住宅建筑火灾自动报警系统设计——解读《〈火灾自动报警系统设计规范〉图示》

通过国家建筑标准设计14X505-1《〈火灾自动报警系统设计规范〉图示》中关于住宅建筑火灾自动报警系统的内容,介绍如何应用GB 50116-2013《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》设计住宅建筑、住宅建筑群及住宅小区的火灾自动报警系统,重点解析住宅建筑火灾自动报警系统分类、总线短路隔离器、家用火灾报警控制器、火灾警报器、消防应急广播、可燃气体探测器等的设置要求。     

Correlation Between Firefighting Operation and Fire Area: Analysis of Statistics

The aim of this study is to investigate whether current statistics can quantify the benefits of fire brigades. A detailed investigation by the London Fire Brigade of most fires in the greater London area has been underway since 1994. The present study concerns 307 fires in non-residential buildings between 1994 and 1997. Times to detection, to arrival of the fire brigade, and to extinguishment of the fire, as well as the process of extinguishing it, are compared to the final property damage caused by the fire. In half of the fires, the final fire area equals the area at detection, and in three-quarters of the fires, the final fire area equals the fire area when the fire brigade arrived. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that the period between ignition and the time the fire brigade intervened correlates with fire area. However, the hypothesis is supported for fires still spreading when the brigade arrives. Both water flow rate for extinguishing a fire and water application time are proportional to the square root of the fire area. Total water demand is proportional to the fire area.     

Development of realistic design fire time-temperature curves for the testing of cold-formed steel wall systems

Fire resistance rating of light gauge steel frame (LSF) wall systems is obtained from fire tests based on the standard fire time-temperature curve. However, fire severity has increased in modern buildings due to higher fuel loads as a result of modern furniture and light weight constructions that make use of thermoplastics materials, synthetic foams and fabrics. Some of these materials are high in calorific values and increase both the spread of fire growth and heat release rate, thus increasing the fire severity beyond that of the standard fire curve. Further, the standard fire curve does not include a decay phase that is present in natural fires. Despite the increasing usage of LSF walls, their behavior in real building fires is not fully understood. This paper presents the details of a research study aimed at developing realistic design fire curves for use in the fire tests of LSF walls. It includes a review of the characteristics of building fires, previously developed fire time-temperature curves, computer models and available parametric equations. The paper highlights that real building fire time-temperature curves depend on the fuel load representing the combustible building contents, ventilation openings and thermal properties of wall lining materials, and provides suitable values of many required parameters including fuel loads in residential buildings. Finally, realistic design fire time-temperature curves simulating the fire conditions in modern residential buildings are proposed for the testing of LSF walls.     

Fire Risk Assessment of Residential Buildings Based on Fire Statistics from China

Fire statistics provide valuable information for the assessment of future fire risks. The paper analyses the fire situation in China from 1991 to 2010. The temporal, spatial, and causal fire incident data for the last 6 years have been analyzed to gain an understanding of fire characteristics and the elements affecting fire risks. It is found that the number of fires was observed to be higher during cold winter months, and fires were more frequent during the weekend. The number of fires was lower during nighttime, whereas the number of fire deaths between midnight and 4 a.m. was much higher than at other times of the day. Most fire incidents occurred in residential buildings. In economically developed East China, the fire situation is much more serious. Electrical failures and improperly fire use in daily life were major causes of fire incidents. Based on the statistical data from China’s fire services and the China Statistical Yearbook, the risk of occupant deaths and the risk of direct property loss are calculated to express the risk level in residential buildings. It is found that the risk of occupant deaths had a declining trend over the years. Statistics is considered a useful tool for learning from the actual events, and it helps decision makers develop proactive fire protection measures to reduce fatalities and financial losses caused by fires.     

LNG facilities — Engineered fire protection systems

Dry chemical fire extinguishers used in conjunction with high expansion foam have been used successfully in tests to extinguish LNG spill fires. Note: This paper was presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association, May 1975, Chicago, Illinois.     

Fire in a residential building: Comparisons between experimental data and a fire zone model

Fire hazards in residential buildings were investigated by conducting a range of fire experiments on a typical New Zealand dwelling built for this purpose. Hazards evaluated ranged from limited liquid-fuel fires to larger-scale burns using items of furniture. The effectiveness of detection and suppression devices was also tested.A series of experiments in a three-bedroom dwelling were conducted and included both a nonflashover and a flashover fire, and a selection of experimental results were analyzed to determine smoke and gas movement together with temperature rises in the various rooms. These results were compared to the predictions of the CFAST fire and smoke transport computer model.     

The strategies of fire prevention on residential fire in Taipei

Records from Taipei City Fire Department show that age and gender of the victims, housing type, the location of the fire, source of ignition, hour range and residential fire deaths are all related to how and why residential fires occurred in Taipei City. With aids of the prevention strategy on residential fire which includes safety precaution, arson prevention and reinforcement of rescue training and the employment of fire rescue decision-making system, we are able to build hierarchy of prevention strategy to reduce the probability of residential fires and injury and deaths.     

GIS method for characterizing fire flow capacity

There are numerous methods currently used to calculate required water flow rates for sprinklered and non-sprinklered buildings. The aim of this study is provide a flexible automated procedure for indentifying locations lacking adequate fire flow. To accomplish this objective, this research uses a GIS procedure to determine the spatial relationships between fire hydrants and historical fire incidences, and integrates the recommended hydrant spacing and building type specifications from the International Fire Code. This method was tested in two communities in eastcentral Michigan, USA. The results indicate an ability to define clusters of fires, determine the availability of hydrants, and assess the suitability of the available fire flow, including areas of potential extra capacity. Using these same data, additional GIS analyses can optimize hydrant location, ascertain the frequencies of different categories of fires, and identify the patterns of building types prone to fires.     

Field test and evaluation of residential sprinkler systems: Part I

A series of full-scale fire tests involving sprinkler installations was conducted in 1979 and 1980 in a two-story residence in Los Angeles, CA, and in a mobile home in Charlotte, NC. Previous laboratory tests, including full-scale room fire tests, had indicated that a prototype “quick-response” sprinkler was effective in controlling residential home fires. More full-scale fire tests under less controlled and more operational conditions were considered necessary to confirm or deny these scientific and engineering judgments. The prime objective of the program was to test the performance of alternative sprinkler designs to “control” the development of fire in single-family dwellings and mobile homes. National Fire Protection Association Editor's Note: This paper is the first of three papers reporting on full-scale residential sprinker fire tests conducted under Grant 79027 for the U.S. Fire Administration by the National Fire Protection Association. In this paper, the objectives of the test program are outlined; the test facilities, Prototype sprinkler, water supplies, sprinkler system design, and instrumentation are described; and the scenarios for the total of seventy-six tests conducted are summarized. The second paper (February 1984 issue) will focus on the results of the test and the conclusions drawn from them and the third (May 1984 issue) will cover a study of the comparative activation times of sprinklers and smoke detectors in the mobile home tests. Mr. Cote is Assistant Vice President (Engineering & Technical Services) for the NFPA. He served as project manager for the test series insofar as the NFPA had overall management responsibilities for the program.     

A Global Model for Heat Release Rate Prediction of Cable Burning on Vertical Cable Tray in Different Fire Scenarios

Fire Technology - Cable fire risk analysis is important for fire protection design in  industrial as well as residential buildings. The vertical movement of the cable...     

The extinguishment of fires using low flow water hose streams—part II

Fire extinguishment tests were conducted in a simulated shipboard space. Portable extinguishers, a low flow water hose reel system, and 3.8 cm diameter water hand lines were used to extinguish the fires. Various protective ensembles were used by the fire fighters, ranging from minimum protection to full protection. Personnel with both a limited and high degree of fire fighting experience were used. Response time was influenced by visibility and the fire fighters' knowledge of the compartment. The low flow water hose reel system was found to be an effective and efficient quick response fire fighting tool. Efficiency, in terms of total water used, was better with the hose reel system compared to the larger, higher flow water hand lines.     

Numerical modelling of load bearing light gauge steel frame wall systems exposed to realistic design fires

Fire safety has become an important part in structural design due to the ever increasing loss of properties and lives during fires. Conventionally the fire rating of load bearing wall systems made of Light gauge Steel Frames (LSF) is determined using fire tests based on the standard time–temperature curve in ISO834 (ISO 834-1, 1999 [1]). However, modern commercial and residential buildings make use of thermoplastic materials, which mean considerably high fuel loads. Hence a detailed fire research study into the fire performance of LSF walls was undertaken using realistic design fire curves developed based on Eurocode parametric (ENV 1991-1-2, 2002 [2]) and Barnett's BFD (Barnett, 2002 [3]) curves using both full scale fire tests and numerical studies. It included LSF walls without cavity insulation, and the recently developed externally insulated composite panel system. This paper presents the details of finite element models developed to simulate the full scale fire tests of LSF wall panels under realistic design fires. Finite element models of LSF walls exposed to realistic design fires were developed, and analysed under both transient and steady state fire conditions using the measured stud time–temperature curves. Transient state analyses were performed to simulate fire test conditions while steady state analyses were performed to obtain the load ratio versus time and failure temperature curves of LSF walls. Details of the developed finite element models and the results including the axial deformation and lateral deflection versus time curves, and the stud failure modes and times are presented in this paper. Comparison with fire test results demonstrate the ability of developed finite element models to predict the performance and fire resistance ratings of LSF walls under realistic design fires.     

Fires and related incidents in Jordan (1996–2004)

Incidents in Jordan reported to the Public Fire Brigade during 1996–2004 involving fires are investigated. A detailed analysis of over 60,000 incidents covering all types of fire is presented. Statistical comparisons are made based on the type of accidents and the causes of fires are identified. The results obtained indicated that half of the total number of incidents are wildland and other 20% were residential homes. Children carelessness were identified to be the highest cause of fire incidents.     

A Fire Safety Evaluation System for Prioritizing Fire Improvements in Old High-rise Buildings in Hong Kong

Fire safety in old high-rise buildings is of great concern to the general public as a result of several big fires occurred over the past 10 years. A fire safety evaluation system is essential for building engineers to quantify the fire safety level, to identify the measures to be improved and to schedule the corresponding improvements. Together with a scoring system with weighting factors derived for local buildings, this paper proposes a universal fire safety evaluation (FSE) checklist for fire safety level quantification and improvements prioritization in old high-rise buildings. In a survey, the fire safety levels of 122 old high-rise buildings in Hong Kong were quantified using the scoring system. The survey results showed that only less than 5% of the inspected samples reached the standard required for life safety. The FSE checklist was then applied to prioritize the improvement works of 10 selected buildings with the lowest scores.     

河南建立多种形式社会消防体系

截止2007年底,河南省处于城市消防队保护范围之外的普通乡镇建成有队员、有装备、有经费保障、有执勤场所的多种形式消防队1455个,多种形式消防队建队率达到85．9％。河南省已初步形成现役消防、乡镇、保安、巡防等共同参与、多位一体的社会消防力量体系。     

Assessment of the Use of Fire Dynamics Simulator in Performance-Based Design

This paper discusses a procedure for the use of fire modelling in the performance-based design environment to quantify design fires for commercial buildings. This procedure includes building surveys, medium-and full-scale experiments and computer modelling. In this study, a survey of commercial premises was conducted to determine fire loads and types of combustibles present in these buildings. Statistical data from the literature were analysed to determine the frequency of fires, ignition sources, and locations relevant to these premises. Based on the results of the survey and the statistical analyses a number of fuel packages were designed that represent fire loads and combustible materials in commercial buildings. The fuel packages were used to perform medium- and full-scale, post-flashover fire tests to collect data on heat release rates, compartment temperatures and production and concentration of toxic gases. Based on the experimental results, input data files for the computational model, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), were developed to simulate the burning characteristics of the fuel packages observed in the experiments. Comparative analysis between FDS model predictions and experimental data of HRR, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂), indicated that FDS model was able to predict the HRR, temperature profile in the burn room, and the total production of CO and CO₂ for medium- and large-scale experiments as well as real size stores.     

Assessing safety measures in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia

The incidence rate of fire in residential buildings in Saudi Arabia accounts for 69% of all building fires. A field assessment of current safety issues for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia is used to identify common safety deficiencies. The survey showed that most residents are ignorant many safety aspects in their homes. A safety audit checklist for assessing the effectiveness of safety measures in existing residential buildings is also presented. Based on these findings, a number of strategies for designers, local authorities, building owners and residents is suggested.     

商住楼房沿街铺面的消防监督管理重点及对策

随着市场经济的繁荣发展,商住楼房沿街铺面的数量逐渐增多,满足了人们的多元化需求,加快了城市化建设进程.由于沿街铺面在空间布局、结构形式和经营性质等方面具有一定的特殊性,一旦发生火灾则会造成巨大损失,威胁人们的生命财产安全.因此,应该通过消防监督管理工作的实施,消除沿街铺面的火灾隐患,确保经营活动的顺利开展,保障社会和谐与稳定.本文将对商住楼房沿街铺面的火灾隐患进行分析,提出商住楼房沿街铺面火灾的主要原因,探索商住楼房沿街铺面的消防监督管理重点及对策.