the transformation, a quenching experiment was conducted and an X-ray diffractometer was used to measure the residual stress. The experimental results demonstrate that the significantly enhanced hydrophilicity was induced by the increasing thermal residual stress of SiC materials after the aqueous quenching. It was found that the decrease in the contact angle increased with the increasing quenching temperature. Quenching at 350°C led to the change of contact angle from 89.28° to 70.88° for the smooth surface, while from 72.25° to 33.75° for the laser-textured surface with depth 8 μm. Further, the surface hydrophobicity was enhanced by the release of thermal residual stress after quenching, thereby leading to an increase in the contact angle over time. The transformation of wetting behaviors on laser textured SiC surfaces can be achieved mutually by the aqueous quenching method.     

Spark Plasma Sintering Preperties of Ultrafine Ti （ C, N）-based Cermet

Ultrafine Ti( C, N)-based cermet was sintered by SPS from 1050℃ to 1450℃ and its sintering properties, such as porosity, mechanical properties and phase transformation , were investigated by optical microscopy ( OM ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction ( XRD ), and differential scanning calorimeter (OSC). It is found that the spark plasma sintering properties of Ti ( C, N )-based cermet differ from those of conventional vacuum sintering. The liquid phase appearance is at least lower by 150℃ than that in vacuum sintering. The porosity decreases sharply belove 1200℃ and reaches minimum at 1200℃ , and afterwards it almost keeps invariable and no longer increases. SPS remarkably accelerates the phase transformation of Ti ( C, N )-based cermet and it has a powerful ability to remorse oxides in Ti( C, N)-based cermets. Above 1350℃, denitrification occurred. Fresh graphite phase formed above 1 430℃ . Both the porosity and graphite are responsible for the poor TRS.     

Effects of mechanical alloying parameters on the microstructures of nanocrystalline Cu-5 wt% Cr alloy

Nanocrystalline Cu-5 wt%Cr alloy powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying (MA). The effects of MA processing parameters on the crystallite size, solid solubility, and microstructures of the Cu-5 wt%Cr alloys were investigated including type and size distribution of the grinding medium and ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR). The results show that the crystallites were refined effectively and solid solubility of Cr in Cu was extended when heavier ball and higher BPR were adopted. The maximum solubility is extended up to 5.6 at% (namely 4.6 wt%) Cr in Cu by use of a combination of large and small size WC-Co balls with BPR of 30:1. A Cu-5 wt%Cr supersaturated solid solution alloy bulk is obtained by spark plasma sintering the as-milled powders at 900 ℃ for 5 min.     

Effect of roughness on wettability and floatability: Based on wetting film drainage between bubbles and solid surfacesOA

Wetting film thinning measurement was introduced to clarify the wettability and floatability of solid surfaces with varying roughness. The wettability was quantified using the contact angle measurement combined with the dynamic force microbalance test between solid surfaces and water droplets, while the floatability was investigated by the bubble-solid surface dynamic attachment observation and the induction time measurement. The results show that the water contact angles reduce(14.53°, 12.74°, ...     

Influence of TiX (<Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis>=B<Subscript>2</Subscript> or N) addition on the interfacial microstructure features of CBN grains and AgCuTi composite filler

Joining experiments of CBN grains to AISI 1045 steel were conducted using Ag-Cu-Ti composite fillers containing TiX (X=B₂ or N) particles at 920 °C for 5 min. The influences of TiB₂ and TiN particles on the interfacial microstructure features between CBN and filler were investigated comparatively. The experimental results show that TiN particles are more effective than TiB₂ ones to control the interfacial reaction and particularly the resultants. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that the varied interfacial reaction induced by the addition of TiB₂ and TiN particles is mainly atttributed to the activity change of the B and Ti elements in the brazing reaction system.     

Fabrication of onion-like carbon from nanodiamond by annealing

Onion-like carbon (OLC) was synthesized by annealing nanodiamond in low vacuum of 1 Pa and at annealing temperatures from 500°C to 1400°C. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrum of the OLC showed that there was no OLC when the annealing temperature was lower than 900°C. Moreover, the fragment amorphous carbon existed on the surfaces of the nanodiamond particles. At the annealing temperature of 900°C, the OLC particles began appearing and the size of the OLC particles was smaller than 5 nm. When the annealing temperature was increased from 900°C to 1400°C, the nanodiamond was transformed into OLC gradually. At the annealing temperature of 1400°C, all the nanodiamond particles were transformed into OLC completely. The OLC exhibited similarity to the original nanodiamond particles in shape. A mechanism for the OLC synthesis by annealing was provided. The graphitization started at the surfaces of the nanodiamond particles. The formation process of the OLC includes formation of graphite fragments, connection and curvature of graphite sheets between diamond (111) planes and closure of the graphite layers.     

Effect of current polarity on electrical sliding wear behavior of Cu-WS2-graphite-WS2 nanotube composites in air and vacuum conditions

In this paper Cu-WS₂-graphite-WS₂ nanotube composites were fabricated by powder metallurgy hot pressing method. The effect of current polarity on the wear rates and contact voltage drops of the composites were investigated using a brush-on-slip ring tribometer rubbing against Cu-5 wt.% Ag alloy ring in air and vacuum, respectively. The worn surfaces of the composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface profile curves of the worn tracks were measured using the surface profiler. The results demonstrated that the current polarity has a significant effect on the wear rates and contact voltage drops of the composites in both air and vacuum conditions. Positive brush possesses a higher wear rate compared with the negative brush in the air atmosphere since the electrical field direction activates oxidation at the positive brush surface while inhibits oxidation at the negative brush surface. Except for the regular wear losses, the combined effect of molten metal bridge erosion and arc erosion cause the positive brush to lose extra material and the negative brush to gain extra material, so the positive brush shows a higher wear rate in the vacuum condition. The contact voltage drop of the positive brush is lower than that of the negative brush in the air atmosphere, but contrarily, the positive brush shows a higher contact voltage drop in the vacuum condition.     

脉冲真空电弧离子镀沉积类金刚石薄膜的结构和力学性能研究

利用脉冲真空电孤离子镀技术在3Cr13不锈钢上制备了类金刚石(DLC)薄膜．通过Raman光谱分析了膜的结构特征，采用摩擦磨损试验机测试了薄膜在不同载荷下的摩擦系数，运用划痕仪研究了膜基的结合强度．结果表明：所镀制的薄膜具有典型类金刚石结构特征，膜中ID／IG为1．33；摩擦系数随着载荷的增大而减小，载荷为5N，转速120r／min时的摩擦系数为0．02；Ti过渡层的引入显著地提高了膜基结合力．