A study of the modelling and characterisation of compression garments for hypertrophic scarring after burns. Part 1: modelling of compression garments

Skin burns are usually caused by contact with fire, heat, electricity, light, radiation, hazardous chemicals and friction. The degree of the burn is classed based on the extent and depth of the burn. A third-degree burn is classed as a severe burn and compression therapy is universally accepted as the treatment to manage hypertrophic scarring caused after such burns. This paper describes the types of burns and the different types of treatments available and reviews the types of compression garments that are commercially available for the management of hypertrophic scarring after severe burns. The Laplace equation that is used to model a pattern-cutting chart has been refined to predict the sub-garment pressure more accurately, irrespective of the shape and size of the limb. This model’s accuracy was further validated by constructing garments for the arms and legs of a male volunteer and measuring the actual pressures by using a Kikuhime pressure measuring device.     

Finite element modelling the mechanical performance of pressure garments produced from elastic weft knitted fabrics

Compression garments mainly produced from elastic knitted fabrics have attracted many attentions due to their medical care performances. Components’ characteristics of the pressure garments such as yarn and fabric structure affect significantly the pressure applied on the human body. In this paper, it is aimed to simulate the effect of yarn’s mechanical properties as well as fabric structure on mechanical performance of the compression garment. For this purpose, a precise geometrical model for fabric structure is needed by which the pressure applied to the body could be predicted. Accordingly, double jersey knitted fabrics containing elastane weft yarns were produced on an electronic flat knitting machine and the fabric tensile properties were measured in course direction. Using equations governing the fabric structural unit-cell, a real geometric model was created in a finite element software environment. Considering the linear visco-elastic properties for elastane weft yarn, stress-strain curve was extracted. The results obtained from numerical simulation were compared with the experimental data in order to validate the proposed geometrical model. The findings demonstrate a good agreement between experimental and simulation results.     

Comparison of compression properties of stretchable knitted fabrics and bi-stretch woven fabrics for compression garments

Stretchable fabrics have diverse applications ranging from casual apparel to performance sportswear and compression therapy. Compression therapy is the universally accepted treatment for the management of hypertrophic scarring after severe burns. Mostly stretchable knitted fabrics are used in compression therapy; but in the recent past, some studies have also been found on bi-stretch woven fabrics being used as compression garments as they also have been found quite effective in the treatment of edema. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to compare the compression properties of stretchable knitted and bi-stretch woven fabrics for compression garments. For this purpose, four woven structures and four knitted structures were produced having same areal density and their compression, comfort and mechanical properties were compared before and after 5, 10 and 15 washes. The four knitted structures used were single jersey, single locaste, plain pique and honeycomb, whereas the four woven structures produced were 1/1 plain, 2/1 twill, 3/1 twill and 4/1 twill. The compression properties of the produced samples were tested by using kikuhime pressure sensor and it was found that bi-stretch woven fabrics possessed better compression properties before and after washes and retain their durability after repeated use, whereas knitted stretchable fabrics lost their compression ability after repeated use and the required sub-garment pressure of the knitted structures after 15 washes was almost half that of woven bi-stretch fabrics.     

Analysis and prediction of woven compression bandages properties

Compression bandage (CB) as a porous material consists of elastic textile that exerts pressure on muscles. Three common types of woven CBs are evaluated. Uniaxial stresses of the input yarns and the produced bandage will be tested. This work presents a new method to predict optimum required tension when applying CB on lower leg ankle and mid-calf positions. Experimental measurements and data analysis using NIS software enable to analyze and calculate the bandage porosity during extension using high speed camera. Practical bandage pressure is measured using PicoPress tester. The obtained results will be compared with theoretical compression forces calculated by a modified Laplace’s law equation which predicts graduated compression ranging from 27 to 72?mmHg at the ankle, tapering to 18–8?mmHg below the knee. Results confirm that theoretical pressure is not exactly consistent with practical compression.     

Effect of linear density of inlay yarns on the structural characteristics of knitted fabric tube and pressure generation on cylinder

An important step in the digestion of wool by certain insect pests is the reductive cleavage of protein disulphide bonds to open the fibre for protease action. For larvae of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella, two enzymes have been suggested as being involved in this process, cystine reductase and cysteine lyase/desulphydrase.

In the present study, cystine reductase is shown not to be present in T. bisselliellalarvae. An earlier study, showing that cysteine lyase/desulphydrase is present in these larvae, is confirmed and extended to demonstrate that the activity is localised to the gut of larvae. This activity is also present in the larval gut of another clothes moth, Tinea pellionella, but is absent from the gut of the carpet beetle, Anthrenus flavipes, suggesting that larvae of moths and beetles use different mechanisms to reduce the disulphide bonds of wool.     

A study of the modelling and characterisation of compression garments for hypertrophic scarring after burns. Part 2: characterisation of compression garments

Compression therapy is the universally accepted treatment for the management of hypertrophic scarring after severe burns. A review of the type of treatments for burns and type of compression garments commercially available is discussed in Part 1 of this paper (Anand, Kanchi Govarthanam, & Gazioglu, in press). A refined model was also designed to predict the sub-garment pressure more accurately, irrespective of the shape and size of the limb (see Part 1, in press). The thermophysiological properties of the compression garment provide comfort by preserving body temperature and moisture output close to their normal levels. In this study, the dimensional, mechanical and thermophysiological properties of four fabrics procured from different sources were thoroughly studied and compared. The study was aimed at the determination of their suitability to be utilised for the management of hypertrophic scarring. It was established that one of the fabrics investigated possessed superior properties in comparison to the other three fabrics. It was also demonstrated that the characteristics of this particular fabric can be further enhanced for its suitability for use as a compression garment for this specific area of application.     

双弹精纺面料的设计开发

双弹织物的生产技术难度要大于纬弹织物,但更适合服用.文章介绍了精纺双弹格花呢的生产工艺,重点探讨了产品关键工序的工艺技术参数及操作要求,对围绕影响产品质量的因素提出了具体解决措施.     

An indirect testing approach for characterizing pressure profiles of compression bandages and hosiery

As outlined in compression therapy literature, the performance of a compression textile can be characterized by its stiffness and interface pressure. In this study, an indirect approach for measuring pressure from a set of compression bandages and hosiery was developed, from which rigidity (EI) values were determined, and tension–elongation curves and pressure-elongation data were calculated. The calculated pressure values were compared against PicoPress sensor readings measured on 10 participants. Results showed that the correlation between both approaches varied among bandage and hosiery samples.     

织物定伸长力与弹力服装宽裕量的关系

为研究织物定伸长力与弹性服装宽裕量的关系,选用20种服装常用弹力针织物,对其拉伸率分别为10％、20％、30％、40％、50及60％时的拉伸力及其服装压力进行了测试与分析,并对弹性针织物定伸长力与服装压力、定伸长力与拉伸率之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,定伸长力与服装压力、定伸长力与拉伸率均显著相关,且均为显著线性回归;测试弹性针织物的定伸长力,根据弹性针织物定伸长力与服装压力、定伸长力与拉伸率的回归模型,以及弹性针织物拉伸率与服装宽松量的关系预测服装的宽松量范围。研究结果可为快速预测压力舒适的弹性服装宽裕量提供理论参考,对合体舒适弹性服装的设计和开发具有指导意义。     

Effect of input tension of inlay yarn on the characteristics of knitted circular stretch fabrics and pressure generation

Stretch fabrics are used in manufacturing pressure garments to exert pressure over specific body parts in medical conditions like venous and lymphatic disorders, scar management, and bone and muscle injuries. The amount of therapeutic pressure required in each medical condition is different; therefore, there is a need to engineer the stretch properties of garments to match the requirements in each case. Limited information is available on the relationship between fabric properties and the pressure generated on the body. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the effect of inlay yarn pre-tension at the time of manufacturing of stretch fabrics on the pressure generated by the garments. Results show that change in inlay pre-tension significantly changes the structural characteristics of the fabric but the load elongation behavior remains unchanged up to 100% extension. Pressure exerted on rigid cylindrical tubes increases with reduction factor of the fabric tube and the curvature of the cylinder.     

经纬双向弹力精纺织物的开发

文章介绍了精纺双弹织物的设计思想,对纤维原料、纱线的线密度和捻系数确定、氨纶丝含量和预牵伸倍数的确定、织造、后整理等加工工艺进行了阐述,重点探讨了产品关键工序的工艺技术参数及操作要求,围绕影响产品质量的因素提出了具体的措施。     

Interface pressure generated by knitted fabrics of different direction,composition and number of layers in sport compression garments

The present study aimed to determine the effect of fabric direction, fabric composition and number of fabric layers on pressure generated by sport compression garments. Experimental fabric used in commercially available compression sport garments was chosen. Experimental fabric sleeves imitating a part of a pressure garment were assembled and placed on cylinders of different diameters, so that they provided different fabric direction, fabric composition of sleeve and number of layers in assemblies along the circumference of the cylinders. A Salzmann MST MK IV pressure-measuring device and Salzmann MST 2007 software were used to measure the interface pressure generated by the sleeves. It was established that different direction, fabric composition of sleeve and number of fabric layers in fabric assemblies influences the interface pressure.     

Development of medical garments and apparel for the elderly and the disabled

The paper critically reviews medical garments with various functions and development aspects. Textiles used and developing technologies are systematically introduced. Medical garment products are described according to three major functions: protective, treatment and caring functions. Although the main theme of this paper discusses products for the elderly and the disabled, it also contains major parts on medical garments, which include personal protective equipment (PPE), hip protectors (HP), pressure garments (PG), compression stockings (CS), wet dressings, products for wound dressing, adult incontinence products, sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, vital signs monitoring garments, motion aware clothing, wearable sensors and smart diapers and so on. The development of apparel for the elderly and the disabled is a challenge for the healthcare and clothing industries. The developed apparel products are not only based on various design, fashion and comfort concepts but also considered in terms of particular medical problems, restorative care functions and appropriate solutions for healthcare purposes.     

苎麻棉弹力织物染整工艺

讨论苎麻棉弹力织物前处理中烧毛、冷堆、退卷、氧漂、丝光、定形的具体工艺处方及加工中的注意事项；染色可采用还原或活性染料；由于苎麻纤维具有一定的刺痒感，可在后整理时采用氨基硅油柔软剂进行柔软处理，并通过预缩降低织物的缩水率。     

纯棉双弹织物生产工艺

采用酶氧冷轧堆、柔软松式烘干、超喂拉幅定形工艺生产纯棉双弹织物，减少了卷边、起皱等问题，能保证成品的经、纬向弹力、缩水率和门幅。     

弹力时装面料开发与工艺优化

介绍氨纶弹力面料的风格特征和流行趋势,阐述用锦氨空变弹力丝、粘胶短纤纱以及花色银丝等多种元素设计绚丽弹力面料的过程,并重点分析织造过程的技术关键。     

纬编牛仔面料的设计及其弹性回复性

为研究纬编针织牛仔面料的保型性和尺寸稳定性,以靛蓝纱、本白棉纱、涤纶、氨纶为原料,采用成圈＋ 浮线、集圈＋ 浮线的复合组织设计了斜纹和鱼鳞结构的2类共11款弹力纬编牛仔面料作为裤料。对11款纬编牛仔面料的弹性回复性进行了测试,结果表明纬编牛仔面料的纵向弹性回复性均优于横向,适合横裁;织物纵向即腿围方向弹性回复性好,拉伸弹性实验测试中,横向即裤长方向因浮线的存在需施加较大的定伸长力,说明横向的延伸性及弹性较小;组织结构和浮线长度对横向弹性回复性影响较大,织物纵向的弹性回复性受氨纶线密度、比例和线长影响。当组织均为六路斜纹时,非弹性纱线密度大,单次拉伸弹性回复率与纵密成反比,但3次拉伸后弹性回复率下降明显,表明非弹性纱线密度越大,纬编牛仔的纵向多次拉伸弹性回复率越差。     

服装与面料压力测量系统的研制

针对目前市场上服装与面料压力测量设备十分匮乏的现状,研制出一套经济实用、准确稳定的服装与面料压力测量系统,利用电阻应变片式传感器和压力数据采集系统采集服装与面料的压力数据,并配有多套测试机构,包括面料压力模拟测试机、服装人台测试模型和便携式真人压力测量仪,可对各种不同条件和状态下的服装与面料进行压力测试分析。     

An investigation into the bust girth range of pressure comfort garment based on elastic sports vest

The global man-made-fibre industry has had to endure considerable structural change since the early 1970s. This paper studies both the reasons for the emergence of excess capacity in the industrialised nations and the manner in which producers and governments have dealt with it. It is clear from this study that the pattern and speed of adjustment to different market conditions have varied according to region, and possible reasons are examined.     

全毛莱卡经纬双弹面料后整理工艺

含莱卡面料弹性形变较大,尺寸稳定性较难控制,在后整理高温处理时,存在着易变色、经纬向弹性和强力损伤大和幅宽难以控制等问题,且回修难度大。通过工艺实践,确定了合理的后整理工艺流程及工艺参数:联煮处理水温控制在80℃,185℃定形1.5 min,超喂13%,实现了全毛莱卡面料生产的零回修。